Tyrosine supplementation mitigates working memory decrements during cold exposure

Mahoney, Caroline R.; Castellani, John; Kramer, F. Matthew; Young, Andrew; Lieberman, Harris R.

doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.003

Cited by 128Thermoregulation and physiological responsesStress Responses and CortisolSleep and Work-Related Fatigue

Tyrosine supplementation mitigates working memory decrements during cold exposure

Mahoney, Caroline R., Castellani, John, Kramer, F. Matthew, Young, Andrew, Lieberman, Harris R.·2007·Physiology & Behavior

DOI 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.003

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Abstract

In rats, dietary supplementation with the amino acid tyrosine (TYR) prevents depletion of central catecholamines observed during acute environmental stress. Concomitant changes in the animals' behavioral responses to stress suggest that TYR might have similar effects on central catecholamines and cognition in humans exposed to environmental stress. This study aimed to determine if severe cold exposure impairs human cognition and if dietary supplementation with TYR would ameliorate such deficits. Volunteers (N=19) completed three test sessions on different days (35 degrees C control/placebo, approximately 10 degrees C/placebo, approximately 10 degrees C/TYR) using a double-blind, within subjects design. During each session, volunteers completed two 90-minute water immersions and consumed a food bar (150 mg/kg TYR or placebo) before each immersion (total TYR 300 mg/kg). Cognitive performance, mood, and salivary cortisol were assessed. Cortisol was elevated in the cold (p<.01). Volunteers made fewer correct responses on a Match-to-Sample memory measure (p<.05) and reaction time (RT) and errors increased on a choice RT test (p<.01) in the cold. Self-reported tension (p<.01), depression (p<.05) and confusion (p<.01) also increased in the cold. When volunteers consumed TYR, correct responses increased on a Match-to-Sample memory measure (p<.05) and study time for the sample was shorter (p<.05), indicative of more rapid and accurate information processing. Finally, RT on the memory measure revealed a similar pattern across immersions for TYR and thermoneutral conditions, but not cold/placebo (p<.05). This study demonstrates cold exposure degrades cognitive performance and supplementation with TYR alleviates working memory decrements.

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In five studies, tyrosine prevented decrements in cognitive task performance under physically or mentally tasking conditions.
“The most commonly reported effect, observed in five studies, was that tyrosine prevented decrements in cognitive task performance under physically or mentally tasking conditions.”
From Behavioral and cognitive effects of tyrosine intake in healthy human adults (2015) · cites this paper as Mahoney et al., 2007
The Discussion (page not provided) reports that tyrosine reduced cold-induced working-memory decrements and identifies five stressful conditions under which the literature suggests it may be useful. It does not say that five studies found tyrosine prevented cognitive-performance decrements; it describes the human evidence as mixed and inconclusive. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Three studies found superior working memory scores in the tyrosine group under physical stress from cold exposure.
“Three of these studies observed superior scores of the tyrosine group on tests of working memory under physical stress as elicited by exposure to cold temperatures (O' Brien et al., 2007;Mahoney et al., 2007;Shurtleff et al., 1994).”
From Behavioral and cognitive effects of tyrosine intake in healthy human adults (2015) · cites this paper as Mahoney et al., 2007

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“…been shown to reverse stress-induced deficits in working memory and attentional tasks, but in particular in individuals who were most affected by the stressors (Deijen & Orlebeke, 1994; Shurtleff et al., 1994; Mahoney et al., 2007)—suggesting individual differences in the reactivity to tyrosine.”
