The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on women's mental health
Open accessAbstract
The current worldwide outbreak of COVID-19 has changed the modus operandi of all segments of society. While some pandemic-related stressors affect nearly everyone, many especially affect women.Purpose To review what is known about the pandemic's effect on women's mental health, what makes them more predisposed to vulnerabilities and adverse impacts, and strategies for preventing and treating these mental health consequences in the female population during specific stages across the lifespan.Methods The authors performed a narrative review in combination with their observations from clinical experience in the field of women's mental health and reproductive psychiatry. Articles on women's mental health and COVID-19 up to May 30, 2020, were searched using the electronic PubMed and PsychInfo databases, as well as publications by major health entities (e.g., World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the United Nations) and press releases from prime communication outlets (e.g., National Public Radio).Results and conclusions Women who are pregnant, postpartum, miscarrying, or experiencing intimate partner violence are at especially high risk for developing mental health problems during the pandemic. Proactive outreach to these groups of women and enhancement of social supports could lead to prevention, early detection, and prompt treatment. Social support is a key protective factor. Similarly, parenting may be substantially more stressful during a pandemic. Gender disparities may be accentuated, particularly for employed women or single parents, as women are disproportionately responsible for the bulk of domestic tasks, including childcare and eldercare.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in anxiety and depression symptoms during pregnancy, increasing the demand for mental health care.
“In addition to these common barriers, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to an increase in anxiety and depression symptoms during pregnancy, increasing the demand for mental health care.”
From Acceptance, experiences, and needs of hospitalized pregnant women toward an electronic mindfulness-based intervention: A pilot mixed-methods study (2022) · cites this paper as [2]
The Pregnancy section reports higher depression and anxiety scores among pregnant women assessed after the pandemic began. The Conclusions and clinical implications section recommends proactive outreach and prompt intervention, but does not report that demand for mental health care increased. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the mental health of pregnant women, with more than one-third reporting clinically relevant symptoms of depression and more than half reporting clinically relevant symptoms of anxiety.
“In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the mental health of pregnant women, with more than one-third reporting clinically relevant symptoms of depression and more than half of women reporting clinically relevant symptoms of anxiety (2–4).”
From Acceptance, experiences, and needs of hospitalized pregnant women toward an electronic mindfulness-based intervention: A pilot mixed-methods study (2022) · cites this paper as [2]
Almeida et al. have shown that pregnant women are particularly at risk for developing mental health problems during the pandemic, and social support appears to be a key protective factor.
“Almeida et al. have shown that pregnant women are particularly at risk for developing mental health problems during the pandemic. Social support appears to be a key protective factor (2).”
From Acceptance, experiences, and needs of hospitalized pregnant women toward an electronic mindfulness-based intervention: A pilot mixed-methods study (2022) · cites this paper as [2]
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- Authors
- Almeida, M., Shrestha, A. D., Stojanac, D., & Miller, L. J.
- Affiliations
- Cambridge Health Alliance (US)
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- Loyola University Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Almeida, Marcela
- Venue
- Archives of Women s Mental Health
- Published
- 2020-12
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 741-748
- ISSN
- 1434-1816 (ISSN-L)
- 1435-1102
- PMC
- PMC7707813
- OpenAlex
- W3107741855
- Cited by
- 583
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 139 · 2022: 179 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 7.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Archives of Women s Mental Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › COVID-19 Impact on Reproduction
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, women's mental health, pregnancy, postpartum mental health, miscarriage, intimate partner violence, social support, parental stress, gender disparities, single parents, domestic responsibilities
- MeSH terms
- Intimate Partner Violence, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Female, Humans, Mental Health, Quarantine, Social Isolation, Social Support, Women's Health, Pandemics
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