Impact of orally administered lozenges with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 on the number of salivary mutans streptococci, amount of plaque, gingival inflammation and the oral microbiome in healthy adults
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: The aim was to evaluate the effects of orally administered Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 (BB-12) on the number of salivary mutans streptococci (MS), amount of plaque, gingival inflammation and the oral microbiota in healthy young adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was a randomised, controlled, double-blind trial. Healthy volunteers used lozenges containing a combination of LGG and BB-12 (test group, n = 29) or lozenges without added probiotics (control group, n = 31) for 4 weeks. At baseline and at the end of the test period, the plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI) were determined, and stimulated saliva was collected. The microbial composition of saliva was assessed using human oral microbe identification microarray (n = 30). MS and lactobacilli (LB) were plate cultured. RESULTS: The probiotic lozenge decreased both PI and GI (p < 0.05) while no changes were observed in the control group. However, no probiotic-induced changes were found in the microbial compositions of saliva in either group. CONCLUSIONS: The probiotic lozenge improved the periodontal status without affecting the oral microbiota. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Short-term consumption of LGG and BB-12 decreased the amount of plaque which was associated with a clinical impact: a decrease in gingival inflammation.
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Probiotic therapy exerts a beneficial effect on dental caries, periodontitis, and pharyngitis in the oral cavity, as well as on obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, and heart failure via the gut.
“Given, however, that probiotic therapy exerts a beneficial effect on dental caries, periodontitis, and pharyngitis in the oral cavity[408–411], as well as on obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, and heart failure via the gut(reviewed:[399,403])”
From Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health (2017) · cites this paper as [408]
L. rhamnosus mediates physiological effects in the mouth and has good adherence to saliva-coated surfaces.
“Functionally, L. rhamnosus mediates physiological effects in the mouth and has good adherence to saliva-coated surfaces[408,417].”
From Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health (2017) · cites this paper as [408]
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- Authors
- Toiviainen, A., Jalasvuori, H., Lahti, E., Gursoy, U., Salminen, S., Fontana, M., Flannagan, S., Eckert, G., Kokaras, A., Paster, B., & Söderling, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Turku (FI)
- University of Michigan (US)
- The Forsyth Institute (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Söderling, Eva
- Venue
- Clinical Oral Investigations
- Published
- 2014-03-18
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 77-83
- ISSN
- 1432-6981 (ISSN-L)
- 1436-3771
- PMC
- PMC4286650
- OpenAlex
- W2112861923
- Cited by
- 140
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 14.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Clinical Oral Investigations (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Tekes
- Suomen Hammaslääkäriseura Apollonia
- Turun Yliopistosäätiö
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Dental Health and Care Utilization
- Keywords
- probiotics, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12, probiotic lozenges, salivary mutans streptococci, dental plaque, gingivitis, oral microbiota, periodontal health, oral health
- MeSH terms
- Bifidobacterium animalis, Administration, Oral, Dental Plaque, Dental Plaque Index, Double-Blind Method, Female, Gingivitis, Humans, Male, Saliva, Streptococcus mutans, Probiotics, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, Young Adult, Microbiota, Healthy Volunteers
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