Effect of virtual reality on time perception in patients receiving chemotherapy
Open accessAbstract
Purpose Virtual reality (VR) during chemotherapy has resulted in an elapsed time compression effect, validating the attention diversion capabilities of VR. Using the framework of the pacemaker-accumulator cognitive model of time perception, this study explored the influence of age, gender, state anxiety, fatigue, and cancer diagnosis in predicting the difference between actual time elapsed during receipt of intravenous chemotherapy while immersed in a VR environment versus patient's retrospective estimates of time elapsed during this treatment. Materials and methods This secondary analysis from three studies yielded a pooled sample of N = 137 participants with breast, lung, or colon cancer. Each study employed a crossover design requiring two matched intravenous chemotherapy treatments, with participants randomly assigned to receive VR during one treatment. Regressions modeled the effect of demographic variables, diagnosis, and Piper Fatigue Scale and State Anxiety Inventory scores on the difference between actual and estimated time elapsed during chemotherapy with VR. Results In a forward regression model, three predictors (diagnosis, gender, and anxiety) explained a significant portion of the variability for altered time perception (F=5.06, p = 0.0008). Diagnosis was the strongest predictor; individuals with breast and colon cancer perceived time passed more quickly. Conclusions VR is a noninvasive intervention that can make chemotherapy treatments more tolerable. Women with breast cancer are more likely and lung cancer patients less likely to experience altered time perception during VR (a possible indicator of effectiveness for this distraction intervention). Understanding factors that predict responses to interventions can help clinicians tailor coping strategies to meet each patient's needs.
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Other research in people having chemotherapy argues that VR may not be effective for all as those with greater symptom distress had more accurate perception of time, suggesting they were not able to block out negative external cues.
“Other research in people having chemotherapy20 argues that VR may not be effective for all as those with greater symptom distress had more accurate perception of time, suggesting they were not able to block out negative external cues.”
From SafeSpace: what is the feasibility and acceptability of a codesigned virtual reality intervention, incorporating compassionate mind training, to support people undergoing cancer treatment in a clinical setting? (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
The Discussion reports that lung cancer patients had little alteration in time perception during VR and suggests that more severe symptoms may draw attention to negative stimuli and inhibit immersion. But it identifies symptom severity as a possible explanation, not an established finding that patients with greater symptom distress perceived time more accurately; the available symptom data were too limited to establish differences between diagnosis groups. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe majority of studies used tools to capture symptom change with only one using open-ended questions in their methodology.
“The majority of studies used tools to capture symptom change15 20 67 with only one74 using open-ended questions in their methodology.”
From SafeSpace: what is the feasibility and acceptability of a codesigned virtual reality intervention, incorporating compassionate mind training, to support people undergoing cancer treatment in a clinical setting? (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
In Materials and methods > Measures (page unavailable), the researcher asked patients to estimate elapsed time in minutes, allowing a free-response answer. The same section says symptom change in anxiety and fatigue was measured with standardized scales, not open-ended questions. The paper also cannot establish the citing sentence’s comparison across studies. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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“There are anecdotal reports from chronic pain patients that analgesia following VR exposure can last for hours or days after the session ends [20], however, work with cancer patients have primarily focused on in-the-moment distraction of treatment [12] rather than determining whether positive benefits might be maintai…”
BackgroundTime Compression in Virtual Reality
Mullen, G., & Davidenko, N. (2021) · Timing & Time Perception · doi:10.1163/22134468-bja10034 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“At least one previous experiment (Schneider et al., 2011) successfully used VR to produce a similar effect, but the present study is the first to observe time compression as a significant difference between VR and non-VR experiences with otherwise identical content.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialRutkowski, S., Czech, O., Wrzeciono, A., Kiper, P., Szczepańska-Gieracha, J., & Malicka, I. (2021) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102767 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Feasibility of Virtual Reality Exercises at Home for Post–COVID-19 Condition: Cohort Study
Groenveld, T. D., Achttien, R. J., Smits, M., de Vries, M., van Heerde, R., Staal, J. B., van Goor, H., & COVID Rehab Group (2022) · JMIR Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies · doi:10.2196/36836 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Time compression is a known phenomenon in VR, which contributes to the benefit of VR in acute pain management [46].”
