The DOI matches its Crossref record; 109 of the 112 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 5 of the 33 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
CALM Pregnancy: results of a pilot study of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for perinatal anxiety
Open accessAbstract
Many women experience anxiety during pregnancy with potential negative effects on maternal, birth, and child outcomes. Because of potential risks of fetal exposure to psychotropic medications, efficacious non-pharmacologic approaches are urgently needed. However, no published studies of psychotherapeutic treatments for anxiety in pregnancy exist. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) may substantially reduce anxiety and co-morbid symptoms in people with anxiety disorders. Coping with Anxiety through Living Mindfully (CALM) Pregnancy is an adaptation of MBCT designed to address anxiety in pregnant women. This study examined the feasibility, acceptability, and clinical outcomes of the CALM Pregnancy intervention in pregnant women anxiety. Twenty-four pregnant women with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) or prominent symptoms of generalized anxiety participated in an open treatment trial of the CALM Pregnancy group intervention. Psychiatric diagnoses were determined by structured clinical interview, and self-report measures of anxiety, worry, depression, self-compassion, and mindfulness were completed at baseline and post-intervention. Qualitative feedback was elicited via questionnaire. Twenty-three participants completed the intervention with high attendance and good compliance with home practice. Completers showed statistically and clinically significant improvements in anxiety, worry, and depression, and significant increases in self-compassion and mindfulness. Of the 17 participants who met GAD criteria at baseline, only one continued to meet criteria post-intervention. Participants regarded their experience in the intervention to be overwhelmingly positive. MBCT in the form of the CALM Pregnancy intervention holds potential to provide effective, non-pharmacological treatment for pregnant women with anxiety. These promising findings warrant further testing of the intervention with a randomized controlled trial. © 2014, Springer-Verlag Wien.
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Claims the paper makes
37 Own result · 19 Own interpretation · 9 No full text of the sources · 8 Own method · 2 Partly supported · 1 Supported · 1 Supported so far · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Psychological therapies, particularly cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), effectively reduce anxiety in patients with anxiety disorders (Otte 2011)”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Otte 2011 source
The Summary reports that CBT’s efficacy and effectiveness for anxiety in adults are well established and says analyses of psychological treatments corroborate its favorable effects. The Conclusion calls CBT the most consistently supported psychotherapeutic option for anxiety disorders. The review focuses on adults, but the citing sentence does not specify another age group. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and an average of 6 times over the course of the last three weeks “whenever they noticed unpleasant thoughts or feelings” with a wide range of 0 to 63 times.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Results > Feasibility and Acceptance of Intervention and Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean number of sessions attended by the 23 completers was 6.96 sessions.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Results > Feasibility and Acceptance of Intervention and Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most participants (n = 21; 87.5%) attended at least six of the eight intervention sessions.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Results > Feasibility and Acceptance of Intervention and Procedures
plainn = 21- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants practiced the scheduled Three-Minute Breathing Space an average of 12.3 times per week (range 1 to 23 times per week) during the course of the study”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Results > Feasibility and Acceptance of Intervention and Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 24 participants, 17 (70.8%) met criteria for GAD at baseline.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Results > Baseline Characteristics
plainn = 24- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants completed home practice of formal meditation practice an average of 4.12 out of six days per week (range 1.9 to 6.6 days per week).”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Results > Feasibility and Acceptance of Intervention and Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Seven participants did not meet criteria threshold for any current DSM-IV-TR Axis I disorder and were included due to burden of generalized anxiety symptoms or worry symptom levels that met inclusion criteria.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Results > Baseline Characteristics
plainn = 7- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comorbid baseline diagnoses of agoraphobia, PTSD, social phobia, specific phobia, and dysthymia diagnoses remained at post-intervention.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Results > Efficacy of the Intervention
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition to anxiety/worry criteria required for study entry, all study participants had a substantial burden of depressive symptoms as indicated by elevated BDI-II scores at baseline.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and for those in the clinical range for depression at baseline (n = 23), 69.6% likewise showed recovery or reliable improvement.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Discussion
plainn = 23- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eighty-two percent of participants who scored in the clinical range for anxiety at baseline (n = 11) showed improvements consistent with recovery or reliable improvement at post-intervention.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Discussion
plainn = 11- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One participant who had no diagnosis at baseline met criteria for social anxiety disorder at post-intervention.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Results > Efficacy of the Intervention
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In regards to psychiatric diagnoses, of the 16 completers who met diagnostic criteria for GAD at baseline, only one continued to meet criteria at post-intervention.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“In regards to clinical diagnoses, an exceptionally high rate of recovery (15 out of 16; 93.8%) was found for the participants who met GAD criteria at baseline”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Results > Efficacy of the Intervention
