Mood and selective attention in the cold: the effect of interval versus continuous exercise
Abstract
Both mood and cognitive function are altered in cold environments. Body warming through exercise may improve Stroop interference score and lessen total negative mood. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of equal caloric bouts of interval (INT) and continuous (CONT) exercise on mood and selective attention in the cold. Eleven young men underwent two experimental trials in 5°C air. Both trials consisted of 90 min acute cold exposure (ACE), 30 min exercise (INT vs. CONT), and 60 min recovery (REC). The Profile of Mood States (POMS) and Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT) were administered at four time points. Mean body temperature decreased during ACE, increased during exercise, and decreased during REC. Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed a main effect for time for several of the POMS sub scores. In particular, negative mood was significantly decreased after exercise relative to ACE and then significantly increased during REC. Further, CONT appears to be more effective than INT at decreasing negative mood. Components of the SCWT supported both the arousal and distraction theories for simple perception, but no significant effects were shown for the interference score. In the cold, exercise decreases negative mood but does not appear to affect selective attention. Further mechanistic studies could determine the best mode and intensity of exercise for improving cognitive function in the cold.
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Muller et al. found positive responses in mood after a CT session, whereas no changes were found in mood responses after a HIT session.
“Muller et al. [8] found positive responses in mood after a CT session, whereas no changes were found in mood responses after a HIT session.”
From Continuous and high-intensity interval training: Which promotes higher pleasure? (2013) · cites this paper as [8]
In both studies [7],[8], psychological responses were elicited before and after exercise but not during.
“In both studies [7], [8], the psychological responses were elicited before and after exercise but not during, as has been previously recommended [9].”
From Continuous and high-intensity interval training: Which promotes higher pleasure? (2013) · cites this paper as [8]
Basic affect was not previously investigated in these studies.
“basic affect was not previously investigated in these studies [7], [8].”
From Continuous and high-intensity interval training: Which promotes higher pleasure? (2013) · cites this paper as [8]
Previous studies investigating these psychological responses only addressed the pre- and post-exercise session time points.
“previous studies investigating these psychological responses only addressed the pre- and post-exercise session time points.”
From Continuous and high-intensity interval training: Which promotes higher pleasure? (2013) · cites this paper as [8]
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- Authors
- Muller, M. D., Muller, S. M., Kim, C.-H., Ryan, E. J., Gunstad, J., & Glickman, E. L.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Kent State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Muller, Matthew D.
- Venue
- European Journal of Applied Physiology
- Published
- 2010-12-09
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1321-1328
- ISSN
- 0020-9376 (ISSN-L)
- 1439-6319
- 1439-6327
- OpenAlex
- W2026915906
- Cited by
- 26
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- European Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- cold exposure, interval training, continuous exercise, mood, negative mood, selective attention, Stroop interference, cognitive function, body temperature, post-exercise recovery, arousal theory, acute cold exposure
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Attention, Body Temperature, Body Temperature Regulation, Cold Temperature, Exercise Test, Fatigue, Humans, Male, Periodicity, Time Factors, Exercise, Young Adult
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