BackgroundKaraman, D., & Taşdemir, N. (2021) · Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jopan.2021.04.007 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Clinical utility of virtual reality in pain management: a comprehensive research review
Matsangidou, M., Ang, C. S., & Sakel, M. (2017) · British Journal of Neuroscience Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjnn.2017.13.3.133 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Virtual Reality for Pain Management in Cancer: A Comprehensive Review
Pittara, M., Matsangidou, M., Stylianides, K., Petkov, N., & Pattichis, C. S. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3044233 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“3) FULLY- IMMERSIVE Several studies used Fully-Immersive VR technology to enhance cancer patients therapy (48%) [20], [21], [23], [25], [29], [34], [35], [38], [39], [40], [42].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialBuche, H., Michel, A., Piccoli, C., & Blanc, N. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.631186 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Virtual Reality Applications to Address the Wounds of War
Rizzo, A., Buckwalter, J. G., Forbell, E., Reist, C., Difede, J., ROTHBAUM, B. O., Lange, B. S., Koenig, S. T., & Talbot, T. B. (2013) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/00485713-20130306-08 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Koo, K.-I., Park, D. K., Youm, Y.-S., Cho, S. D., & Hwang, C. H. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-20260-0 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Virtual Reality as a Promising Tool Supporting Oncological Treatment in Breast Cancer
Zasadzka, E., Pieczyńska, A., Trzmiel, T., & Hojan, K. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18168768 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Three of the studies also included patients with BC and other types of cancers such as gynaecological cancer [33], colon, or lung cancer [38,39].”
BackgroundMethodvan der Ham, I. J. M., Klaassen, F., van Schie, K., & Cuperus, A. A. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.01.005 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Comparcini, D., Simonetti, V., Galli, F., Saltarella, I., Altamura, C., Tomietto, M., Desaphy, J., & Cicolini, G. (2023) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers15030985 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Clinical Results Using Virtual Reality
Rizzo, A., Koenig, S. T., & Talbot, T. B. (2019) · Journal of Technology in Human Services · doi:10.1080/15228835.2019.1604292 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“…2014); addiction (Bordnick, Yoon, Kaganoff, & Carter, 2013); discomfort reduction in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy (Chirico et al., 2016; Schneider, Kisby, & Flint, 2011); acute pain reduction during wound care and physical therapy with burn patients (Hoffman et al., 2011) and in other…”
BackgroundRetrospective Review of the Safety and Efficacy of Virtual Reality in a Pediatric Hospital
Caruso, T. J., O’Connell, C. P., Qian, J. J., Kung, T. H., Wang, E., Kinnebrew, S., Pearson, M., Kist, M. N., Menendez, M., & Rodríguez, S. (2020) · Pediatric Quality and Safety · doi:10.1097/pq9.0000000000000293 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Clinical Virtual Reality: Emerging Opportunities for Psychiatry
Rizzo, A., Koenig, S. T., & Talbot, T. B. (2018) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20180011 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
May, S. L., Tsimicalis, A., Noel, M. E., Rainville, P., Khadra, C., Ballard, A., Guingo, E., Cotes‐Turpin, C., Addab, S., Chougui, K., et al. (2020) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.14607 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Song, R., Chen, Q., Zhang, Y., Jia, Q., He, H., Gao, T., & Qiu, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1003497 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“It is non-invasive (Schneider et al., 2011) and provides the respondents with continuous natural experiences (White et al.”
