Multiscale wolf predation risk for elk: does migration reduce risk?
Abstract
While migration is hypothesized to reduce predation risk for ungulates, there have been few direct empirical tests of this hypothesis. Furthermore, few studies examined multiscale predation risk avoidance by migrant ungulates, yet recent research reveals that predator-prey interactions occur at multiple scales. We test the predation risk reduction hypothesis at two spatial scales in a partially migratory elk (Cervus elaphus) population by comparing exposure of migrant and resident elk to wolf (Canis lupus) predation risk. We used GPS and VHF telemetry data collected from 67 migrant and 44 resident elk over the summers of 2002-2004 in and adjacent to Banff National Park (BNP), Canada. We used wolf GPS and VHF telemetry data to estimate predation risk as a function of the relative probability of wolf occurrence weighted by a spatial density model that adjusted for varying pack sizes. We validated the predation risk model using independent data on wolf-killed elk, and showed that combining wolf presence and spatial density best predicted where an elk was likely to be killed. Predation risk on summer ranges of migrant elk was reduced by 70% compared to within resident elk summer ranges. Because wolves avoided areas near high human activity, however, fine-scale selection by resident elk for areas near high human activity reduced their predation risk exposure to only 15% higher than migrants, a difference significant in only one of three summers. Finally, during actual migration, elk were exposed to 1.7 times more predation risk than residents, even though migration was rapid. Our results support the hypothesis that large-scale migrations can reduce predation. However, we also show that where small-scale spatial variation in predation risk exists, nonmigratory elk may equally reduce predation risk as effectively as migrants under some circumstances.
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Northern temperate migrants on high-elevation summer ranges attain higher body mass and pregnancy rates than residents due to high forage quality.
“After arriving on high-elevation summer ranges, northern temperate migrants continue to benefit from high forage quality associated with cool weather and prolonged snowmelt, allowing them to attain higher body mass and pregnancy rates than their resident counterparts (Albon andLangvatn 1992, Hebblewhite andMerrill 2007).”
From Animal migration amid shifting patterns of phenology and predation: lessons from a Yellowstone elk herd (2013) · cites this paper as Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007
In Serengeti, predation was lower for migratory than resident wildebeest; in Alberta, migratory elk reduced wolf exposure by 70% compared with residents.
“For instance, in the Serengeti Ecosystem, predation was found to be lower for migratory than for resident wildebeest (Sinclair 1984), and in Alberta, migratory elk reduced their wolf exposure by 70% in comparison with resident elk (Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007).”
From Animal migration amid shifting patterns of phenology and predation: lessons from a Yellowstone elk herd (2013) · cites this paper as Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007
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BackgroundDesigning studies of predation risk for improved inference in carnivore-ungulate systems
Prugh, L. R., Sivy, K. J., Mahoney, P. J., Ganz, T. R., Ditmer, M. A., van de Kerk, M., Gilbert, S. L., & Montgomery, R. A. (2019) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.02.011 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
The scale-dependent impact of wolf predation risk on resource selection by three sympatric ungulates
Kittle, A. M., Fryxell, J. M., Desy, G. E., & Hamr, J. (2008) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1051-9 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
“trails used by wolves when human presence is low might be selected by ungulates to avoid wolves when human presence is high) ( Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007 ).”
BackgroundInfluentialChapman, B. B., Hulthén, K., Wellenreuther, M., Hansson, L., Nilsson, J.-Å., & Brönmark, C. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199677184.001.0001 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Altitudinal migration: ecological drivers, knowledge gaps, and conservation implications
Hsiung, A. C., Boyle, W., Cooper, R. J., & Chandler, R. B. (2018) · Biological Reviews of The Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.12435 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Hopcraft, J. G. C., Morales, J. M., Beyer, H. L., Borner, M., Mwangomo, E., SINCLAIR, A. R. E., Olff, H., & Haydon, D. T. (2014) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.1890/13-1446.1 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“However, the role of predation in shaping mammal migrations has received relatively little attention, with the notable exception of elk in North America (Frair et al. 2005, Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007, 2009).”