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the majority of participants were recruited through hospital prenatal clinic screening, recruitment through clinician- or self-referral was particularly effective as these women were selectively identified and thus had a much higher rate of eligibility and enrollment.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For those in the clinical range of worry at baseline (n = 23), 69.6% showed recovery or reliable improvement”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Discussion
plainn = 23- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analysis of the data revealed seven categories: (1) skill building, (2) connection, (3) universality, (4) acceptance and self-kindness, (5) decreased reactivity, (7) cognitive changes, and (8) insight.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Results > Participant Feedback
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the two participants who also met criteria for major depression at baseline no longer met criteria at post-intervention.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“and the two participants who also met criteria for MDD at baseline were no longer depressed post-intervention.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Results > Efficacy of the Intervention
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regardless of amount of home practice, all participants benefitted from the intervention on one or more outcomes”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pearson correlations between the MAAS and the BAI at the five time points (baseline; weeks 3, 5, and 7 of the intervention; and post-intervention) indicated that the only time-point with a significant meaningful relationship was at post-intervention (r = −.482, p = .020).”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Results > Efficacy of the Intervention
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, anxiety during pregnancy is frequently undetected and untreated (Alder et al. 2007; Coleman et al. 2008; Goodman and Tyer-Viola 2010).”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Introduction
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Furthermore, elevated anxiety during pregnancy is a major risk factor for postpartum depression (e.g. Britton 2008; Heron et al. 2004; Lee et al. 2007; Sutter-Dallay et al. 2004), independent of antenatal depression (Coelho et al. 2011; Heron et al. 2004; Mauri et al. 2010; sutter-Dallay et al. 2004)”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Introduction
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Intensive training in mindfulness meditation via MBSR or MBCT may reduce anxiety and associated symptoms in patients with anxiety disorders (Arch et al., 2013; Kabat-Zinn et al. 1992; Miller et al. 1995; Vollestad et al. 2011)”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Introduction
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Maternal anxiety during pregnancy is associated with negative consequences for mothers and children, including increased pregnancy-related symptoms (e.g., nausea and vomiting), higher alcohol and tobacco use, greater number of medical visits, obstetric complications, shorter fetal gestation, compromised fetal neurodevelopment, and later child behavioral-emotional problems”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Introduction
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Feasibility and acceptability of study intervention and procedures were amply demonstrated by the ability to recruit, screen, enroll, and retain participants.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Discussion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lack of a control or comparison group prevents any definitive attribution of improvements in outcomes to the intervention.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, inclusion of these women provides some suggestion of a potential adjunctive role of this mindfulness-based intervention to usual treatment.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the group format may provide added therapeutic benefits as indicated by participant feedback regarding the benefits of connecting and learning from other women going through similar experiences.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and these preliminary results suggest that it may be effective as well.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effectiveness of the intervention is further supported by the strong effect sizes found in regards to all study outcomes.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Discussion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, a variety of symptoms were improved by the mindfulness practices taught in the intervention.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These responses suggest that the intervention is consistent with the theoretical underpinnings of mindfulness training in general and MBCT specifically”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which suggests that effectiveness may be related to factors other than amount of time spent practicing mindfulness.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This pattern of an increase in mindfulness as participants progressed through the intervention and the correlated decrease in anxiety and depression observed, suggests that mindfulness may play a role in the reduction of depression and anxiety over time.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These clinically significant results suggest that the CALM Pregnancy intervention constituted a highly effective treatment for participants.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 26
- Probably not a substantial claim. 26
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“MBCT has shown positive effects in panic (Kim et al. 2009), GAD (Craigie et al. 2008; Evans et al. 2008; Hoge et al. 2013; Majid et al. 2010), and in social anxiety disorder (Koszycki et al. 2007).”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Kim et al. 2009 source