BackgroundPromotion of Emotional Wellbeing in Oncology Inpatients Using VR
Espinoza, M., Baños, R., García‐Palacios, A., Cervera, J. M., Esquerdo, G., Enrique, B., & Botella, C. (2012) · Studies in health technology and informatics · doi:10.3233/978-1-61499-121-2-53 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Virtual Reality Applications for the Assessment and Treatment of PTSD
Rizzo, A., Roy, M. J., Hartholt, A., Costanzo, M. E., Highland, K. B., Jovanović, T., Norrholm, S. D., Reist, C., ROTHBAUM, B. O., & Difede, J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-66192-6_27 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Yazdipour, A. B., Saeedi, S., Bostan, H., Masoorian, H., Sajjadi, H., & Ghazisaeedi, M. (2023) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-023-02108-4 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Table 4 Outcomes of VR intervention in included studies Outcome category Outcomes subcategories Effect Positive No effect Negative Mental aspects Reducing chemotherapy-related symptom distress levels [33, 34, 37] [35] Reducing fatigue [7, 33, 34] Reducing anxiety [7, 19, 20, 33, 34] No cybersickness [19, 30, 31, 33, 3…”
BackgroundMethodO'Gara, G., Murray, L., Georgopoulou, S., Anstiss, T., Macquarrie, A., Wheatstone, P., Bellman, B., Gilbert, P., Steed, A., & Wiseman, T. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047626 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Use of virtual reality in oncology: From the state of the art to an integrative model
Buche, H., Michel, A., & Blanc, N. (2022) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2022.894162 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Explorations require solving mysteries by strategically choosing different options to advance in the scenario (Schneider et al., 2011; Garrett et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialPensieri, C., & Pennacchini, M. (2015) · Progress in IS · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-22041-3_14 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Igarzábal, F. A., Hruby, H., Witowska, J., Khoshnoud, S., & Wittmann, M. (2021) · Technology Mind and Behavior · doi:10.1037/tmb0000038 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Janssen, A. L., Fletcher, J., Keep, M., Ahmadpour, N., Rouf, A. S., Marthick, M., & Booth, R. (2021) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/29579 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Addressing this gap in the context of cancer care may be advantageous because there are some groups of patients who report greater satisfaction with treatment if they perceive their chemotherapy duration to be shorter than it is [19].”
Wong, C. L., Li, C. K., Choi, K. C., So, W. K. W., Kwok, J. Y. Y., Cheung, Y. T., & Chan, C. W. H. (2022) · European Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2022.102233 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Floris, C., Solbiati, S., Landreani, F., Damato, G., Lenzi, B., Megale, V., & Caiani, E. G. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20247168 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Grilo, A. M., Almeida, B., Rodrigues, C. B., Gomes, A. I., & Caetano, M. (2023) · Technical Innovations & Patient Support in Radiation Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.tipsro.2023.100203 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“It gives the patient a subjective immersive experience and physical placement in the virtual world while reducing the impact of the environment around him [15,16].”
BackgroundUslu, A., & Arslan, S. (2023) · Seminars in Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.soncn.2023.151503 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The Influence of Avatar Embodiment on Time Perception - Towards VR for Time-Based Therapy
Unruh, F., Landeck, M., Oberdörfer, S., Lugrin, J.-L., & Latoschik, M. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2021.658509 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“It was also shown that the perception of time in VR can be in fl uenced passively via the medium as a distraction (Schneider and Hood, 2007; Schneider et al., 2011) or actively by means of time in fl uencers, or so-called zeitgebers (e.g., velocity of the course of the Sun) (Schatzschneider et al.,…”
BackgroundUrology: a trip into metaverse
Randazzo, G., Reitano, G., Carletti, F., Iafrate, M., Betto, G., Novara, G., Moro, F. D., & Zattoni, F. (2023) · World Journal of Urology · doi:10.1007/s00345-023-04560-3 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“…and root planning (SRP) proceduresUse of immersive VR distraction may be an effective method of pain control during SRP procedures Schneider [27] Pain management Clinical (n. Pts = 137) Predicting the difference between actual time elapsed during receipt of intravenous chemotherapy while…”
MethodPatient perceptions of an art-making experience in an outpatient blood and marrow transplant clinic
Lawson, L. M., Glennon, C., Amos, M., Newberry, T. P., Pearce, J. R., SALZMAN, S., & Young, J. (2011) · European Journal of Cancer Care · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2354.2011.01316.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Effectiveness of virtual reality in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Systematic review
Alvarado‐Omenat, J. J., Llamas‐Ramos, R., García‐García, D., Correyero‐León, M., Fonseca‐Sánchez, E., & Llamas‐Ramos, I. (2024) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.35258 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Promoting Emotional Well-Being in Older Breast Cancer Patients: Results From an eHealth Intervention
Villani, D., Cognetta, C., Repetto, C., Serino, S., Toniolo, D., Scanzi, F., & Riva, G. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02279 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Rogers, K., Milo, M., Weber, M., & Nacke, L. E. (2020) · Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play · doi:10.1145/3410404.3414246 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“VR in itself can affect RTE, causing greater underestimation with VR compared to without it [71].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDijkstra, K., Pahl, S., White, M. P., Andrade, J., May, J., Stone, R. J., Bruce, M., Mills, I. J., Auvray, M., Gabe, R., et al. (2014) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-15-90 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Time perception will be measured with one question in which patients are asked to estimate how many minutes they think they have been wearing the VR goggles or protective glasses [38].”