BackgroundSmith, J. A., Donadío, E., Pauli, J. N., Sheriff, M. J., & Middleton, A. D. (2019) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-019-04381-5 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Understanding scales of movement: animals ride waves and ripples of environmental change
Moorter, B. F. A. V., Bunnefeld, N., Panzacchi, M., Rolandsen, C. M., Solberg, E. J., & Sæther, B. (2013) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12045 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Population trends in Vermivora warblers are linked to strong migratory connectivity
Kramer, G. R., Andersen, D. E., Buehler, D. A., Wood, P. B., Peterson, S. M., Lehman, J. A., Aldinger, K. R., Bulluck, L. P., Harding, S. R., Jones, J. A., et al. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1718985115 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Causes, Consequences, and Conservation of Ungulate Migration
Kauffman, M. J., Aikens, E. O., Esmaeili, S., Kaczensky, P., Middleton, A. D., Monteith, K. L., Morrison, T. A., Mueller, T., Sawyer, H., & Goheen, J. R. (2021) · Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics · doi:10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012021-011516 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“The potential for migration to buffer against or provide demographic escape from predation has been an influential hypothesis, albeit one with equivocal support (Hebblewhite & Merrill 2007).”
BackgroundPrevalence and Mechanisms of Partial Migration in Ungulates
Berg, J., Hebblewhite, M., Clair, C. C. S., & Merrill, E. H. (2019) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00325 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationSuraci, J. P., Smith, J. A., Chamaillé‐Jammes, S., Gaynor, K. M., Jones, M. E., Luttbeg, B., Ritchie, E. G., Sheriff, M. J., & Sih, A. (2022) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.09004 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Restoring apex predators can reduce mesopredator abundances
Jímenez, J., Nuñez-Arjona, J. C., Mougeot, F., Ferreras, P., González, L. M., García‐Dominguez, F., Múñoz‐Igualada, J., Palacios, M. J., Pla, S., Rueda, C., et al. (2019) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108234 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“…the ecological roles of apex carnivores is well illustrated by the case of the Yellowstone wolves, for which there is disagreement about the mechanisms involved in the trophic cascades mediated by this species (e.g. Creel et al., 2005; Hebblewhite and Merrill, 2007; Kauffman et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMigration of northern Yellowstone elk: implications of spatial structuring
White, P. J. C., Proffitt, K. M., Mech, L. D., Evans, S. B., Cunningham, J. A., & Hamlin, K. L. (2010) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1644/08-mamm-a-252.1 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“We did not detect higher predation risk for elk during migration, in contrast to other recent studies from the Canadian Rockies and elsewhere (Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007), likely because migration distanced elk from the mostconcentrated area of wolf activity in YNP (i.e., northern winter range).”
BackgroundResultSawyer, H., Middleton, A. D., Hayes, M. M., Kauffman, M. J., & Monteith, K. L. (2016) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.1534 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“…beneficial, because the nutritional benefit of time spent in such habitats can be amplified by accessing forage plants that are near peak digestibility and protein content as animals exploit phenological gradients (Albon and Langvatn 1992, Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007, Sawyer and Kauffman 2011).”
BackgroundHuman disturbance effects and cumulative habitat loss in endangered migratory caribou
Plante, S., Dussault, C., Richard, J. H., & Côté, S. D. (2018) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2018.05.022 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Migration, for example, enables individuals to track high-quality food resources and escape predation (Fryxell et al., 1988; Hebblewhite and Merrill, 2007), so any disturbance of movements could reduce population ability to persist in changing environments (Berger, 2004; Bolger et al.”
BackgroundAnderson, A. M., Duijns, S., Smith, P. A., Friis, C. A., & Nol, E. (2019) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00251 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“, 2015) while also reducing predation risk (Hebblewhite and Merrill, 2007; McKinnon et al., 2010).”
