The effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions in the perinatal period: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Perinatal mental health difficulties are associated with adverse consequences for parents and infants. However, the potential risks associated with the use of psychotropic medication for pregnant and breastfeeding women and the preferences expressed by women for non-pharmacological interventions mean it is important to ensure that effective psychological interventions are available. It has been argued that mindfulness-based interventions may offer a novel approach to treating perinatal mental health difficulties, but relatively little is known about their effectiveness with perinatal populations. This paper therefore presents a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions for reducing depression, anxiety and stress and improving mindfulness skills in the perinatal period. A systematic review identified seventeen studies of mindfulness-based interventions in the perinatal period, including both controlled trials (n = 9) and pre-post uncontrolled studies (n = 8). Eight of these studies also included qualitative data. Hedge's g was used to assess uncontrolled and controlled effect sizes in separate meta-analyses, and a narrative synthesis of qualitative data was produced. Pre- to post-analyses showed significant reductions in depression, anxiety and stress and significant increases in mindfulness skills post intervention, each with small to medium effect sizes. Completion of the mindfulness-based interventions was reasonable with around three quarters of participants meeting study-defined criteria for engagement or completion where this was recorded. Qualitative data suggested that participants viewed mindfulness interventions positively. However, between-group analyses failed to find any significant post-intervention benefits for depression, anxiety or stress of mindfulness-based interventions in comparison to control conditions: effect sizes were negligible and it was conspicuous that intervention group participants did not appear to improve significantly more than controls in their mindfulness skills. The interventions offered often deviated from traditional mindfulness-based cognitive therapy or mindfulness-based stress reduction programmes, and there was also a tendency for studies to focus on healthy rather than clinical populations, and on antenatal rather than postnatal populations. It is argued that these and other limitations with the included studies and their interventions may have been partly responsible for the lack of significant between-group effects. The implications of the findings and recommendations for future research are discussed.
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The majority of studies of mindfulness-based interventions in pregnancy are pilot and feasibility trials that are not adequately powered to demonstrate effectiveness.
“The majority of studies are pilot and feasibility trials that are not adequately powered to demonstrate the effectiveness [3, 18, 19].”
From Mindfulness-based stress reduction adapted to pregnant women with psychosocial vulnerabilities—a protocol for a randomized feasibility study in a Danish hospital-based outpatient setting (2021) · cites this paper as [19]
The Discussion (Findings in context; no page given) says sample sizes were typically small, and the Results (Characteristics of included studies; no page given) report that study quality was lowered because the majority were uncontrolled. This supports concern about the strength of the effectiveness evidence, but the paper does not establish that a majority were pilot or feasibility trials or assess whether they were adequately powered. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWomen with elevated levels of depression, anxiety, or stress during the perinatal period may benefit more from mindfulness-based interventions than universal perinatal populations.
“There is evidence that women with elevated levels of depression, anxiety, or stress during this time may benefit more from MBIs than universal perinatal populations (55), suggesting a promising use in hospitalized women with obstetric risk.”
From Acceptance, experiences, and needs of hospitalized pregnant women toward an electronic mindfulness-based intervention: A pilot mixed-methods study (2022) · cites this paper as [55]
There are only few studies of pregnancy-specific eMBIs with only small samples and lacking randomized controlled approaches.
“However, there are only few studies of pregnancy-specific eMBIs with only small samples and lacking randomized controlled approaches (43, 51, 55, 63).”
From Acceptance, experiences, and needs of hospitalized pregnant women toward an electronic mindfulness-based intervention: A pilot mixed-methods study (2022) · cites this paper as [55]
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses point towards a trend in favor of mindfulness-based interventions but state that shortcomings in study designs limit the conclusions.
“Systematic reviews and meta-analyses point towards a trend in favor of mindfulness-based interventions but state that shortcomings in study designs limit the conclusions.”
More research is needed to explore the possible benefits of mindfulness-based interventions on mental health in pregnancy, particularly in psychosocially vulnerable groups.
“However, more research is needed to explore the possible benefits of mindfulness-based interventions on mental health in pregnancy, and in particular in psychosocially vulnerable groups [3, 19].”
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The costs of perinatal mental health problems
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“8 8.01 0.22 [-0.36, 0.79] Perez-Blasco et al (2013) [34] 13 9.54 6.44 8 18.0 8.14 -1.14 [-2.10, -0.18] Vieten & Astin (2008) [35] 13 15.90 5.70 18 16.”