BackgroundMobile virtual reality distraction reduces needle pain and stress in children?
Piskorz, J., Czub, M., Šulžickaja, B., & Kiliś‐Pstrusińska, K. (2020) · Cyberpsychology Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2020-1-3 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
May, S. L., Hupin, M., Khadra, C., Ballard, A., Paquin, D., Beaudin, M., Bouchard, S., Cotes‐Turpin, C., Noel, M. E., Guingo, E., et al. (2021) · Pain Management Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2020.10.002 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Virtual reality for management of cancer pain: Study rationale and design
Groninger, H., Stewart, D., Wesley, D. B., Cowgill, J., & Mete, M. (2022) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2022.100895 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Other studies have investigated the effect of VR on time perception during chemotherapy infusion, but without any distraction therapy control group [34].”
BackgroundMid-Air Tactile Stimulation for Pain Distraction
Karafotias, G., Κορρές, Γ., Teranishi, A., Park, W., & Eid, M. A. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Haptics · doi:10.1109/toh.2017.2781693 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“VR technology is well studied in medical settings as a means to attenuate pain perception, anxiety, and general distress during painful medical procedures, including wound care [9], chemotherapy [10], dental procedures [11], burn pain [12], and routine medical procedures [13].”
BackgroundLeggiero, N., Armstrong, T. S., Gilbert, M. R., & King, A. L. (2020) · Neuro-Oncology Practice · doi:10.1093/nop/npaa012 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Wong, C. L., Li, C. K., Choi, K. C., So, W. K. W., Kwok, J. Y. Y., Cheung, Y. T., & Chan, C. W. H. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0258514 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“IVR also helped patients to alter their perception of time, thus making the chemotherapy treatment seem short [17, 18].”
BackgroundMethodPhelan, I., Furness, P. J., Matsangidou, M., Carrion-Plaza, A., Dunn, H. D., Dimitri, P., & Lindley, S. A. (2021) · Virtual Reality · doi:10.1007/s10055-021-00522-5 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Application of virtual reality for supportive care in cancer patients: a systematic review
Fereidoni, M., Toni, E., Toni, E., & Ayatollahi, H. (2024) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-024-08763-1 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“…display and field of view 101º) [37, 47–50], Sony PC Glasstron PLM-S700 (a stand-alone HMD with 800 × 600 resolution display and field of view 30º) [60, 63–65], Pico Goblin (a stand-alone HMD with 2560 × 1440 resolution display and field of view 92º) [39, 44], HTC VIVE (a stand-alone HMD with 2160…”
InfluentialBonnin, C., Pejoan, D., Ranvial, E., Marchat, M., Andrieux, N., Fourcade, L., & Perrochon, A. (2023) · Journal of Visual Communication in Medicine · doi:10.1080/17453054.2023.2216243 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Most students in VR felt that time had elapsed more quickly, as shown by Schneider and al. in their study (Schneider et al., 2011).”
BackgroundVirtual Reality for Postoperative Pain Management: A Review of Current Evidence
Malik, A., Elshazly, T. B., Pokuri, K., Apai, C., Rothkrug, A., Hasoon, J. J., Chung, M., Ye, Z., Bhayani, S., Kaye, A. D., et al. (2024) · Current Pain and Headache Reports · doi:10.1007/s11916-024-01308-5 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Augmented Reality Neuronavigation for En Bloc Resection of Spinal Column Lesions
Tigchelaar, S., Medress, Z. A., Quon, J. L., Dang, P. N., Barbery, D., Bobrow, A., Kin, C., Louis, R. G., & Desai, A. M. (2022) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2022.08.143 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Ota, T., Nakamura, T., & Kuzuoka, H. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3279269 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Finally, VR technology offers patients a time-compression effect that allows patients to complete tedious or painful treatments in a shorter perceived time [17], [18].”
BackgroundLind, A. Y., Ahsan, M., Totzeck, M., Al‐Rashid, F., Haddad, A., Dubler, S., Brenner, T., Skarabis, A., Gabry, M. E., Rassaf, T., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.131130 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Applied Tension and Coping with Blood Donation: A Randomized Trial
Holly, C. D., Torbit, L. A., & Ditto, B. (2011) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-011-9315-8 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“dentistry [27], injections, and chemotherapy [28, 29].”