Effects of acute ingestion of a pre-workout dietary supplement with and without <i>p-</i> synephrine on resting energy expenditure, cognitive function and exercise performance
Jung, Y. P., Earnest, C. P., Koozehchian, M., Galvan, E., Dalton, R., Walker, D., Rasmussen, C., Murano, P. S., Greenwood, M., & Kreider, R. B. (2017) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-016-0159-2 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“The PWS studied contained several nutrients at previously reported effective doses that have ergogenic properties including caffeine [4], beta-alanine [5], creatine [6], nitrate [7, 8], arginine alpha-ketoglutarate [9] as well as other nutrients purported to effect cognitive function like tyrosine [10, 11] and Mucuna…”
Background
1H HR-MAS NMR Spectroscopy and the Metabolite Determination of Typical Foods in Mediterranean Diet
Corsaro, C., Mallamace, D., Vasi, S., Ferrantelli, V., Dugo, G., & Cicero, N. (2015) · Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry · doi:10.1155/2015/175696 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Note that phenolic compounds possess antitumoral and health properties [40, 41].”
Background
Enzymatic-induced upconversion photoinduced electron transfer for sensing tyrosine in human serum
Wu, Q., Fang, A., Li, H., Zhang, Y., & Yao, S. (2015) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2015.10.084 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Nutrients and botanicals for treatment of stress: adrenal fatigue, neurotransmitter imbalance, anxiety, and restless sleep.
Head, K. A., & Kelly, G. S. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Neuro-Cognitive Effects of Acute Tyrosine Administration on Reactive and Proactive Response Inhibition in Healthy Older Adults
Bloemendaal, M., Froböse, M. I., Wegman, J., Zandbelt, B. B., van de Rest, O., Cools, R., & Aarts, E. (2018) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0035-17.2018 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“A similar fasting procedure has been adopted in other research using tyrosine supplementation (Lieberman and Wurtman, 1985; Banderet and Lieberman, 1989; Shurtleff et al., 1994; Mahoney et al., 2007; Colzato et al., 2013).”
MethodResultInfluential
Influence of energy drink ingredients on mood and cognitive performance
Childs, E. (2014) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/nure.12148 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Food for creativity: tyrosine promotes deep thinking
Colzato, L. S., de Haan, A. M., & Hommel, B. (2014) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-014-0610-4 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“More specifically, previous studies have shown individual differences in the reactivity to TYR (Deijen and Orlebeke, 1994; Shurtleff et al. 1994; Mahoney et al. 2007), suggesting that preexisting neurodevelopmental factors (such as genetic variability related to levels of DA) affect the degree to…”
Cold acclimation and cognitive performance: A review
Jones, D. M., Bailey, S. P., Roelands, B., Buono, M. J., & MEEUSEN, R. R. (2017) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2017.11.004 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“…supplementation has shown promising results in combating cold-induced cognitive impairments, but is most effective when administered two hours prior to cold exposure, which may not offer adequate cognitive protection during accidental cold exposure situations (Mahoney et al., 2007).”
Effects of ingesting a pre-workout dietary supplement with and without synephrine for 8 weeks on training adaptations in resistance-trained males
Jung, Y. P., Earnest, C. P., Koozehchian, M., Cho, M., Barringer, N., Walker, D., Rasmussen, C., Greenwood, M., Murano, P. S., & Kreider, R. B. (2017) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-016-0158-3 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“function and/or memory [13, 14] although dosages typically studied (i.”
Background
Examining the Role of the Noradrenergic Locus Coeruleus for Predicting Attention and Brain Maintenance in Healthy Old Age and Disease: An MRI Structural Study for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Plini, E. R. G., O’Hanlon, E., Boyle, R. T., Sibilia, F., Rikhye, G., Kenney, J. P. M., Whelan, R., Melnychuk, M. C., Robertson, I. H., & Dockree, P. M. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10071829 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“It is worth 845 mentioning that several studies in the past linked Tyrosine supplementation to increased 846 cognitive performances in healthy subjects [154, 155, 156, 157, 158].”