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“While some studies have suggested that the incidence of mental health difficulties in the perinatal period is not significantly elevated compared with other times in a woman’s life [4, 5], others have found an increased risk once unequal distribution of risk factors between perinatal and non-perinatal populations is c…”
BackgroundA meta-analysis of treatments for perinatal depression
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BackgroundInfluentialDimidjian, S., Goodman, S. H., Felder, J. N., Gallop, R., Brown, A. P., & Beck, A. (2016) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000068 · Cited by 223 · cited 9× · see citing works
“However, the small number of controlled studies which did include samples of women with elevated symptoms of anxiety, stress or depression or a history of difficulties did not show significant benefits of MBIs either [35, 37, 60], suggesting factors beyond this floor effect may better explain these outcomes (although…”
BackgroundInfluentialRandomised controlled pilot trial of mindfulness training for stress reduction during pregnancy
Guardino, C. M., Schetter, C. D., Bower, J. E., Lu, M., & Smalley, S. L. (2013) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2013.852670 · Cited by 218 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Engagement Of the seventeen included studies, nine reported on the number of participants meeting a study defined criterion for engagement or completion (completing all fifteen steps [64]; completing the programme [36,63]; completing at least 50% of sessions [37, 56, 58, 59], attending at least three out of four sessi…”
BackgroundInfluentialPerinatal Antidepressant Use: Understanding Women’s Preferences and Concerns
BATTLE, C. L., SALISBURY, A. L., SCHOFIELD, C. A., & ORTIZ-HERNANDEZ, S. (2013) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/01.pra.0000438183.74359.46 · Cited by 216 · cited 1× · see citing works
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“Meanwhile, very few studies have investigated the effectiveness of CBT for anxiety disorders in perinatal women, and those that have done so have not always found significant benefits of CBT compared with control conditions [19].”
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“stress symptoms [59; 60], while the uncontrolled arm of Woolhouse et al’s, [61] study recruited women deemed to be at risk of stress, anxiety or depression by their midwives or obstetricians.”
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“Similarly, Cuijpers et al [18] found moderate significant between-group effects (g = 0.61) in a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of psychological interventions for postnatal depression.”
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“Engagement Of the seventeen included studies, nine reported on the number of participants meeting a study defined criterion for engagement or completion (completing all fifteen steps [64]; completing the programme [36,63]; completing at least 50% of sessions [37, 56, 58, 59], attending at least three out of four sessi…”
BackgroundInfluentialSuicide and other causes of mortality after post-partum psychiatric admission
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“Byrne et al (2013) [63]; Fisher et al (2012) [66] Qualitative data gathered at follow-up through two focus groups carried out around four months after the intervention—one with women who took part in the intervention and the other with their birth partners.”
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Depression in postpartum and non‐postpartum women: prevalence and risk factors
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“While some studies have suggested that the incidence of mental health difficulties in the perinatal period is not significantly elevated compared with other times in a woman’s life [4, 5], others have found an increased risk once unequal distribution of risk factors between perinatal and non-perinatal populations is c…”
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“Authors Experimental Control Hedge’s g, 95% CI n M SD n M SD Dunn et al (2012) [62] 4 16.0 8.49 4 10.5 8.23 0.57 [-0.87, 2.01] Gambrel & Piercy (2013) [33] 1517 5.339.65 3.444.20 1717 9.4111.41 7.85.91 -0.65 [-1.36, 0.07]-0.34 [-1.01, 0.34] Guardino et al (2013) [60] 24 37.3 5.38 23 35.”
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“8 8.01 0.22 [-0.36, 0.79] Perez-Blasco et al (2013) [34] 13 9.54 6.44 8 18.0 8.14 -1.14 [-2.10, -0.18] Vieten & Astin (2008) [35] 13 15.90 5.70 18 16.”
InfluentialTreating Depression During Pregnancy and the Postpartum: A Preliminary Meta-Analysis
Bledsoe, S. E., & Grote, N. K. (2006) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731505282202 · Cited by 136 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Likewise, findings of previous meta-analyses of psychological interventions designed for the perinatal period have found that interventions initiated during the postpartum period are associated with larger improvements than interventions initiated during pregnancy [17, 75].”
ResultMuzik, M., Hamilton, S. E., Lisa Rosenblum, K., Waxler, E., & Hadi, Z. (2012) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2012.06.006 · Cited by 123 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Muzik et al (2012) [57] Brief qualitative post-intervention feedback Self-completed feedback survey 18/22 Participants enjoyed the social support offered by the group, and found the intervention beneficial both during their pregnancy and labour.”
BackgroundDimidjian, S., Goodman, S. H., Felder, J. N., Gallop, R., Brown, A. P., & Beck, A. (2015) · Archives of Women's Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-014-0468-x · Cited by 118 · cited 6× · see citing works
“Future research UK clinical guidelines recommend MBCT for the prevention of depressive relapse in people with a history of depression [23], but only two studies explored this in a perinatal population [37, 56].”