Behrens, S., Streuber, S., Keizer, A., & Giel, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1011620 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“VR relaxation has been shown to support acute relaxation and wellbeing in various acute medical settings, including chemotherapy for cancer (42), cardiac surgery (43), labor, and care for veterans with dementia (44) and it also showed high efficacy in reducing acute stress also in psychiatric patients, with a tendency…”
BackgroundFrom Combat to COVID-19 – Managing the Impact of Trauma Using Virtual Reality
Rizzo, A., Hartholt, A., & Mozgai, S. (2021) · Journal of Technology in Human Services · doi:10.1080/15228835.2021.1915931 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“…patients (Hoffman, Patterson, Carrougher, & Sharar, 2001, Hoffman et al., 2019), discomfort reduction in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy (Schneider, Kisby, & Flint, 2010; Chirico et al., 2020), and in other pain management contexts (Dumoulin et al., 2019; Ahmadpour et al., 2019; Gold,…”
BackgroundJourney through a virtual tunnel: Simulated motion and its effects on the experience of time
Landeck, M., Igarzábal, F. A., Unruh, F., Habenicht, H., Khoshnoud, S., Wittmann, M., Lugrin, J.-L., & Latoschik, M. E. (2023) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2022.1059971 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Time perception in VR can be passively affected by the medium itself as a distraction (Schneider and Hood, 2007; Schneider et al., 2011) or actively by time influencers, so-called ‘zeitgebers’ (e.”
BackgroundClinical virtual reality in mental health and rehabilitation: a brief review of the future!
Rizzo, A. (2019) · doi:10.1117/12.2524302 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“A short list of the areas where Clinical VR has been usefully applied includes fear reduction in persons with specific phobias [22,27-29], treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) [23,30,35-37], depression, and paranoid delusions [16,23,30-37], discomfort reduction in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy…”
BackgroundBoylan, P., Kirwan, G. H., & Rooney, B. (2017) · Virtual Reality · doi:10.1007/s10055-017-0329-9 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Some studies have reported on the phenomena that users immersed in a VE can experience their perception of time being altered and accelerated (Schneider et al. 2011; Widerhold 2005).”
BackgroundLi, M., Yu, Z., Li, H., Cao, L., Yu, H., Deng, N., & Liu, Y. (2024) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/53825 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“VR allows patients to be completely engaged in an immersive environment, which may help distract them from noxious stimuli, thereby relieving psychological stress [19,28].”
BackgroundAhmad, M. M., Mohammad, E. B., Tayyem, E. A. I., Al‐Gamal, E., & Atout, M. M. W. (2023) · Health Care For Women International · doi:10.1080/07399332.2023.2257627 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“These characteristics are consistent with the breast cancer patient samples used in earlier investigations (Kashyap et al., 2022; Schneider et al., 2011; Schneider & Hood, 2007), as well as with the statistics on breast cancer from Jordan Cancer Society, which reported that breast cancer is the…”
ResultWhen virtual reality supports patients’ emotional management in chemotherapy
Buche, H., Michel, A., & Blanc, N. (2023) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2023.1294482 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Time perception in naturalistic and urban immersive virtual reality environments
Mioni, G., & Pazzaglia, F. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102105 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Metachron: A framework for time perception research in VR
Landeck, M., Unruh, F., Lugrin, J.-L., & Latoschik, M. E. (2020) · ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology (VRST) · doi:10.1145/3385956.3422111 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“For instance, this effect was reported by Schneider et al. [13].”
BackgroundRead, T., Sanchez, C. A., & Amicis, R. D. (2022) · Virtual Reality · doi:10.1007/s10055-022-00723-6 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“For example, time is often perceived as passing more quickly when an activity or event is more engaging or has a strong affective component (Kitajima et al. 2020; Rutrecht et al. 2021; Sander and Cairns 2010; Schneider et al. 2011; Sucala et al. 2010).”
BackgroundOlasz, O., Erdős, S., & Horváth, K. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02438-y · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Regarding time perception, our findings suggest that VR positively influences time perception in young healthy volunteers, building on the impact previously observed in chemotherapy patients (Schneider et al., 2011).”
