Effect of change in ambient temperature on core temperature of female subjects during the daytime and its sex differences
Abstract
Tympanic temperature (T ty), skin temperature, and regional dry heat loss were measured continuously in eight female subjects under three conditions: (1) stepwise increases in ambient temperature (T a) from 26 °C at 09:00 to 30 °C at 18:00, (2) steady T a at 28 °C from 09:00 to 18:00, and (3) stepwise decreases in T a from 30 °C at 09:00 to 26 °C at 18:00. Oxygen consumption, body weight loss, thermal sensation, and comfort levels were periodically recorded. The T ty increased significantly (p < 0.01) from 36.1 ± 0.36 °C to 36.6 ± 0.23 °C at 18:00 under condition 1 but remained virtually unchanged under conditions 2 and 3. Thermal comfort was observed at 15:00 and 17:00 under condition 3, whereas subjects reported that they felt slightly cool at 15:00. The rate of body heat storage (S), changes in T ty, mean skin temperature ([Formula: see text]sk), and mean body temperature during each period were calculated, and confirmed that changes in [Formula: see text]sk was correlated with S. Diurnal changes in core temperature (T c) appeared to be more dependent on diurnal rhythm than on changes in T a, except when T a increased continuously. Thus, it may be difficult to predict diurnal changes in women's T c using a body-heat-balance equation during thermal transient.
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Among the 15 reviewed experimental studies investigating diurnal variations in thermal perception, six found no significant differences in thermal perception.
“Among the 15 reviewed experimental studies investigating diurnal variations in thermal perception, six found no significant differences in thermal perception [12–17,78]”
From Human thermal perception and time of day: A review (2021) · cites this paper as [78]
Kakitsuba found male but not female subjects were more comfortable with higher temperatures in the late afternoon.
“Male (but not female) subjects were more comfortable with higher temperatures in the late afternoon.”
From Human thermal perception and time of day: A review (2021) · cites this paper as [78]
In the experimental studies of Kakitsuba & White [77] and Kakitsuba [78], light was controlled at a fixed value of 500 lux.
“In the experimental studies of Kakitsuba & White [77] and Kakitsuba [78], light was controlled at a fixed value of 500 lux.”
From Human thermal perception and time of day: A review (2021) · cites this paper as [78]
Only three out of the 15 reviewed experimental studies reported the details of the light exposure and only in terms of intensity (lux).
“However, only three out of the 15 reviewed experimental studies reported the details of the light exposure and only in terms of intensity (lux) [12,16,77,78].”
From Human thermal perception and time of day: A review (2021) · cites this paper as [78]
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- Authors
- Kakitsuba, N.
- Affiliations
- Meijo University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Kakitsuba, Naoshi
- ORCID
- Kakitsuba, Naoshi
- Venue
- International Journal of Biometeorology
- Published
- 2019-04-24
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1069-1076
- ISSN
- 0020-7128 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-1254
- OpenAlex
- W2941998931
- Cited by
- 9
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 0.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- International Journal of Biometeorology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Thermoregulation and physiological responses
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Building Energy and Comfort Optimization
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Effects of Environmental Stressors on Livestock
- Keywords
- core body temperature, ambient temperature change, diurnal cycle, sex differences, women, tympanic temperature, skin temperature, dry heat loss, body heat storage, thermal comfort, thermal sensation, body heat balance, thermal transients
- MeSH terms
- Body Temperature, Body Temperature Regulation, Female, Humans, Male, Skin Temperature, Temperature, Thermosensing
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