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“One study was excluded because it did not evaluate an intervention [51], one did not include baseline data [52], two were excluded because they did not include eligible samples of women [53, 54], and one did not include a relevant outcome measure [55].”
BackgroundMindfulness and perinatal mental health: A systematic review
Hall, H. G., Beattie, J., Lau, R., East, C., & Anne Biro, M. (2016) · Women and Birth · doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2015.08.006 · Cited by 105 · cited 1× · see citing works
“To date, there has only been one published review of mindfulness training in the perinatal period [31].”
BackgroundGambrel, L., & Piercy, F. P. (2015) · Journal of Marital & Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12066 · Cited by 104 · cited 10× · see citing works
“01] Gambrel & Piercy (2013) [33] 1517 5.”
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Zhang, H., & Emory, E. K. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0304-4 · Cited by 66 · cited 6× · see citing works
“23] (uncontrolled arm) Zhang & Emory (2015) [36] 16 30.”
BackgroundInfluentialPostpartum Depression and Health Services Expenditures Among Employed Women
Dagher, R. K., McGovern, P. M., Dowd, B. E., & Gjerdingen, D. K. (2012) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0b013e31823fdf85 · Cited by 63 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Research suggests there are significant cost implications too: in the United States women with postpartum depression have been shown to incur 90% higher health services expenditure than non-depressed postpartum women [12], while in the UK it has been estimated that perinatal depression, anxiety and psychosis together…”
BackgroundParticipant experiences of mindfulness-based childbirth education: a qualitative study
Fisher, C., Hauck, Y., Bayes, S., & Byrne, J. (2012) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/1471-2393-12-126 · Cited by 55 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Byrne et al (2013) [63]; Fisher et al (2012) [66] Qualitative data gathered at follow-up through two focus groups carried out around four months after the intervention—one with women who took part in the intervention and the other with their birth partners.”
BackgroundMindfulness approaches to childbirth and parenting
Hughes, A., Williams, M., Bardacke, N., Duncan, L. G., Dimidjian, S., & Goodman, S. H. (2009) · British Journal of Midwifery · doi:10.12968/bjom.2009.17.10.44470 · Cited by 48 · cited 3× · see citing works
“However, despite speculation that mindfulness-based approaches may be beneficial for early parenting [20] no studies were identified that focused on this.”
BackgroundInfluentialBarnum, S. E., Woody, M. L., & Gibb, B. E. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9456-5 · Cited by 47 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Recent evidence suggests that MBIs work in part by reducing levels of rumination and, given that factors such as ‘brooding rumination’ have been found to predict the maintenance of depression in the perinatal period [30], mindfulness may be a particularly apt intervention at this time.”
BackgroundGambrel, L. E., & Piercy, F. P. (2014) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12065 · Cited by 47 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In the only study to include the views of men as well as women, Gambrel and Piercy, 2013 [33, 68] found that while women in the sample typically initiated participation in the intervention, they commented that they already had adequate social support and did not find that the intervention provided additional benefit.”
BackgroundApproach and Avoidance of Emotional Faces in Happy and Sad Mood
Vrijsen, J. N., van Oostrom, I., Speckens, A. E. M., Becker, E. S., & Rinck, M. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9436-9 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for perinatal women with depression or bipolar spectrum disorder
Miklowitz, D. J., Semple, R. J., Hauser, M., Elkun, D., Weintraub, M. J., & Dimidjian, S. (2015) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-015-9681-9 · Cited by 43 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Engagement Of the seventeen included studies, nine reported on the number of participants meeting a study defined criterion for engagement or completion (completing all fifteen steps [64]; completing the programme [36,63]; completing at least 50% of sessions [37, 56, 58, 59], attending at least three out of four sessi…”
BackgroundMindfulness-based Intervention for Perinatal Grief after Stillbirth in Rural India
Roberts, L. R., & Montgomery, S. (2015) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.3109/01612840.2014.962676 · Cited by 40 · cited 1× · see citing works
“One study was excluded because it did not evaluate an intervention [51], one did not include baseline data [52], two were excluded because they did not include eligible samples of women [53, 54], and one did not include a relevant outcome measure [55].”
BackgroundChan, K. P. (2014) · Journal of Nursing Education and Practice · doi:10.5430/jnep.v5n1p1 · Cited by 21 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Authors Experimental Control Hedge’s g, 95% CI n M SD n M SD Chan (2015) [32] 64 6.”
BackgroundA mindfulness approach to antenatal preparation
Warriner, S., Williams, M., Bardacke, N., & Dymond, M. (2012) · British Journal of Midwifery · doi:10.12968/bjom.2012.20.3.194 · Cited by 11 · cited 1× · see citing works
“One study was excluded because it did not evaluate an intervention [51], one did not include baseline data [52], two were excluded because they did not include eligible samples of women [53, 54], and one did not include a relevant outcome measure [55].”