Background
Effects of l-Tyrosine on working memory and inhibitory control are determined by DRD2 genotypes: A randomized controlled trial
Colzato, L. S., Steenbergen, L., Sellaro, R., Stock, A., Arning, L., & Beste, C. (2016) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2016.06.010 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Acute cold exposure and rewarming enhanced spatial memory and activated the MAPK cascades in the rat brain
Zheng, G., Chen, Y., Zhang, X., Cai, T., Liu, M., Zhao, F., Luo, W., & Chen, J. (2008) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.08.057 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Some studies have reported that cold stress could lead to decreased performance in somememory tests (Mahoney et al., 2007; Coleshaw et al., 1983; Bramham et al., 1998), while others found that the performance in certain memory tests was improved (Palinkas et al., 2005), or was not…”
Background
Effect of tyrosine ingestion on cognitive and physical performance utilising an intermittent soccer performance test (iSPT) in a warm environment
Coull, N. A., Watkins, S. L., Aldous, J. W. F., Warren, L. K., Chrismas, B. C. R., Dascombe, B. J., Mauger, A. R., Abt, G., & Taylor, L. K. (2014) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-014-3022-7 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Eating for 3.8 × 1013: Examining the Impact of Diet and Nutrition on the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis Through the Lens of Microbial Endocrinology
Lyte, J. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00796 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Tyrosine, a non-essential amino acid in humans which can be obtained through diet, has been shown to enhance resilience to cognitive impairment during stress (55, 56), reduce environmental stress (57), as well as elevate anger under stressful conditions (58).”
Background
Molecular products from the pyrolysis and oxidative pyrolysis of tyrosine
Kibet, J. K., Khachatryan, L., & Dellinger, B. (2013) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.071 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Tyrosine for Mitigating Stress and Enhancing Performance in Healthy Adult Humans, a Rapid Evidence Assessment of the Literature
Attipoe, S., Zeno, S. A., Lee, C., Crawford, C. C., Khorsan, R., Walter, A. R., & Deuster, P. A. (2015) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-14-00594 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Failure of oral tyrosine supplementation to improve exercise performance in the heat
TUMILTY, L., DAVISON, G., BECKMANN, M., & THATCHER, R. (2014) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000243 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“There is also a large body of evidence that cognitive, psychomotor, and mood impairments and symptom intensity in humans induced by demanding environmental conditions such as cold, hypoxia, or prolonged wakefulness are countered by increasing plasma tyrosine availability via acute oral administration before exposure t…”
Background
Emerging effects of temperature on human cognition, affect, and behaviour
Fischer, S., Naegeli, K., Cardone, D., Filippini, C., Merla, A., Hanusch, K.-U., & Ehlert, U. (2024) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108791 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“In line with this notion, empirical findings of tyrosine supplementation reversing the cold-induced effects in memory suggest an involvement of brain cate-cholamines (Mahoney et al., 2007; O ’ Brien et al., 2007).”
Background
ACSM Expert Consensus Statement: Injury Prevention and Exercise Performance during Cold-Weather Exercise
Castellani, J. W., Eglin, C., Ikäheimo, T. M., Montgomery, H., Paal, P., & Tipton, M. (2021) · Current Sports Medicine Reports · doi:10.1249/jsr.0000000000000907 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Selection of Nutrients for Prevention or Amelioration of Lead-Induced Learning and Memory Impairment in Rats
Fan, G., Feng, C., Li, Y., Wang, C., Ji, Y., Li, W., Feng, J., Shi, X., & Bi, Y. (2009) · The Annals of Occupational Hygiene · doi:10.1093/annhyg/mep019 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Tyrosine administration may mitigate the effects on cognitive performance and working memory of heat, cold and other stressors on animals and humans (Lieberman et al., 2005; Mahoney et al., 2007).”
Background
The effects of captivity survival training on mood, dissociation, PTSD symptoms, cognitive performance and stress hormones
Ralph, C. S., Vartanian, O. A., Lieberman, H. R., Morgan, C. A., & Cheung, B. (2017) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.04.002 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“It is sensitive to effects of acute stress and fatigue (Shurtleff et al., 1994; Lieberman et al., 2002; Mahoney et al., 2007).”
Background
Mood and selective attention in the cold: the effect of interval versus continuous exercise
Muller, M. D., Muller, S. M., Kim, C.-H., Ryan, E. J., Gunstad, J., & Glickman, E. L. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1759-1 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“In particular, beta-endorphins (Harber and Sutton 1984), thyroxine (Reed et al. 2001), and the tyrosine-catecholamine cascade ( Mahoney et al. 2007 ) are all affected by both cold and exercise.”
