The Prevalence of Anxiety Disorders During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period: A Multivariate Bayesian Meta-Analysis
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OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of anxiety disorders in pregnant and postpartum women and identify predictors accounting for variability across estimates. DATA SOURCES: An electronic search of PsycINFO and PubMed was conducted from inception until July 2016, without date or language restrictions, and supplemented by articles referenced in the obtained sources. A Boolean search phrase utilized a combination of keywords related to pregnancy, postpartum, prevalence, and specific anxiety disorders. STUDY SELECTION: Articles reporting the prevalence of 1 or more of 8 common anxiety disorders in pregnant or postpartum women were included. A total of 2,613 records were retrieved, with 26 studies ultimately included. DATA EXTRACTION: Anxiety disorder prevalence and potential predictor variables (eg, parity) were extracted from each study. A Bayesian multivariate modeling approach estimated the prevalence and between-study heterogeneity of each disorder and the prevalence of having 1 or more anxiety disorder. RESULTS: Individual disorder prevalence estimates ranged from 1.1% for posttraumatic stress disorder to 4.8% for specific phobia, with the prevalence of having at least 1 or more anxiety disorder estimated to be 20.7% (95% highest density interval [16.7% to 25.4%]). Substantial between-study heterogeneity was observed, suggesting that "true" prevalence varies broadly across samples. There was evidence of a small (3.1%) tendency for pregnant women to be more susceptible to anxiety disorders than postpartum women. CONCLUSIONS: Peripartum anxiety disorders are more prevalent than previously thought, with 1 in 5 women in a typical sample meeting diagnostic criteria for at least 1 disorder. These findings highlight the need for anxiety screening, education, and referral in obstetrics and gynecology settings.
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Pregnancy poses a significant risk for parental psychopathology, particularly internalizing problems.
“Pregnancy, therefore, poses a significant risk for parental psychopathology, particularly internalizing problems (i.e., depression and anxiety [5, 6, 7]).”
From Trajectories of Maternal and Paternal Internalizing Symptoms from Pregnancy to 2 Years Postpartum: Identifying Modifiable Risk and Protective Factors (2024) · cites this paper as [5]
The Results report that about one in five peripartum women met criteria for an anxiety disorder, and the Discussion’s Future Research section reports elevated OCD risk. But that section says there is no evidence of increased perinatal onset or exacerbation for other anxiety disorders and calls for comparisons with the general population. The paper therefore does not establish the broader claim that pregnancy itself significantly increases risk for parental psychopathology, including depression. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOne in five pregnant or postpartum women experiences one or more types of anxiety disorders or anxiety-related conditions during this period.
“Specifically, one in five pregnant or postpartum women experiences one or more types of anxiety disorders or anxiety-related conditions during this period.”
From Determinants of the choice of delivery mode in pregnant women: a convergent parallel mixed-methods study protocol (2026) · cites this paper as [13]
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- Authors
- Fawcett, E. J., Fairbrother, N., Cox, M. L., White, I. R., & Fawcett, J. M.
- Affiliations
- Memorial University of Newfoundland (CA)
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL (GB)
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc
- Published
- 2019-07-23
- Volume
- 80
- Issue
- 4
- ISSN
- 0160-6689 (ISSN-L)
- 1555-2101
- PMC
- PMC6839961
- OpenAlex
- W2964029936
- Cited by
- 609
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 98 · 2025: 124 · 2024: 109 · 2023: 98 · 2022: 86 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 40.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12023/21)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
- Keywords
- anxiety disorders, pregnancy, postpartum period, perinatal anxiety, prevalence, post-traumatic stress disorder, specific phobia, parity, study heterogeneity, anxiety screening, obstetrics and gynecology
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Bayes Theorem, Female, Humans, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Puerperal Disorders, Prevalence
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