BackgroundBarber, C. C., Clark, M. K., Williams, S., & Isler, R. B. (2013) · Midirs Midwifery Digest · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Does mindfulness training reduce the stress of pregnancy?
Beattie, J. M., Hall, H. G., Biró, M. A., Lau, R., & East, C. E. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 4 · see citing works
A metacognitive model and therapy for generalized anxiety disorder
Wells, A. (1999) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0879(199905)6:2
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Traylor, C. S., Johnson, J., Kimmel, M., & Manuck, T. A. (2020) · American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM · doi:10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100229 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
“A total of 74 pregnant women were randomized to either the intervention group or treatment-asusual (control), and psychological state was assessed though the Perceived Stress Scale, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire at midpregnancy (baseline) and 3 months postpartum.(49) Th…”
InfluentialThe Economic Case for the Prevention of Mental Illness
McDaid, D., Park, A., & Wahlbeck, K. (2019) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013629 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
“preventing mental health problems is far from consistent, but some reviews of trials suggest that it can be an effective alternative to conventional approaches to addressing (perinatal) depression and anxiety, as well as stress in higher-risk groups, including some groups of workers and informal carers (40, 55, 89).”
BackgroundKubo, A., Kurtovich, E., McGinnis, M., Aghaee, S., Altschuler, A., Quesenberry, C., Kolevska, T., & Avins, A. L. (2019) · Integrative Cancer Therapies · doi:10.1177/1534735419850634 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Sun, Y., Li, Y., Wang, J., Chen, Q., Bazzano, A. N., & Cao, F. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/23410 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Shi, Z., & MacBeth, A. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0673-y · Cited by 148 · see citing works
“There have been meta-analyses of mindfulness interventions in pregnancy (Hall et al. 2016; Taylor et al. 2016), focused on outcomes in common mental health symptoms, with both reviews highlighting issues with the quality of the data.”
BackgroundMcCarthy, M. J., Houghton, C., & Matvienko‐Sikar, K. (2021) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-021-04271-w · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Zemestani, M., & Fazeli Nikoo, Z. (2020) · Archives of Women's Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-019-00962-8 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“Consistent with our results, previous findings showed the effectiveness of MBCT in the treatment of depression and anxiety in pregnant women (Dimidjian et al. 2015; Krusche et al. 2018; Loughnan et al. 2018; Luberto et al. 2018; Shulman et al. 2018; Taylor et al. 2016).”
ResultAccortt, E. E., & Wong, M. S. (2017) · Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey · doi:10.1097/ogx.0000000000000477 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“The meta-analysis, however, did not identify any significant benefits of MBIs on mindfulness or symptoms of depression, anxiety, or stress in comparison to control conditions.(171)”
BackgroundResultPositive maternal mental health, parenting, and child development
Phua, D. Y., Kee, M. Z. L., & Meaney, M. J. (2020) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.09.028 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Matvienko‐Sikar, K., & Dockray, S. (2016) · Women and Birth · doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2016.10.003 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Yang, M., Jia, G., Sun, S., Ye, C., Zhang, R., & Yu, X. (2019) · Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health · doi:10.1111/jmwh.12944 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Huang, L., Zhao, Y., Qiang, C., & Fan, B. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0205243 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Pan, W., Chang, C.-W., Chen, S.-M., & Gau, M. (2019) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-019-2503-4 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“The small to medium effect sizes in depression, anxiety, and stress are necessary factors to be considered for mindfulness in preto post-analysis research [12].”
BackgroundLönnberg, G., Jonas, W., Unternaehrer, E., Bränström, R., Nissen, E., & Niemi, M. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.10.048 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Apolinário-Hagen, J., Drüge, M., & Fritsche, L. (2020) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_17 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Psychological treatment of perinatal depression: a meta-analysis
Cuijpers, P., Franco, P., Ciharova, M., Miguel, C., Segre, L., Quero, S., & Karyotaki, E. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721004529 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Daks, J. S., & Rogge, R. D. (2020) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.09.010 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Perinatal mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic
Matvienko-Sikar, K., Meedya, S., & Ravaldi, C. (2020) · Women and Birth · doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2020.04.006 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Mindfulness is another potentially useful strategy, and though evidence for perinatal effects are mixed [7], mindfulness and other relaxation exercises are easy to learn and use in self-isolation and lock-down contexts.”