Background
Lost in Time and Space: States of High Arousal Disrupt Implicit Acquisition of Spatial and Sequential Context Information
Maran, T., Sachse, P., Martini, M., Weber, B., Pinggera, J., Zuggal, S., & Furtner, M. (2017) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00206 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“…2009; Luethi et al., 2009; Qin et al., 2009), cognitive flexibility (Plessow et al., 2011, 2012; Shields et al., 2016b) and cognitive inhibition (Mahoney et al., 2007; Sänger et al., 2014), but simultaneously enhances behavioral control in terms of response inhibition (Schwabe et al., 2013;…”
Background
The catecholamine neurotransmitter precursor tyrosine increases anger during exposure to severe psychological stress
Lieberman, H. R., Thompson, L., Caruso, C. M., Niro, P. J., Mahoney, C. R., McClung, J. P., & Caron, G. R. (2014) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3727-7 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“…way reduce the behavioral and physiological consequences of stress (Lehnert et al. 1984a; Lehnert et al. 1984b; Banderet and Lieberman 1989; Shurtleff et al. 1993; Lieberman 1994; Deijen and Orlebeke 1994; Neri et al. 1995; Thomas et al. 1999; Magill et al. 2003; Deijen 2005; Mahoney et al. 2007).”
Background
Improved pharmaceutical properties of ritonavir through co-crystallization approach with liquid-assisted grinding method
Chaudhari, K., Savjani, J., Savjani, K. T., & Shah, H. S. (2021) · Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy · doi:10.1080/03639045.2022.2042553 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Relationships between large neutral amino acid levels in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, brain microdialysate and brain tissue in the rat
Bongiovanni, R., Kirkbride, B., Newbould, E., Durkalski, V., & Jaskiw, G. E. (2010) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.03.111 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Tyrosine Ingestion and Its Effects on Cognitive and Physical Performance in the Heat
Coull, N. A., Chrismas, B. C. R., Watson, P., Horsfall, R., & Taylor, L. K. (2015) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000757 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“significant improvements in aspects of cognitive function during exposure to stressful environments such as cold (2,19,28) and hypoxia (2), extended wakefulness (24), and the physical/ emotional stress nexus (8).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Nutra-ergonomics: influence of nutrition on physical employment standards and the health of workers
Shearer, J., Graham, T. E., & Skinner, T. L. (2016) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2015-0531 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Cognitive and Mood Effects of a Nutrient Enriched Breakfast Bar in Healthy Adults: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Groups Study
Kennedy, D. O., Wightman, E. L., Forster, J. S., Khan, J., Haskell‐Ramsay, C. F., & Jackson, P. A. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9121332 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Effects of Hypoxemia by Acute High-Altitude Exposure on Human Intestinal Flora and Metabolism
Qi, P., Lv, J., Bai, L.-H., Yan, X.-D., & Zhang, L. (2023) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms11092284 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“…the two groups, among which tyrosine was the most signiﬁcantly different metabolite between the two groups. intestinal [22]. cognitive function, and it can prevent its decline associated with stress in the short term, such as cold and high-altitude stresses (that is, mild hypoxia stress) [23,24].”
Background
Catecholaminergic modulation of the cost of cognitive control in healthy older adults
Froböse, M., Westbrook, A., Bloemendaal, M., Aarts, E., & Cools, R. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229294 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Effects of energy balance on cognitive performance, risk-taking, ambulatory vigilance and mood during simulated military sustained operations (SUSOPS)
Beckner, M. E., Lieberman, H. R., Hatch‐McChesney, A., Allen, J. T., Niro, P. J., Thompson, L., Karl, J. P., Gwin, J. A., Margolis, L. M., Hennigar, S. R., et al. (2022) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.114010 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“The volunteer was asked to identify the original matrix within 15 seconds; otherwise a time-out error was recorded [28].”