Yeşilot, S. B., Çiftçi, H., & Özçelik, Z. (2021) · International Journal of Nursing Practice · doi:10.1111/ijn.12906 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The Effect of Task Complexity on Time Estimation in the Virtual Reality Environment: An EEG Study
Li, J., & Kim, J.-E. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11209779 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“One stream of research showed that during chemotherapy, most individuals estimated the time duration in the VRE to be shorter than the actual time elapsed [1,18].”
BackgroundChirico, A., D’Aiuto, M., Pinto, M., Milanese, C., Napoli, A., Avino, F., Iodice, G., Russo, G. M., Laurentiis, M. D., Ciliberto, G., et al. (2016) · Smart innovation, systems and technologies · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-39345-2_65 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
İnce, M., & Özlü, Z. K. (2024) · Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jopan.2024.07.012 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Lu, M., Song, Y., Niu, Y., Ting, L. I. U., Song, G., Sun, Y., Wang, X., Luo, Y., Kuinan, L. I., & Yang, X. (2024) · Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/jnr.0000000000000623 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Mitello, L., Marti, F., Mauro, L., Siano, L., Pucci, A., Tarantino, C., Rocco, G., Stievano, A., Iacorossi, L., Anastasi, G., et al. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13154374 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Brain Signatures of Time Perception in Virtual Reality
Niknam, S., Duraisamy, S., Botev, J., & Leiva, L. A. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2025.3549570 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“This involves both investigating classical time perception modulators in VR and exploring VR itself as a time perception modulator, as time compression has often been reported during the use of VR technologies [49,54,58].”
Lewandowski, K., Kaniewska, M. A., Rosołowski, M., Kucha, P., & Rydzewska, G. M. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10122709 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Yeşilot, S. B., Çiftçi, H., & Yener, K. (2022) · AORN Journal · doi:10.1002/aorn.13665 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Edwards, A. M., Menting, S. G. P., Elferink-Gemser, M. T., & Hettinga, F. J. (2024) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.3471 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“This appears to give patients the impression of time running faster than usual, resulting in an overestimation of time due to distraction and a more enjoy-able experience (Gable & Poole, 2012; Schneider et al., 2011).”
BackgroundVirtual Reality During Chemotherapy Infusion
Burrai, F., Marinis, M. G. D., & Piredda, M. (2023) · Holistic Nursing Practice · doi:10.1097/hnp.0000000000000616 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“10 The increase in the speed of the passing of time could be due to the distraction produced by VR, and in terms of the simulation-accumulation cognitive model, 11 by moving the focus of attention from negative stimuli toward virtual scenes, VR has also diverted attention from the processing of…”
Bal, S., & Kulakaç, Ö. (2023) · Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira · doi:10.1590/1806-9282.20230798 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“An increasing body of evidence points to the positive effect of VRG use in acute pain management 14 , during various medical procedures such as chemotherapy 27,28 , and in wound care 29,30 .”
BackgroundThe effects of emotion on retrospective duration memory using virtual reality
Safi, O. K., Shi, Y., Madan, C. R., Lin, T., & Palombo, D. J. (2023) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-023-01909-6 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“For instance, Schneider et al. (2011) and Chirico et al. (2016) both report observing time compression when VR was used during chemotherapy.”
- Authors
- Schneider, S. M., Kisby, C. K., & Flint, E. P.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schneider, Susan M.
- Venue
- Supportive Care in Cancer
- Published
- 2010-03-26
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 555-564
- ISSN
- 0941-4355 (ISSN-L)
- 1433-7339
- PMC
- PMC3673561
- OpenAlex
- W2006568735
- Cited by
- 187
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Supportive Care in Cancer (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Nursing Research (1 P20 NR07795-01, P20NR007795)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pediatric Pain Management Techniques
- Keywords
- virtual reality, time perception, chemotherapy, pacemaker-accumulator model, distraction therapy, cancer pain management, breast cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, state anxiety, fatigue, gender differences, cancer diagnosis
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Antineoplastic Agents, Anxiety, Breast Neoplasms, Colonic Neoplasms, Female, Humans, Infusions, Intravenous, Lung Neoplasms, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Regression Analysis, Sex Factors, Time Perception, User-Computer Interface, Cross-Over Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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