Gkintoni, E., Vassilopoulos, S. P., & Νικολάου, Γ. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14051703 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Goetz, M., Schiele, C., Müller, M., Matthies, L. M., Deutsch, T. M., Spano, C., Graf, J., Zipfel, S., Bauer, A., Brucker, S. Y., et al. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/17593 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Parenting self-compassion: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Jefferson, F. A., Shires, A., & McAloon, J. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01401-x · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Research suggests that parenting interventions that target parental mindfulness are effective at improving parental depression, anxiety, stress and general health (see Alexander 2018; Taylor et al. 2016 for reviews) and reducing preschool children’s externalizing symptoms (Townshend et al. 2016).”
BackgroundMindfulness meditation for workplace wellness: An evidence map
Hilton, L. G., Marshall, N. J., Motala, A., Taylor, S. L., Miake-Lye, I. M., Baxi, S. M., Shanman, R., Solloway, M. R., Beroesand, J. M., & Hempel, S. (2019) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-192922 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Epel, E. S., Laraia, B. A., Coleman‐Phox, K., Leung, C. W., Vieten, C., Mellin, L. M., Kristeller, J. L., Thomas, M., Stotland, N. E., Bush, N. R., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-019-09779-2 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Michaelsen, M. M., Graser, J., Onescheit, M., Tuma, M. P., Werdecker, L., Pieper, D., & Esch, T. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02130-7 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Ng, Q. X., Venkatanarayanan, N., Loke, W., Yeo, W. S., Lim, D. Y., Chan, H. W., & Sim, W.-S. (2018) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.10.016 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Akselsson, A., Lindgren, H. E., Georgsson, S., Pettersson, K., Steineck, G., Skokic, V., & Rådestad, I. J. (2020) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.16104 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Ma, L., Zhang, Y., & Cui, Z. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01192-w · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“…was indicated for adults who were overweight or obese (Rogers et al. 2017), a small effect size of 0.35 was shown for people with vascular disease (Abbott et al. 2014), while effect sizes were negligible for women during pregnancy or the perinatal period (Dhillon et al. 2017; Taylor et al. 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialCluxton‐Keller, F., & BRUCE, M. L. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198730 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Zarenejad, M., Yazdkhasti, M., Rahimzadeh, M., Tourzani, Z. M., & Saeieh, S. E. (2020) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.1561 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Felder, J. N., Laraia, B. A., Coleman‐Phox, K., Bush, N. R., Suresh, M., Thomas, M., Adler, N. E., Epel, E. S., & Prather, A. A. (2017) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2016.1266488 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Latendresse, G., Bailey, E., Iacob, E., Murphy, H. J., Pentecost, R., Thompson, N. J., & HOGUE, C. J. R. (2021) · Journal of Midwifery & Women s Health · doi:10.1111/jmwh.13209 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Mendelson, T., McAfee, C., Damian, A. J., Brar, A., Donohue, P., & Sibinga, E. (2018) · Archives of Women's Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-018-0862-x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Prenatal Yoga for Back Pain, Balance, and Maternal Wellness: A Randomized, Controlled Pilot Study
Holden, S. C., Manor, B. D., Zhou, J., Zera, C., Davis, R. B., & Yeh, G. Y. (2019) · Global Advances in Health and Medicine · doi:10.1177/2164956119870984 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Leng, L. L., Yin, M. X. C., & Ng, S. M. (2023) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152375 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Respiratory therapy for the treatment of anxiety: Meta-analytic review and regression
Leyro, T. M., Versella, M. V., Yang, M.-J., Brinkman, H. R., Hoyt, D. L., & Lehrer, P. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.101980 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Zappas, M. P., BECKER, K. L., & Walton‐Moss, B. (2020) · The Journal for Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1016/j.nurpra.2020.08.017 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Meditation and Mindfulness in Pregnancy and Postpartum: A Review of the Evidence
Babbar, S., Oyarzabal, A. J., & Oyarzabal, E. A. (2021) · Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1097/grf.0000000000000640 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Graham, A. M., Doyle, O. J., Tilden, E. L., Sullivan, E. L., Gustafsson, H., Marr, M. C., Allen, M. C., & Seghete, K. L. M. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.10.012 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Non-pharmacological interventions, including CBT, MBIs, and interpersonal therapy (IPT), are safe and acceptable during pregnancy (10, 114–116).”
Gordon, J. L., Halleran, M., Beshai, S., Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A., Frederick, J., & Campbell, T. S. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105277 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Zhang, X., Li, Y., Wang, J., Mao, F., Wu, L., Huang, Y., Sun, J., & Cao, F. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/41298 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Previous studies have preliminarily identified the effectiveness of MBIs during pregnancy [6,7]; however, most of these studies were nonrandomized controlled pilot trials or had high dropout rates and poor compliance.”