Two Days of Calorie Deprivation Induced by Underfeeding and Aerobic Exercise Degrades Mood and Lowers Interstitial Glucose but Does Not Impair Cognitive Function in Young Adults
Lieberman, H. R., Bukhari, A. S., Caldwell, J. A., Wilson, M. A., Mahoney, C. R., Pasiakos, S. M., McClung, J. P., & Smith, T. J. (2016) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.116.238246 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
SIMULTANEOUS IDENTIFICATION AND DETERMINATION OF TOTAL CONTENT OF AMINOACIDS IN FOOD SUPPLEMENTS - TABLETS BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
Obreshkova, D. P., Tsvetkova, D. D., & Ivanov, K. (2012) · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Enhanced Esports: Community Perspectives on Performance Enhancers in Competitive Gaming
Friehs, M. A., Klarkowski, M., Frommel, J., Phillips, C. J., & Mandryk, R. L. (2022) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3549494 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“In recent years, several studies have investigated the effects of tyrosine on cognition—but results are largely inconsistent [24, 45, 70].”
Background
Changes in mood, fatigue, sleep, cognitive performance and stress hormones among instructors conducting stressful military captivity survival training
Vartanian, O. A., Fraser, B., Saunders, D., Ralph, C. S., Lieberman, H. R., Morgan, C. A., & Cheung, B. (2018) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.05.008 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The catecholamine precursor Tyrosine reduces autonomic arousal and decreases decision thresholds in reinforcement learning and temporal discounting
Mathar, D., Abdoust, M. E., Marrenbach, T., Tuzsus, D., & Peters, J. (2022) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010785 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“at a larger sample-size than previous work regarding effects of tyrosine supplementation on cognitive performance [8,43,44].”
Result
Exploring Fatalities and Injuries in Construction by Considering Thermal Comfort Using Uncertainty and Relative Importance Analysis
Lee, M., Jeong, J., Jeong, J., & Lee, J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18115573 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Impact of Various Caffeine Vehicles on Mood and Cognitive, Neurological and Physiological Functions over Five Hours
Paulus, R., Roth, A., Titus, L., Chen, R., Bridges, M. C., & Woodyard, S. (2015) · The Ohio Journal of Science · doi:10.18061/ojs.v115i2.4607 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Tyrosine counteracts adverse effects from stress and fatigue by increasing attention, mood, and memory (Magill et al. 2003; Mahoney et al. 2007; O’Brien et al. 2007).”
Background
Oral l-Tyrosine Supplementation Improves Core Temperature Maintenance in Older Adults
Lang, J. A., Krajek, A. C., Schwartz, K., & Rand, J. E. (2019) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002188 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Pepper and cinnamon improve cold induced cognitive impairment via increasing non-shivering thermogenesis; a study
Pandit, C., Latha, S. S., Rani, T. U., & Anilakumar, K. R. (2018) · International Journal of Hyperthermia · doi:10.1080/02656736.2018.1511835 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Compounds that enhance catecholamine levels have been used previously to improve cognitive impairments in cold exposed conditions [27].”
Background
Time-Dependent Effects of Acute Exercise on University Students’ Cognitive Performance in Temperate and Cold Environments
Ji, L., Li, X., Liu, Y., Sun, X.-W., Wang, H., Chen, L., & Gao, L. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01192 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Previous studies also proposed that cognitive impairment in cold environments was associated with depletion of central catecholamines (Rauch and Lieberman, 1990; Mahoney et al., 2007; Taylor et al., 2015).”
BackgroundResult
Prevalence of hypothermia and critical hand temperatures during military cold water immersion training
Jones, D. M., Weller, R. S., McClintock, R. J., Roberts, N., Zheng, W., & Dunn, T. L. (2023) · International Journal of Circumpolar Health · doi:10.1080/22423982.2023.2236777 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“resulting from impaired performance [13,14].”