BackgroundGreater migratory propensity in hosts lowers pathogen transmission and impacts
Hall, R. J., Altizer, S., & Bartel, R. A. (2014) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.12204 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“Moreover, long-distance migration has already been shown to reduce predation risks for ungulates and birds (McKinnon et al. 2010; Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007), with the underlying rationale being that the survival costs of migration are outweighed by the fitness benefits associated with predator…”
BackgroundCalvert, A. M., Walde, S., & Taylor, P. D. (2009) · Avian Conservation and Ecology · doi:10.5751/ace-00335-040205 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“…and Peterson 2003 mapping of migration vs. shipping routes marine mammals Firestone et al. 2008 predation risk to migrants vs. residents ungulates Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007 Habitat modeling importance of stopover habitat birds (general) Tankersley and Orvis 2003 Evolutionary programming…”
BackgroundMethodPredation landscapes influence migratory prey ecology and evolution
Sabal, M. C., Boyce, M. S., Charpentier, C. L., Furey, N. B., Luhring, T. M., Martin, H. W., Melnychuk, M. C., Srygley, R. B., Wagner, C. M., Wirsing, A. J., et al. (2021) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2021.04.010 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
White, K. S., Barten, N. L., Crouse, S., & Crouse, J. A. (2013) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/13-0054.1 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Partial migration: an introduction
Chapman, B. B., Brönmark, C., Nilsson, J., & Hansson, L. (2011) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.20070.x · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Paton, D. G., Ciuti, S., Quinn, M. S., & Boyce, M. S. (2017) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.1841 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“…e01841 Several recent studies have investigated the disruption to migratory behavior (Bolger et al. 2008, Holdo et al. 2011, Lendrum et al. 2012) and the primary mechanisms of animal migration (Mysterud et al. 2001, Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007, Voeten et al. 2010, Milner-Gulland et al. 2011).”
BackgroundRolandsen, C. M., Solberg, E. J., Sæther, B., Moorter, B. F. A. V., Herfindal, I., & Bjørneraas, K. (2016) · Oikos · doi:10.1111/oik.02996 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Migration can also lead to relaxed density dependence (Nelson 1995, Geremia et al. 2011, Griswold et al. 2011, Mysterud et al. 2011) and reduced predation risk (Bergerud et al. 1983, Fryxell et al. 1988, Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007, McKinnon et al. 2010).”
BackgroundWyckoff, T. B., Sawyer, H., Albeke, S. E., Garman, S. L., & Kauffman, M. J. (2018) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.2113 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Landscape Level Variation in Tick Abundance Relative to Seasonal Migration in Red Deer
Qviller, L., Risnes-Olsen, N., Bærum, K. M., Meisingset, E. L., Loe, L. E., Ytrehus, B., Viljugrein, H., & Mysterud, A. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071299 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“It is well established that many deer species migrate to areas with lower risk of predation [1,9].”
BackgroundEvaluating apparent competition in limiting the recovery of an endangered ungulate
Johnson, H. E., Hebblewhite, M., Stephenson, T. R., German, D. W., Pierce, B. M., & Bleich, V. C. (2012) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-012-2397-6 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“To evaluate our next prediction, that cougar predation on bighorn sheep would occur within habitat that overlapped with deer, we determined whether each cougar-killed sheep was located within the 90 % KDE of deer winter range.”
InfluentialSelf-citationLinking Elk movement and resource selection to hunting pressure in a heterogeneous landscape
Cleveland, S. M., Hebblewhite, M., Thompson, M., & Henderson, R. S. (2012) · Wildlife Society Bulletin · doi:10.1002/wsb.182 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationPanzacchi, M., Moorter, B. F. A. V., Jordhøy, P., & Strand, O. (2012) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-012-9793-5 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“…food, increase the risk of population crashes due to density dependence (Fryxell and Sinclair 1988; Ferguson and Messier 2000), and to increase population vulnerability to predation (Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007) and stochastic events, particularly at higher latitudes (Robinson et al. 2009).”