Maïano, C., Hue, O. A., Morin, A. J. S., Lepage, G., Tracey, D., & Moullec, G. (2018) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.14023 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Avalos, L. A., Aghaee, S., Kurtovich, E., Quesenberry Jr, C., Nkemere, L., McGinnis, M. K., & Kubo, A. (2020) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/17405 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Roubinov, D. S., Luecken, L. J., Curci, S. G., Somers, J. A., & Winstone, L. K. (2021) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000762 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Luberto, C. M., Park, E. R., & Goodman, J. H. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0825-8 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“A systematic review and meta-analysis of 17 trials of perinatal MBI’s found significant small-medium improvements in anxiety, depression, stress, and mindfulness from before to after the intervention but no significant differences when compared to active or wait-list control groups (Taylor et al. 2016).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSaur, A. M., & dos Santos, M. A. (2021) · Women & Health · doi:10.1080/03630242.2021.1954132 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Mindfulness has been defined as a state of mind characterized by self-regulation of attention to present experience, in an open, curious, broad and tolerant attitude directed at all phenomena manifesting in the conscious mind (Taylor, Cavanagh, and Strauss 2016).”
BackgroundPan, W., Lin, L.-C., Kuo, L.-Y., Chiu, M.-J., & Ling, P. (2023) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-023-05873-2 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Yan, H., Wu, Y., & Li, H. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.03.002 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Clinkscales, N., Golds, L., Berlouis, K., & MacBeth, A. (2023) · Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12441 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Corbally, L., & Wilkinson, M. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01697-3 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Missler, M., Donker, T., Beijers, R., Ciharova, M., Moyse, C., de Vries, R., Denissen, J., & van Straten, A. (2021) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-021-03752-2 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Kubo, A., Aghaee, S., Kurtovich, E. M., Nkemere, L., Quesenberry, C. P., McGinnis, M. K., & Avalos, L. A. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01606-8 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Abdolalipour, S., Mohammad‐Alizadeh‐Charandabi, S., Mashayekh‐Amiri, S., & Mirghafourvand, M. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.04.020 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Hu, Y., Huang, S., Xiao, M., Fu, B., Tang, G., Lommel, L. L., & Lei, J. (2023) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2023.103686 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Efficacy of a Breastfeeding Pain Self-Management Intervention: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Lucas, R., Zhang, Y., Walsh, S. J., Evans, H., Young, E. E., & Starkweather, A. R. (2019) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/nnr.0000000000000336 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Guo, P., Zhang, X., Liu, N., Wang, J., Chen, D., Sun, W., Li, P., & Zhang, W. (2020) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.14588 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
MacKinnon, A., Madsen, J. W., Giesbrecht, G. F., Campbell, T. S., Carlson, L. E., Dimidjian, S., Letourneau, N. L., Tough, S., & Tomfohr‐Madsen, L. M. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01585-2 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Hulsbosch, L. P., Nyklı́ček, I., Potharst, E. S., Meems, M., Boekhorst, M. G. B. M., & Pop, V. J. M. (2020) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-020-2843-0 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Leng, L. L., Yin, M. X. C., Chan, C., & Ng, S. M. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.04.133 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Citation patterns and trends of systematic reviews about mindfulness
Chiesa, A., Fazia, T., Bernardinelli, L., & Morandi, G. (2017) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2017.04.006 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Mindful parenting: a Meta-analytic review of intrapersonal and interpersonal parental outcomes
Anand, L., Sadowski, I., Per, M., & Khoury, B. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02111-w · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Existing meta-analytic reviews on parental-focused MBPs indicate small to moderate effects on parental stress, moderate to large effects on perinatal anxiety, increased mindfulness, and reduced depressive symptoms in perinatal populations (Burgdorf et al., 2019; Shi & MacBeth, 2017; Taylor et al., 2016; Townshend et a…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLönnberg, G., Nissen, E., & Niemi, M. (2018) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-018-2098-1 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Resilience-enhancing interventions for antepartum depressive symptoms: systematic review
Walker, A. L., Witteveen, A. B., Otten, R. H. J., Verhoeven, C. J. M., Henrichs, J., & de Jonge, A. (2022) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2022.60 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Sacristán-Martín, O., Santed, M., García-Campayo, J., Duncan, L. G., Bardacke, N., Fernandez-Alonso, C., Garcia-Sacristan, G., Garcia-Sacristan, D., Barceló-Soler, A., & Montero-Marín, J. (2019) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-019-3739-z · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Mao, F., Sun, Y., Li, Y., Cui, N., & Cao, F. (2022) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2022.103321 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Shorey, S., Ang, L., & Chee, C. Y. I. (2019) · Nursing Outlook · doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2019.05.004 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Technology-Supported Interventions for Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review