Kim et al. is cited for the panic portion of the sentence, not the GAD or social-anxiety portions. The Abstract and anxiety-scale Results report greater improvement with MBCT than with anxiety-disorder education among patients with panic disorder or GAD who were receiving pharmacotherapy; page numbers are not provided in the supplied passages. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Craigie et al. 2008 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Koszycki et al. 2007 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Three small studies have demonstrated that MBIs are effective in reducing stress, anxiety, depressive symptoms, and emotional distress during pregnancy in healthy, non-clinical populations (Duncan and Bardacke 2010; Dunn et al. 2012; Vieten and Astin 2008).”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Duncan and Bardacke 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report reduced pregnancy anxiety, depression, negative affect, and average perceived stress after MBCP in a small sample (n = 27). But the Discussion calls this a non-controlled pilot and cautions against firm conclusions about effectiveness. The Methods say no exclusion criteria were applied, so the paper does not establish that participants were a healthy, non-clinical population. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Dunn et al. 2012 source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Vieten and Astin 2008 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Transdiagnostic treatments for anxiety and other emotional disorders have gained increased attention and empirical study in recent years (Farchione et al. 2012; Norton and Barrera 2013; Wilamowska et al. 2010).”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Farchione et al. 2012 source
The Discussion (page not provided) says other researchers had begun examining transdiagnostic applications on a more empirical basis and cites several such efforts. This supports the broad claim of growing attention and empirical study of these treatments. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not matchedcites Norton and Barrera 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites Wilamowska et al. 2010 source
The Summary and Conclusions (page unavailable) describes several investigators developing transdiagnostic approaches and says the authors had begun a large clinical trial. Preliminary Data (page unavailable) reports a pilot trial of the Unified Protocol in patients with anxiety and mood disorders. Together, these passages support the broad claim of growing attention and empirical study. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two participants were on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) throughout their study participation: One had started a SSRI seven weeks prior to enrollment and continued on the same dose throughout the study, and another continued on a stable dose of an SSRI which she had been on for the past 10 years.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Results > Baseline Characteristics
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants were well-educated, with 15 (62.5%) holding a graduate or professional degree, six (25%) holding a college degree, and 3 (12.5%) having some college.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Results > Baseline Characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With the exception of the one drop-out, all participants completed the study intervention and all data collection points.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Results > Feasibility and Acceptance of Intervention and Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mean age at baseline was 33.5 years (SD 4.40), range 27 to 45 years.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Results > Baseline Characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nine additional participants reported a history of psychotropic medication use prior to the current pregnancy but were not currently taking medication during the study time frame.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Results > Baseline Characteristics
plainn = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“GAD was the sole diagnosis for 11 of them, whereas six participants also met criteria for the following comorbid diagnoses (although GAD symptoms were reported as most severe or concerning for all): two major depressive disorder and specific phobia, one dysthymia, one post-traumatic stress disorder, one agoraphobia, one specific phobia, and one dysthymia, agoraphobia, and social phobia.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Results > Baseline Characteristics
plainn = 11- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sixteen participants reported a history of receiving psychotherapy in the past.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Results > Baseline Characteristics
plainn = 16- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Responses to the qualitative questions at post-intervention revealed that women regarded their experiences in the CALM Pregnancy intervention to be overwhelmingly positive. All 23 completers expressed that they enjoyed participating and all noted several aspects of the program which they found helpful.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Results > Feasibility and Acceptance of Intervention and Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Four participants (including one who dropped out of the study), all of whom had been in psychotherapy for the past year or longer, were continuing during the current pregnancy at a frequency of less than twice per month.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Results > Baseline Characteristics
plainn = 4- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results of the repeated measures ANOVA indicated statistically significant improvements (p < .01) on the BAI, PSWQ, BDI-II, SCS, and MAAS, with strong effect sizes (eta-squares) for all outcomes.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Results > Efficacy of the Intervention
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 24 participants who attended any of the intervention sessions, 16 (66.7%) were recruited via the hospital screening method and eight (33.3%) were clinician- or self-referred.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Results > Baseline Characteristics
plainn = 24- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two participants attended five sessions, and one participant dropped out after attending two classes.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Results > Feasibility and Acceptance of Intervention and Procedures
plainn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Seven of the 24 study participants had a history of psychotropic medication use prior to the current pregnancy and one had taken psychotropic medication early in the pregnancy but had discontinued it prior to the study onset.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Results > Baseline Characteristics
plainn = 7- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One woman remarked that having to do home practice created more anxiety for her.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Results > Participant Feedback
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, a few participants recommended ongoing support for their new mindfulness practices.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Results > Participant Feedback