Nutritive and bioactive components in rice fermented with the edible mushroom<i>Pleurotus eryngii</i>
Bao, L., Li, Y., Wang, Q., Han, J., Yang, X., Li, H., Wang, S., Wen, H., Li, S., & Liu, H. (2013) · Mycology: An International Journal on Fungal Biology · doi:10.1080/21501203.2013.816386 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“After fermentation, tyrosine became the major amino acid with a concentration of 213.17 mg/g (Figure 2); it has been reported tyrosine can improve stress, cognitive and physical performance of a human being (Hao et al. 2001; Mahoney et al. 2007).”
BackgroundInfluential
Oral l ‐tyrosine supplementation augments the vasoconstriction response to whole‐body cooling in older adults
Lang, J. A., & Smaller, K. A. (2017) · Experimental Physiology · doi:10.1113/ep086329 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“The 150 mg kg−1 oral dose of tyrosine was based upon previous studies (Mahoney et al. 2007; Tumilty et al. 2011, 2014; Watson et al. 2012).”
BackgroundMethod
People are different: tyrosine's modulating effect on cognitive control in healthy humans may depend on individual differences related to dopamine function
Jongkees, B. J., Hommel, B., & Colzato, L. S. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01101 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“The supply of TYR was found to reduce stress-induced impairments of working memory and attentional tasks, but more so in individuals who were particularly sensitive to the stressors (Deijen and Orlebeke, 1994; Shurtleff et al., 1994; Mahoney et al., 2007).”
Background
Cardiovascular reactivity during sadness induction predicts inhibitory control performance
Hoffmann, A., Ellmerer, P., Maran, T. K., & Sachse, P. (2022) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113869 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“7 stands in contrast to earlier studies showing that high emotional arousal leads to deficits in inhibitory control [42, 62].”
Ab initio study of molecular properties of l-tyrosine
Boča, R., Štofko, J., & Imrich, R. (2023) · Journal of Molecular Modeling · doi:10.1007/s00894-023-05648-8 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
A novel approach to determine the tyrosine concentration in human plasma by DART-MS/MS
Song, Y.-Q., Liao, J., Zha, C., Wang, B., & Liu, C. C. (2015) · Analytical Methods · doi:10.1039/c4ay02566k · Cited by 10 · see citing works
On the effects of tyrosine supplementation on interference control in a randomized, double-blind placebo-control trial
Stock, A., Colzato, L. S., & Beste, C. (2018) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.05.010 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Tyrosine intake and cardiovascular responses in a motivated performance situation.
Hase, A., Gorrie-Stone, T. J., & Freeman, P. B. (2018) · Sport Exercise and Performance Psychology · doi:10.1037/spy0000144 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The lack of significant differences between tyrosine and placebo on the present cognitive task is inconsistent with previous findings from studies with and without cold exposure (Colzato et al., 2013; Mahoney et al., 2007; O’Brien et al., 2007).”
Result
Commentary: The effects of acute stress on core executive functions: A meta-analysis and comparison with cortisol
Dang, J. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01711 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Second, two studies that used the simple reaction time task (McMorris et al., 2006; Mahoney et al., 2007) were also coded as cognitive inhibition by Shields et al.”
Method
Impact of L-theanine and L-tyrosine on markers of stress and cognitive performance in response to a virtual reality based active shooter training drill
McAllister, M. J., Martaindale, M. H., Dillard, C. C., & McCullough, R. (2024) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2024.2375588 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…benefits to aspects of cognitive performance associated with l-tyrosine ingestion such as improvements to working memory (colzato et al., 2013; Mahoney et al., 2007), decision making (coull et al., 2015), and mathematical processing (addition/subtraction) (attipoe et al., 2015; Magill et…”
Influential
Tyrosine negatively affects flexible-like behaviour under cognitively demanding conditions
Robson, A., Lim, L. W., & Aquili, L. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.031 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Protein Supplementation for Military Personnel: A Review of the Mechanisms and Performance Outcomes
McLellan, T. M. (2013) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.113.176313 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“For military personnel, the physical and cognitive impairments associated with sustained operations (3,4) can be reduced with the administration of tyrosine or carbohydrate (27,28,57), but consistent evidence to support the use of protein supplements is lacking.”