Lee, Y., & Cho, S. (2019) · CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing · doi:10.1097/cin.0000000000000535 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“However, pregnancy is also associated with short- and long-term changes related to various stressors that often affect the physical and emotional health of pregnant women.(1,2) In particular, pregnant womenmust often make careful and reasonable healthAuthor Affiliations: Red Cross College of Nursing, Chung-Ang Univers…”
BackgroundHulsbosch, L. P., Potharst, E. S., Schwabe, I., Boekhorst, M. G. B. M., Pop, V. J. M., & Nyklı́ček, I. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.04.009 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Perinatal Anxiety and Depression in Minority Women
Gennaro, S., O'Connor, C., McKay, E. A., Gibeau, A. M., Aviles, M., Hoying, J., & Melnyk, B. M. (2020) · MCN The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing · doi:10.1097/nmc.0000000000000611 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Trapani, S., Caglioni, M., Villa, G., Manara, D. F., & Caruso, R. (2023) · Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/jicm.2023.0114 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The Impact of a Mindfulness App on Postnatal Distress
Bear, K. A., Barber, C. C., & Medvedev, O. N. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01992-7 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Munns, L., Spark, N., Crossland, A. E., & Preston, C. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25455 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Although reviews have looked generally at nonpharmacological interventions to improve wellbeing during the perinatal period [19,20], none focus solely on yoga, and or consider the postnatal period in isolation.”
BackgroundCaetano, B., Chorão, A. L., Alves, S., Canavarro, M. C., & Pires, R. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02451-1 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“However, these results should be interpreted with caution (Taylor et al., 2016; Tercelli & Ferreira, 2019) because of the methodological limitations of the studies included in the systematic reviews (e.g., small sample size, the design of the studies).”
Felder, J. N., Roubinov, D. S., Bush, N. R., Coleman‐Phox, K., Vieten, C., Laraia, B. A., Adler, N. E., & Epel, E. S. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22592 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Trait mindfulness during pregnancy and perception of childbirth
Hulsbosch, L. P., Boekhorst, M. G. B. M., Potharst, E. S., Pop, V. J. M., & Nyklíček, I. (2021) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-020-01062-8 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Mefrouche, M. L., Siegmann, E.-M., Böhme, S., Berking, M., & Kornhuber, J. (2023) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe13090122 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Townshend, K., Caltabiano, N. J., Powrie, R. M., & O’Grady, H. (2018) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0978-z · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“CBMP results are consistent with pre-post findings from Lever Taylor et al. (2016), Matvienko-Sikar et al. (2016) and Shi and MacBeth (2017) who found that prenatal MBPs significantly reduced perinatal depression and anxiety amongst at-risk pregnant women.”
InfluentialLiu, W., Wu, X., Gao, Y., Xiao, C., Xiao, J., Fang, F., & Chen, Y. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.16338 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Nyklíček, I., Truijens, S. E. M., Spek, V., & Pop, V. J. M. (2018) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.01.012 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Promoting well-being in early adolescents through mindfulness: A cluster randomized controlled trial
Scafuto, F., Ghiroldi, S., Montecucco, N. F., De Vincenzo, F., Quinto, R. M., Presaghi, F., & Iani, L. (2024) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12252 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Fernandes, D. V., Martins, A. R., Canavarro, M. C., & Moreira, H. (2021) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-021-02175-z · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“…symptoms and not on promoting parenting skills and improving the quality of parent-infant interaction, as has been shown by several systematic reviews focused on the mindfulness-based interventions [MBI’s] for the perinatal period (Shi & MacBeth, 2017; Shorey et al., 2019; Taylor et al., 2016).”
MethodRoberts, L. R., & Montgomery, S. (2016) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2016.1236864 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“We know that mindfulness-based interventions are not a panacea and cannot completely eliminate grief, however, our pilot study indicates that for our participants the MBI was effective in alleviating some of the grief and its sequelae (Taylor et al., 2016; Thieleman, Cacciatore, & Hill, 2014).”
ResultZhang, D., Tsang, K. W. K., Duncan, L. G., Yip, B. H. K., Chan, D. C. C., Lee, E. K. P., Gao, T. T., Tam, W. H., Lam, K. Y., Tong, W. H., et al. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-02046-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“port (Dhillon et al., 2017; Shorey et al., 2019; Taylor et al., 2016), which might be due to small sample sizes and the relatively low quality of the study designs of previous studies (Dhillon et al.”