Body Size Variations in Caribou Ecotypes and Relationships With Demography
Couturier, S., Otto, R. D., Côté, S. D., LUTHER, G., & Mahoney, S. P. (2010) · Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.2193/2008-384 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Yackulic, C. B., Yard, M. D., Korman, J., & Haverbeke, D. R. V. (2014) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.990 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Density-dependent habitat selection and partitioning between two sympatric ungulates
van Beest, F. M., McLoughlin, P., Wal, E. V., & Brook, R. (2014) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-014-2978-7 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“…while the opposite was observed at finer scales (home-range scale). scale-dependent habitat selection has been found for both elk (hebblewhite and Merrill 2007; Kittle et al. 2008) and moose (van Beest et al. 2010; Oehlers et al. 2011). however, estimates of fine-scale,…”
BackgroundParasite load and seasonal migration in red deer
Mysterud, A., Qviller, L., Meisingset, E. L., & Viljugrein, H. (2015) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-015-3465-5 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Trophic consequences of postfire logging in a wolf–ungulate system
Hebblewhite, M., Munro, R., & Merrill, E. H. (2008) · Forest Ecology and Management · doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2008.11.009 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“density of wolves, weighted by wolf pack size (Hebblewhite and Merrill, 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationHome range and migration patterns of male red deer Cervus elaphus in Western Carpathians
Kropil, R., Smolko, P., & Garaj, P. (2014) · European Journal of Wildlife Research · doi:10.1007/s10344-014-0874-4 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“The effects of migration have been widely discussed (Albon and Langvatn 1992; Mysterud et al. 2001; Boyce et al. 2003; Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007; Hebblewhite et al. 2008; Jarnemo 2008; Hebblewhite and Merrill 2009), and from a biological view, they have been described as a positive effect to…”
Fine-Scale Movements of the Broadnose Sevengill Shark and Its Main Prey, the Gummy Shark
Barnett, A., Abrantes, K. G., Stevens, J. D., Bruce, B. D., & Semmens, J. M. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0015464 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“antarcticus in Norfolk Bay [21], movement into the water column at night could also be anti-predator behaviour, as fine-scale movement may mitigate predation risk [53–56].”
BackgroundA tendency to simplify complex systems
Montgomery, R. A., Moll, R. J., Say‐Sallaz, E., Valeix, M., & Prugh, L. R. (2019) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2019.02.001 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“In Banff National Park, Canada, for example, predation risk experienced by elk predominantly derives from gray wolves (Hebblewhite et al., 2005a, b; Hebblewhite and Merrill, 2007).”
BackgroundBastille‐Rousseau, G., Wall, J., Douglas‐Hamilton, I., Lesowapir, B., Loloju, B., Mwangi, N., & Wittemyer, G. (2019) · Ecography · doi:10.1111/ecog.04240 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Connectivity and bottlenecks in a migratory wildebeestConnochaetes taurinuspopulation
Morrison, T. A., & Bolger, D. T. (2014) · Oryx · doi:10.1017/s0030605313000537 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Ungulate migration is generally considered an adaptive strategy that provides prolonged access to high-quality forage, while reducing exposure to predation (Fryxell & Sinclair, 1988; Hebblewhite & Merrill, 2007).”
BackgroundMoll, R., Killion, A. K., Montgomery, R., Tambling, C. J., & Hayward, M. (2015) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/15-0707.1 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Impacts of vehicle traffic on the distribution and behaviour of rutting elk, Cervus elaphus
Clair, C. C. S., & Forrest, A. (2009) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853909x410973 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Silva, M. A., Borrell, A., Prieto, R., Gauffier, P., Bérubé, M., Palsbøll, P. J., & Colaço, A. (2019) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.181800 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Predicting areas important for ecological connectivity throughout Canada
Pither, R., O’Brien, P., Brennan, A., Hirsh‐Pearson, K., & Bowman, J. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281980 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Animal cognition and culture mediate predator–prey interactions
Wooster, E. I. F., Gaynor, K. M., Carthey, A. J. R., Wallach, A. D., Stanton, L. A., Ramp, D., & Lundgren, E. J. (2023) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2023.09.012 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Partial seasonal migration in high-arctic Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus)
Hansen, B. B., Aanes, R., & Sæther, B. (2010) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/z10-086 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“In populations of less gregarious species, some individuals may migrate between distant or nearby seasonal ranges, whereas others do not (partial migration; Nicholson et al. 1997; Mysterud 1999; Ball et al. 2001; Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007; White et al. 2007).”