Background
Methodological approach to moving nutritional science evidence into practice
Crawford, C. C., Teo, L., Elfenbaum, P., Enslein, V., Deuster, P. A., & Berry, K. (2017) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nux017 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Arctic Stress: Mechanisms and Experimental Models
Gmoshinski, I. V., & Nikityuk, D. B. (2023) · Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences · doi:10.15690/vramn2209 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“У добровольцев, получавших добавки аминокислоты тирозина (предшественника дофамина), кортизол определяли в качестве биомаркера повышения устойчивости к холодовому стрессу [38].”
Metabolic profiling of Antarctic yeasts by proton nuclear magnetic resonance-based spectroscopy
Rusinova‐Videva, S., Kambourova, M. S., Alipieva, K. I., Nachkova, S., & Simova, S. (2019) · Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment · doi:10.1080/13102818.2018.1490201 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“involved in signal transduction and regulation of enzyme activity in organisms [35].”
Background
Acute oral administration of a tyrosine and phenylalanine-free amino acid mixture reduces exercise capacity in the heat
Tumilty, L., Davison, G., Beckmann, M., & Thatcher, R. (2013) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-012-2577-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Attenuation of visual exploration following stress
Guy, N., Azulay, H., Pertzov, Y., & Israel, S. (2023) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14330 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Effects of skin and mild core cooling on cognitive function in cold air in men
Wallace, P. J., Gagnon, D. D., Hartley, G. L., Taber, M. J., & Cheung, S. S. (2023) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.15893 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…ranging from 6 to 12 participants due to high thermal strain and logistical challenges (Ellis, 1982; Færevik et al., 2021; Gibbons et al., 2020; Jones et al., 2019; Mahoney et al., 2007; Makinen et al., 2006; Muller et al., 2012; Shurtleff et al., 1994; Taber et al., 2016; Thomas et al., 1989).”
Background
Exploring the role of nutritional strategies to influence physiological and cognitive mechanisms in cold weather operations in military personnel
Smid, D. J., Klous, L., Ballak, S. B., Catoire, M., de Hoogh, I. M., & Hoevenaars, F. P. M. (2025) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2025.1539615 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Elevation of rat brain tyrosine levels by phenelzine is mediated by its active metabolite β-phenylethylidenehydrazine
Matveychuk, D., Nunes, E. A., Ullah, N., Aldawsari, F. S., Velázquez‐Martínez, C. A., & Baker, G. B. (2014) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.02.011 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“the environmental stress of cold exposure (Banderet and Lieberman, 1989; Mahoney et al., 2007; O'Brien et al., 2007; Shurtleff et al., 1994).”
Influence of Core Temperature on Psychomotor Performance during Cold Weather Military Training
Jones, D. M., Weller, R. S., Eggan, S. M., Roberts, N., Zheng, W., Heaney, J. H., & Dunn, T. (2022) · Human performance in extreme environments · doi:10.7771/2327-2937.1149 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“In cold environments, physiological responses to low ambient temperatures disrupt normal function and degrade performance (Fox, 1967; Mahoney et al., 2007; Pilcher et al., 2002; Stang & Weiner, 1970).”
Background
Dietary Tyrosine Intake (FFQ) Is Associated with Locus Coeruleus, Attention and Grey Matter Maintenance: An MRI Structural Study on 398 Healthy Individuals of the Berlin Aging Study-II
Plini, E. R. G., Melnychuk, M. C., Harkin, A., Dahl, M. J., McAuslan, M. J., Kühn, S., Boyle, R. T., Whelan, R., Andrews, R., Düzel, S., et al. (2023) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-023-2005-y · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Remarkably, these effects were mostly appreciable under stressful conditions (i.e. cold exposure [58], extended wakefulness (59) and working memory load and task-switching (60, 61) – a comprehensive revision of this topic is beyond the scope of this work, for reviews please refer to (55-57).”