ResultGarfield, L., & Watson‐Singleton, N. N. (2020) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945920950336 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
SARI, Y. P., HSU, Y.-Y., & NGUYEN, T. T. B. (2023) · Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/jnr.0000000000000586 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“However, one previous systematic review and meta-analysis study by Lever Taylor et al. (2016) reported less consistent effects of MBI on stress, anxiety, and depression, with significant yet small effects on stress and anxiety and a moderate effect on depression in perinatal mothers.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPregnant women’s use of a consumer-based meditation mobile app: A descriptive study
Green, J., Neher, T. L., Puzia, M., Laird, B., & Huberty, J. (2022) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076221089098 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Introduction In the last decade, there has been an increased interest in prenatal mindfulness-based interventions to improve mental health or pregnancy outcomes.(1,2) Mindfulness has been defined as observing the present moment, without judgment and can be cultivated through practices such as meditation.”
BackgroundFactor Structure and External Validity of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in Pregnancy
Kantrowitz-Gordon, I. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0768-0 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Teaching mindfulness as a self-management strategy for depression has demonstrated promise in limited trials for pregnant women (Lever Taylor et al. 2016); much work remains to further validate this strategy with larger randomized controlled trials and development of strategies to incorporate…”
Sajadian, S. Z., Javadifar, N., Aslani, K., & Saki, A. (2022) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2022.101665 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Zimmermann, M., Julce, C., Sarkar, P. R., McNicholas, E., Xu, W., Carr, C., Boudreaux, E. D., Lemon, S. C., & Byatt, N. (2023) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2023.08.005 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Lönnberg, G., Niemi, M., Salomonsson, B., Bränström, R., Nissen, E., & Jonas, W. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01658-w · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Wang, D., Weng, X., & Gao, L. (2021) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2021.103152 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Quick, A. D., Tung, I., Keenan, K. E., & Hipwell, A. E. (2023) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-023-00634-6 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Qi, W., Zhao, F., Huang, S., Wei, Z., Yang, H., He, K., Li, C., Guo, Q., & Hu, J. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02221-5 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“…reviews showed that the effect of MBIs on perinatal depression was less consistent, with pre-post treatment reductions of small to medium magnitude, but no significance in depression scores when the MBI group was compared with the control group (Lever Taylor et al., 2016 ; Shi & MacBeth, 2017).”
ResultThe Relationship of Mindfulness to Body Shame, Body Responsiveness, and Health Outcomes
Lamont, J. M. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1020-2 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Srisopa, P., Cong, X. S., Russell, B. S., & Lucas, R. (2021) · Pain Management Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2021.05.011 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Hulsbosch, L. P., Boekhorst, M., Lodder, P., Potharst, E., Nyklíček, I., Bergink, V., Oei, S., Verhoeven, C., & Pop, V. (2022) · BJOG: an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.17273 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Silverwood, V., Bullock, L., Jordan, J. L., Turner, K. M., Chew-Graham, C. A., Kingstone, T., & Dawson, S. (2023) · BJGP Open · doi:10.3399/bjgpo.2023.0022 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“35,36,43,46,47,50,52 These included physical activity (PA) during pregnancy such as yoga, tai chi, Pilates, hypnotherapy, imagery, meditation, and biofeedback.”
BackgroundInfluentialPark, S., Cho, H. Y., Park, J. Y., Chung, K., & Jhung, K. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/56601 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Relationship Between Mindfulness and Posttraumatic Stress in Women Who Experienced Stillbirth
Huberty, J., Green, J., Cacciatore, J., Buman, M. P., & Leiferman, J. A. (2018) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jogn.2018.09.002 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Schiele, C., Goetz, M., Hassdenteufel, K., Müller, M., Graf, J., Zipfel, S., & Wallwiener, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.939577 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
A Randomized Control Trial of Meditation for Mothers Pumping Breastmilk for Preterm Infants
Massa, K., Ramireddy, S., Ficenec, S., Mank, C., Josephsen, J. B., & Babbar, S. (2022) · American Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1055/a-1787-7576 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“35,36 Although mindfulness-based interventions in peripartum women have yielded modest results in reducing stress, anxiety, and depression, 37,38 some studies have showed promise in this population.”
Background
- Authors
- Lever Taylor, B., Cavanagh, K., & Strauss, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Sussex (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Strauss, Clara
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2016-05-16
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- e0155720
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4868288
- OpenAlex
- W2350328130
- Cited by
- 284
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 2.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Sussex Research Online (University of Sussex) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- University of Surrey
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- mindfulness-based interventions, perinatal mental health, perinatal depression, perinatal anxiety, perinatal stress, mindfulness skills, prenatal period, postpartum period, non-pharmacological treatment, pregnant and lactating women, intervention completion
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Depression, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Pregnancy, Stress, Psychological, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Publication Bias, Perinatal Care, Early Medical Intervention, Mindfulness
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