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants identified that they learned specific skills that helped them increase mindfulness, acceptance and self-kindness, and to decrease reactivity. In addition they reported increased insight and positive cognitive changes.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In response to suggestions for improving the program, six participants proposed having partners included in at least one session so that they could benefit from what was taught and support the women in their new practices.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Results > Participant Feedback
plainn = 6- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In response to the question “What aspects of the program were least helpful?” several participants reported that the amount of home practice “required” felt like “too much” at times, although some qualified by saying the home practice was never-the-less helpful in learning the practices.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Results > Participant Feedback
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants who completed the intervention showed statistically and clinically significant improvements in anxiety, worry and depression severity and concurrent significant increases in self-compassion and mindfulness.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It is not surprising therefore that anxiety disorders are common during pregnancy (Ross and McLean 2006).”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ross and McLean 2006 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All study procedures were approved by the hospital internal review board prior to the start of the study.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Methods > Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Clinical significance at post-intervention was operationalized by the recommended reliable change index and cut-off points (Jacobson and Truax 1991; Vollestad et la. 2011)”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Methods > Procedures
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Mindfulness based interventions (MBIs) offer a promising development for the treatment of anxiety, with numerous studies demonstrating the effectiveness of MBIs in reducing anxiety, depression and stress in clinical and non-clinical populations”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Introduction
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All sessions were audiotaped and reviewed for the purposes of treatment fidelity monitoring and ongoing supervision by the principal investigator (JHG)”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Methods > Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“self-compassion may be a particularly important component in mindfulness-based treatments and that it is significantly correlated with less anxiety and depression and overall greater psychological health (Davis and Hayes 2011; Neff 2003; Kuyken et al. 2010; van Dam et al. 2011)”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Introduction
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The PSWQ has been reported to discriminate patients with GAD from community controls and patients with other anxiety disorders (Brown et al. 1992) and has demonstrated sensitivity to change across both 6-week and 12-week therapeutic interventions for GAD (Borkovec and Costello 1993).”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Methods > Outcomes and Measures
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Self-report measures are subject to response bias; however the use of diagnostic interviews mitigated this limitation to some degree.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Discussion
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only one participant dropped out of the study, which further supports the conclusion that this intervention is acceptable to pregnant women.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Discussion
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The use of a structured diagnostic interview in addition to using reliable and valid self-report measures strengthens the study.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The qualitative findings add important information regarding how women perceived the intervention and provide dimension and depth to the quantitative findings.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results of this open-label study indicate that the CALM Pregnancy intervention is feasible and acceptable to pregnant women with anxiety”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study psychologist was blind to screening results at baseline, but because all women received the intervention, diagnostic assessments were not blind to condition.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pregnancy offers the opportunity to develop mindfulness practices which may be particularly helpful in diminishing distressing cognitive and physiological symptoms of anxiety.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In conclusion, MBCT, in the form of the CALM Pregnancy intervention, shows considerable promise as a feasible, acceptable, and effective treatment option for pregnant women with anxiety.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That so many women made this commitment despite busy lives suggests that women are looking for a non-pharmacologic approach for management of their anxiety and are willing to make a commitment to such an intervention.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because anxiety and depressive symptoms are associated with negative obstetric and infant outcomes, the CALM Pregnancy intervention could potentially benefit not only on maternal psychological well-being and functioning, but also on the course of pregnancy, the developing fetus/infant, maternal postpartum adjustment, and the development of the mother-infant relationship.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Maternal anxiety and depression are linked to poor obstetric and infant outcomes.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sample was made up of predominantly well-educated, older women, and therefore may not be generalizable to other women.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The CALM Pregnancy intervention seemed to be effective for depression as it was for anxiety and worry, even though depression itself was only minimally addressed.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another limitation is the potential confound of current participant treatment: one participant had started on an SSRI eight weeks before entering the trial, and three completers were continuing in psychotherapy (every two weeks or less) which they had been in for between one and ten years.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study sample was small and lacked sufficient statistical power.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
No published studies of psychotherapeutic treatments for anxiety in pregnancy exist to date.