No Influence of Low-, Medium-, or High-Dose Tyrosine on Exercise in a Warm Environment
Tumilty, L., GREGORY, N., Beckmann, M., & Thatcher, R. (2019) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002245 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Impact of a purported nootropic supplementation on measures of mood, stress, and marksmanship performance in U.S. active duty soldiers
Barringer, N., Crombie, A. P., & Kotwal, R. S. (2018) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-018-0229-8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Previous research has demonstrated that external stress, such as load carriage and cold exposure, have demonstrated negative effects on marksmanship that can be sometimes ameliorated by nutritional interventions [11, 19].”
BackgroundInfluential
Electrochemical Quantification of Tyrosine in the Presence of Analogous Amino Acids
Amani‐Beni, Z., & Nezamzadeh‐Ejhieh, A. (2023) · ChemistrySelect · doi:10.1002/slct.202300493 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A ration is not food until it is eaten: nutrition lessons learned from feeding soldiers
Friedl, K. E., Askew, E. W., & Schnakenberg, D. D. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818460-8.00007-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mental Failure Cognitive Performance and Nutritional Strategies in Athletes: Traditional Review
SARAÇ, O. E., & Eskici, G. (2023) · Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.5336/sportsci.2022-93558 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Impact of Sports and Energy Drinks in Performance
Silva, R., Paiva, T., & Silva, H.-H. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815851-7.00006-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Cold stress impacts cognitive performance in healthy volunteers: results from a randomized, controlled, cross-over study
Falla, M., Masè, M., Cappello, T. D., Micarelli, A., van Veelen, M. J., Roveri, G., Brugger, H., Hüfner, K., & Strapazzon, G. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-38048-y · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Other potential interventions, though supported by limited evidence, include tyrosine supplementation 13 and cold acclimatisation.”
Tyrosine supplementation is ineffective in facilitating soccer players’ physical and cognitive performance during high-intensity intermittent exercise in hot conditions
Donnan, K. J., Williams, E. L., & Stanger, N. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0317486 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Tyrosine Supplementation Attenuates Cognitive and Psychomotor Deficits in Cold Environments
Castellani, J. W., Mahoney, C. R., & O’Brien, C. (2009)
Tyrosine reverses a cold-induced working memory deficit in humans
Shurtleff, D., Thomas, J. R., Schrot, J., Kowalski, K., & Harford, R. (1994) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(94)90299-2 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Tyrosine ameliorates a cold-induced delayed matching-to-sample performance decrement in rats
Shurtleff, D., Thomas, J. R., Ahlers, S. T., & Schrot, J. (1993) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02244915 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Testing the Efficacy of Administering Tyrosine for Reducing Environmental Stress (Cold) in Women.
Banderet, L. E., Young, A. J., Lieberman, H. R., Castellani, J. W., & Rice, V. M. (1996) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cold Stress and Delayed Matching-to-Sample: The Effects of Tyrosine
Shurtleff, D., Thomas, J. R., & Ahlers, S. T. (1992) · Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC)

Authors: Mahoney, C. R., Castellani, J., Kramer, F. M., Young, A., & Lieberman, H. R.
Affiliations: Combat Capabilities Development Command Soldier Center (US)
U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (US)
Corresponding author: Mahoney, Caroline R.
ORCID: Mahoney, Caroline R.
Castellani, John
Young, Andrew
Lieberman, Harris R.
Venue: Physiology & Behavior
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2007-11
Volume: 92
Issue: 4
Pages: 575-582
ISSN: 0031-9384 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.003
OpenAlex: W2165079033
Cited by: 128
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 3
FWCI: 2.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Physiology & Behavior (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
Keywords: tyrosine supplementation, cold exposure, working memory, cognitive performance, environmental stress, water immersion, salivary cortisol, mood, reaction time, catecholamines, thermoneutrality
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Physiological, Adolescent, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Body Temperature, Cognition, Cold Temperature, Discrimination Learning, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Reaction Time, Reference Values, Stress, Physiological, Tyrosine, Dietary Supplements

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Tyrosine supplementation mitigates working memory decrements during cold exposure

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