BackgroundExtent-dependent habitat selection in a migratory large herbivore: road avoidance across scales
Prokopenko, C. M., Boyce, M. S., & Avgar, T. (2016) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-016-0451-1 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Nelson, A. A., Kauffman, M. J., Middleton, A. D., Jimenez, M. D., McWhirter, D. E., Barber, J. J., & Gerow, K. (2012) · Ecological Applications · doi:10.1890/11-1829.1 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“In Banff National Park, elk thrived in and around the townsite of Banff, a pattern attributed to wolf avoidance of human activity in the area (Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007).”
BackgroundUngulate migration, plant phenology, and large carnivores: The times they are a‐changin'
Mysterud, A. (2013) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/12-0505.1 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Predation risk by wolves on summer ranges of migrant elk was 70% lower than that experienced by nonmigratory elk in the Canadian Rockies (Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007, Hebblewhite and Merrill 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialNicholson, K. L., Milleret, C., Månsson, J., & Sand, H. (2014) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-014-3004-9 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Corre, M. L., Dussault, C., & Côté, S. D. (2014) · Movement Ecology · doi:10.1186/s40462-014-0019-0 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Long-distance migration is one of the most impressive large-scale processes in ecology, which allows animals to follow seasonal changes in resource availability [1,2] and reduce predation risk [3,4].”
BackgroundMarginal predation: do encounter or confusion effects explain the targeting of prey group edges?
Duffield, C., & Ioannou, C. C. (2017) · Behavioral Ecology · doi:10.1093/beheco/arx090 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“If prey groups were more mobile, as is commonly observed (Mills and Shenk 1992; Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007), predatory confusion could increase.”
BackgroundSurvival varies seasonally in a migratory bird: Linkages between breeding and non‐breeding periods
Robinson, R. A., Meier, C. M., Witvliet, W., Kéry, M., & Schaub, M. (2020) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2656.13250 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Environmental change and the evolution of migration
Fryxell, J. M., & Holt, R. D. (2013) · Ecology · doi:10.1890/12-0668.1 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Changing migratory patterns in the Jackson elk herd
Cole, E. K., Foley, A. M., Warren, J. M., Smith, B. L., Dewey, S. R., Brimeyer, D. G., Fairbanks, W. S., Sawyer, H., & Cross, P. C. (2015) · Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.1002/jwmg.917 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“There is likely a differential exposure to predation between SDM and LDM elk because SDM are likely partially buffered from predators (Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007).”
BackgroundPredation risk tradeoffs in prey: effects on energy and behaviour
Khater, M., Murariu, D., & Gras, R. (2015) · Theoretical Ecology · doi:10.1007/s12080-015-0277-5 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Roads constrain movement across behavioural processes in a partially migratory ungulate
Passoni, G., Coulson, T. N., Ranc, N., Corradini, A., Hewison, A. J. M., Ciuti, S., Gehr, B., Heurich, M., Brieger, F., Sandfort, R., et al. (2021) · Movement Ecology · doi:10.1186/s40462-021-00292-4 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Seasonal migration allows individuals to exploit spatial variation in resource availability, potentially reducing intra-specific competition and, in some cases, predation risk [35, 50].”
BackgroundCarthey, A. J. R., Bytheway, J. P., & Banks, P. B. (2011) · Journal of Animal Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01817.x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Predator evasion by white-tailed deer fawns
Grovenburg, T. W., Monteith, K. L., Klaver, R. W., & Jenks, J. A. (2012) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.04.005 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Additionally, moose, Alces americanus, are more likely to be preyed upon farther from forested cover (Kunkel & Pletscher 2000), whereas turkey, Meleagris gallapavo, and elk have increased survival closer to roads and human disturbance (Thogmartin & Schaeffer 2000; Hebblewhite & Merrill 2007).”
BackgroundRobinson, B. G., & Merrill, E. H. (2013) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.02.004 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationAnnual elk calf survival in a multiple carnivore system
Eacker, D., Hebblewhite, M., Proffitt, K., Jimenez, B., Mitchell, M. S., & Robinson, H. S. (2016) · Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.1002/jwmg.21133 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Our approach assumed that general patterns of resource selection are correlated with predation risk (Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCan We Accurately Characterize Wildlife Resource Use When Telemetry Data Are Imprecise?