“yet such therapies have not been tested for treatment of anxiety in pregnant women. Despite a great need for effective, non-pharmacological interventions, research specifically addressing treatment of anxiety disorders during pregnancy is seriously lacking, with no published studies of psychotherapeutic treatments for anxiety in pregnancy to date.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Mindfulness-based interventions have not yet been tested as a treatment for clinically significant distress, including anxiety or depressive disorders, in pregnant or postpartum women.
“However, MBIs have not yet been tested as a treatment for clinically significant distress, including anxiety disorders or depressive disorders in pregnant or postpartum women.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Women overwhelmingly prefer non-pharmacological interventions during pregnancy.
“Women overwhelming prefer non-pharmacological interventions during pregnancy.”
The paper relies on this without support.
No prior study has tested a treatment created for and given to pregnant women with GAD or prominent generalized anxiety symptoms.
“This study, to the best of our knowledge, is the first to examine a treatment specifically designed for, and administered to, pregnant women with GAD or prominent symptoms of generalized anxiety.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Maternal anxiety and depression are linked to poor obstetric and infant outcomes.
“Because anxiety and depressive symptoms are associated with negative obstetric and infant outcomes”
The paper relies on this without support.
Group interventions that work usually cost less and use fewer resources than individual therapy.
“Effective group interventions are generally more resource- and cost-effective than individual therapy.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) have recently come into focus as effective treatments for reducing symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress in the general population (41, 42) and in pregnant women (43–47), combining elements of CBT and psychoeducational content.”
From Acceptance, experiences, and needs of hospitalized pregnant women toward an electronic mindfulness-based intervention: A pilot mixed-methods study (2022) · cites this paper as [44]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Recent studies suggest a relationship between mindfulness and the reduction of perinatal anxiety [10–15], stress [13] and perinatal depression [10, 11, 14, 16, 17].”
From Effects of an antenatal mindfulness-based childbirth and parenting programme on the postpartum experiences of mothers: a qualitative interview study. (2017) · cites this paper as [11]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Mindfulness seems to have an enhancing effect on maternal self-efficacy [12, 13], self-compassion [11, 13], maternal foetal attachment [16] and women’s well-being [10].”
From Effects of an antenatal mindfulness-based childbirth and parenting programme on the postpartum experiences of mothers: a qualitative interview study. (2017) · cites this paper as [11]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Recent studies suggest a relationship between mindfulness and the reduction of perinatal anxiety [10–15], stress [13] and perinatal depression [10, 11, 14, 16, 17].”
From Effects of an antenatal mindfulness-based childbirth and parenting programme on the postpartum experiences of mothers: a qualitative interview study. (2017) · cites this paper as [11]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Results > Baseline Characteristics
“Seven of the 24 study participants had a history of psychotropic medication use prior to the current pregnancy”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Results > Baseline Characteristics
“Nine additional participants reported a history of psychotropic medication use prior to the current pregnancy but were not currently taking medication during the study time frame.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“whereas six participants also met criteria for the following comorbid diagnoses (although GAD symptoms were reported as most severe or concerning for all): two major depressive disorder and specific phobia, one dysthymia, one post-traumatic stress disorder, one agoraphobia, one specific phobia, and one dysthymia, agoraphobia, and social phobia.”
§ CALM Pregnancy: Results of a Pilot Study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety > Results > Baseline Characteristics
Reported 6 · recomputed 7
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x · Cited by 44,910
A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The GAD-7
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092 · Cited by 31,765 · cited 7×
“1990) or ≥10 on the GAD-7 (Spitzer et al. 2006), (e) no greater than moderate level of depression as determined by a score of <15 on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9; Kroenke et al.”
InfluentialKessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593 · Cited by 20,391 · cited 2×
“Anxiety disorders are the most common of all psychiatric conditions (Kessler et al. 2005) and are up to twice as common among women as men (Kessler et al.”
The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being
Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.4.822 · Cited by 13,448 · cited 1×
“The Mindfulness Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS; Brown and Ryan 2003) is a 15-item scale purported to measure dispositional mindfulness, with higher scores indicating higher mindfulness levels.”
Kessler, R. C. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002 · Cited by 12,370 · cited 2×
“Nearly one in three women will experience an anxiety disorder during her lifetime, often with a chronic or recurrent course (Kessler et al. 1994).”
Jacobson, N. S., & Truax, P. (1991) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.59.1.12 · Cited by 7,770 · cited 1×
“Clinical significance at post-intervention was operationalized by the recommended reliable change index and cut-off points (Jacobson and Truax 1991; Vollestad et al. 2011) for the BAI, BDI-II, and PSWQ (see Table 1).”
(2008) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,477
The Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Self-Compassion
NEFF, K. D. (2003) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860309027 · Cited by 6,436 · cited 3×
“…suggesting that self-compassion may be a particularly important component in mindfulness-based treatments and that it is significantly correlated with less anxiety and depression and overall greater psychological health (Davis and Hayes 2011; Neff 2003; Kuyken et al. 2010; van Dam et al. 2011).”
(1999) · Cited by 5,934
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Beck AT, Steer RA (1990) Manual for the Beck Anxiety Inventory. The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio
- Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK (1996) BDI-II: 2nd Edition Manual. The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio
- Orsillo SM, Roemer L (2011) The mindful way through anxiety. Guilford, New York
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fawcett, E. J., Fairbrother, N., Cox, M. L., White, I. R., & Fawcett, J. M. (2019) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.18r12527 · Cited by 609
Lever Taylor, B., Cavanagh, K., & Strauss, C. (2016) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0155720 · Cited by 284
“Engagement Of the seventeen included studies, nine reported on the number of participants meeting a study defined criterion for engagement or completion (completing all fifteen steps [64]; completing the programme [36,63]; completing at least 50% of sessions [37, 56, 58, 59], attending at least three out of four sessi…”
BackgroundInfluentialMindfulness-based interventions during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Dhillon, A., Sparkes, E., & Duarte, R. V. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0726-x · Cited by 239
“Goodman et al. (2014) 8 weekly 2-h group sessions following a basic MBCT session structure.”
BackgroundDimidjian, S., Goodman, S. H., Felder, J. N., Gallop, R., Brown, A. P., & Beck, A. (2016) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000068 · Cited by 223
“…base that suggests that mindfulness-based interventions are promising for pregnant women, including those with elevated anxiety symptoms (J. H. Goodman et al., 2014) and those with broadly defined concerns about depression, anxiety, or stress (Dunn, Hanieh, Roberts, & Powrie, 2012; Vieten &…”
BackgroundMethodNillni, Y. I., Mehralizade, A., Mayer, L., & Milanovic, S. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.06.004 · Cited by 207
Metadata
- Authors
- Goodman, J. H., Guarino, A., Chenausky, K., Klein, L., Prager, J., Petersen, R., Forget, A., & Freeman, M.
- Affiliations
- MGH Institute of Health Professions (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Goodman, Janice H.
- Venue
- Archives of Women's Mental Health
- Published
- 2014-01-22
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 373-387
- ISSN
- 1434-1816 (ISSN-L)
- 1435-1102
- PMC
- PMC4107206
- OpenAlex
- W2023934072
- Semantic Scholar
- 0bfa7095a5de9d929a203f5edac0d2e356f7810e
- Cited by
- 198
- References
- 112
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 15.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Archives of Women s Mental Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Massachusetts General Hospital
- National Institutes of Health
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R21HD065156)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, perinatal anxiety, pregnancy, generalized anxiety disorder, non-pharmacological treatment, self-compassion, mindfulness, depression, worry, treatment feasibility and acceptability, group therapy
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Anxiety, Depression, Feasibility Studies, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Pilot Projects, Pregnancy, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Surveys and Questionnaires, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Perinatal Care, Mindfulness
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