Montgomery, R., Roloff, G., Hoef, J. V. V., & Millspaugh, J. (2010) · Journal of Wildlife Management · doi:10.2193/2010-019 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“The second method incorporates telemetry error into a utilization distribution (UD) or kernel home range (Quinn 1995, Cox et al. 2006, Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007, Land et al. 2008, Rittenhouse et al. 2008).”
MethodBrennan, A., Cross, P. C., & Creel, S. (2015) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12514 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Wolves have been shown to avoid heavily used roads and human activity (Hebblewhite & Merrill 2008; Theuerkauf et al. 2010; Nelson et al. 2012), and thus, human use may create areas of refuge from wolf predation (Hebblewhite et al. 2005; Hebblewhite & Merrill 2007).”
BackgroundRobinson, B. G., Hebblewhite, M., & Merrill, E. H. (2010) · Oecologia · doi:10.1007/s00442-010-1620-6 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Recent studies on the YHT elk population compared the consequences of migrating versus being sedentary and found that migrant elk are exposed to higher quality forage (Hebblewhite et al. 2008) and lower predation risk ( Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007 ) than residents during the summer—yet the proportion of resident elk…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationAlternative foraging strategies enable a mountain ungulate to persist after migration loss
Courtemanch, A. B., Kauffman, M. J., Kilpatrick, S., & Dewey, S. R. (2017) · Ecosphere · doi:10.1002/ecs2.1855 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Migratory individuals benefit by seeking out the highest quality forage available throughout the year (Fryxell and Sinclair 1988, Hebblewhite et al. 2008) and in some cases, lower their predation rates (Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007, 2011).”
BackgroundSpitz, D. B., Hebblewhite, M., Stephenson, T. R., & German, D. W. (2018) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/cjz-2017-0367 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Migration and residency expose individuals to conditions that may differentially affect survival and reproduction (e.g., Adriaensen and Dhondt 1990; Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationSeasonal variation in the feeding ecology of pumas (Puma concolor) in northern California
Allen, M. L., Elbroch, L. M., Casady, D. S., & Wittmer, H. U. (2014) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/cjz-2013-0284 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“We estimated the age for individuals >1 year based on tooth irruption and wear to the closest year based on Heffelfinger (2010).”
MethodHabitat selection by a focal predator (Canis lupus) in a multiprey ecosystem of the northern Rockies
Milakovic, B., Parker, K. L., Gustine, D. D., Lay, R. J., Walker, A. B. D., & Gillingham, M. P. (2011) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1644/10-mamm-a-040.1 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“…in singleprey systems (e.g., elk [Cervus elaphus]—Hebblewhite et al. 2002), impacts on ungulate population dynamics associated with wolf predation risk (Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007), and the ability of wolves to structure entire communities by mediating trophic cascades (Hebblewhite et al. 2005).”
BackgroundThe scaling of geographic ranges: implications for species distribution models
Yackulic, C. B., & Ginsberg, J. R. (2015) · Landscape Ecology · doi:10.1007/s10980-015-0333-y · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“At the broadest spatial extent, contraction in historic times of the geographic range of the wolf is believed to have allowed coyotes to extend parts of their range (Gompper 2002) and may explain patterns of migratory and sedentary behavior in elk (Hebblewhite and Merrill 2007) as well as differences in mortality betw…”
Background
- Authors
- Hebblewhite, M., & Merrill, E. H.
- Affiliations
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Hebblewhite, Mark
- Venue
- Oecologia
- Published
- 2007-02-08
- Volume
- 152
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 377-387
- ISSN
- 0029-8549 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-1939
- OpenAlex
- W2010851808
- Cited by
- 238
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 8.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Oecologia (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Rangeland and Wildlife Management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
- Keywords
- elk migration, red deer, wolf, predator-prey interactions, pack size, Banff National Park
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Deer, Population Dynamics, Predatory Behavior, Risk Factors, Wolves, Animal Migration
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