Coping strategies of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review
Open accessAbstract
To deal with stress, parents of children with ASD use coping strategies that help to tackle the challenging situations of raising their child. This systematic review examines parental coping strategy's questionnaires, factors which influence these coping strategies, interactions between these strategies and perceived stress and their impact on parental quality of life. According to PRISMA guidelines, an electronic search was conducted on Medline, PsycInfo and Eric: 156 articles were identified and 11 studies were selected. Many types of self-reported questionnaires were used to assess parental coping strategies. Studies highlighted that parents of a child with ASD used more avoidance strategies and less social support-seeking strategies than those of typical children. Furthermore, problem-focused coping protects parental stress and quality of life, that on the contrary, emotion-focused coping is a risk factor for alteration. Our systematic review illustrates the need to adapt psychoeducational interventions for parents of children with ASD.
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There is a lack of research regarding links between positive or adaptive resources in parents of children with ASD.
“Vernhet et al. (2019) pointed out the lack of research regarding links between positive or adaptive resources in this group which limits the applicability of most of the current findings in terms of the improvement of parents’ quality of life and adaptive coping.”
From Self-compassion, ego-resiliency, coping with stress and the quality of life of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (2021) · cites this paper as Vernhet et al. (2019)
The sections 'Link between coping and sense of coherence' and '3.5.3. Link between coping and quality of life' report that only one selected study examined coping and sense of coherence, and only two examined coping and parental quality of life. This supports a research gap in those specific links, but the review does not establish a general lack of research on links between all positive or adaptive resources. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.81)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredProblem-focused coping strategies decrease stress levels experienced by parents of children with ASD, while emotion-oriented strategies are associated with more stress and depressive symptoms.
“Meta-analysis conducted by Vernhet et al. (2019) revealed that problem-focused coping strategies decreased stress levels experienced by parents of children with ASD, while emotion-oriented strategies acted conversely being associated with more stress and depressive symptoms.”
From Self-compassion, ego-resiliency, coping with stress and the quality of life of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (2021) · cites this paper as Vernhet et al. (2019)
The Discussion reports that greater use of problem-focused coping lowered parental stress, while emotion-focused coping increased it; it also reports more depressive symptoms among parents using emotion-based strategies. The Abstract identifies the paper as a systematic review of 11 studies, not a meta-analysis, so that description of the source is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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“less social support-seeking strategies (Vernhet et al., 2019).”
Daily experiences and well-being of Chinese parents of children with autism
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“planning or taking actions to alter stressors) and avoidant coping (e.g. denial, disengagement, or avoidance of the stressful situation; Lai & Oei, 2014; Vernhet et al., 2019).”
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“…social/informal supports (Al-Jadiri et al., 2021; Fong et al., 2021), such as family, friends, or other parents in the autism community; engaging in problem focused coping strategies (Pepperell et al., 2018; Vernhet et al., 2019); and satisfaction with healthcare providers (Al-Jadiri et al., 2021).”
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“According to mixed results of previous studies, problem-focused coping could lead to positive outcomes in some studies (Lin, 2015; Lyons et al., 2010; Vernhet et al., 2019; Willis et al., 2016), yet not in others (Benson, 2010; Hastings et al., 2005).”
Raff, N. S., Mire, S. S., Frankel, L. A., McQuillin, S. D., Loveland, K. A., Daire, A. P., Grebe, S. C., & Rosenbrock, G. J. (2021) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2021.101770 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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“, 2018), and parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (Vernhet et al., 2019).”
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“These demands include variables such as specific needs, uncertainty about the child’s development or future, and the challenge of effective communication ( Vernhet et al., 2019 ).”
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“, need of knowledge, skills, and social support) of the caregivers of fathers, particularly in terms of stress levels and quality of life related to the role of mothers as the primary caregiver (Gau et al., 2012; Pastor-Cerezuela et al., 2016; Vernhet et al., 2019).”
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Quality of Life in Hungarian Parents of Autistic Individuals
Molnar-Varga, M., Győri, M., Eapen, V., Borsos, Z., Havasi, A., Jakab, Z., Janoch, L., Németh, V., Őszi, T., Szekeres, Á., et al. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06243-3 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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“…health and wellbeing in parents of autistic children have been linked to a broad range of factors, including use of coping strategies (Benson, 2014; Vernhet et al., 2019), social supports (Benson, 2020; Catalano et al., 2018), cultural background (Smith et al., 2021a, 2021b), mindfulness (Cheung…”
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“Problem-based coping alongside social support–seeking strategies has been deemed effective at reducing stress and increasing parents’ quality of life (Vernhet et al., 2018).”
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“ir they usually do not take the initiative to seek social support (22).”
BackgroundSalami, S., & Alhalal, E. (2024) · Journal of Disability Research · doi:10.57197/jdr-2024-0009 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“These findings align with previous reports emphasizing the beneficial outcomes associated with adaptive coping strategies among caregivers of children with ASD (Vernhet et al., 2019).”
ResultGómez, N. N., Aguilar-Parra, J. M., Megias, M. M., & Trigueros, R. (2025) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-025-03095-y · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“For example, (Liao, et al., 2019) provide a comprehensive review of the stigma experienced by parents of children with autism, while (Vernhet, et al., 2019) highlight the diverse coping strategies these parents employ to manage daily challenges.”
Ault, S., Helsabeck, N. P., Breitenstein, S. M., Tucker, S., Havercamp, S. M., & Ford, J. L. (2024) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2024.01.005 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Parent Facilitation of Child Emotion Regulation in ASD: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study
Rovane, A. K., Hock, R., Yang, C., & Hills, K. J. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06541-w · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“There is some evidence that parents of children with ASD tend to use more maladaptive coping skills (i.e., more avoidance strategies and less social-sup-port-seeking strategies) in response to stress than do parents of TD children (Vernhet et al., 2019).”
Liu, X.-Y., & To, S. (2022) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2022.2120098 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
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Brillet, L., Périés, M., Vernhet, C., Rattaz, C., Michelon, C., Baghdadli, A., for the ELENA study group, Baghdadli, A., Chabaux, C., Chatel, C., et al. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05414-w · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“A number of studies have found significant links between coping strategies of parents of children with ASD and their QoL (Benson, 2010; Cappe et al., 2011; Dardas & Ahmad, 2015; Smith et al., 2008; Vernhet et al., 2019).”
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“As much of the literature has focused on relationships between coping and well-being (see Vernhet et al., 2019 for a review), future research examining links between coping, well-being, and positive aspects of caregiving is additionally warranted.”
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“Fathers more often turn to avoidance coping strategies than mothers (Vernhet et al., 2019).”
A narrative review on the prevalence of autism in a South African context
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“It is suggested that the caregivers’ experiences from Western cultures of stigmatisation can be due to multiple aspects that may include insufficient knowledge of autism, lack of social support, and stereotypical comments [60] .”
BackgroundParents’ Experiences after Their Child’s Autism Diagnosis: A Reflexive Thematic Analysis
Hughes, R., Curley, K., & Kotera, Y. (2024) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint5030026 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Post-diagnosis, participants frequently described an intense and sustained period of knowledge-seeking about autism [140].”
BackgroundResultQuality of life of primary caregivers of autistic children: Structural equation modeling
Salami, S., & Alhalal, E. (2024) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2024.10.042 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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“46,47 However, some studies suggest that in the early stages of treatment for children with cancer, avoidance-oriented coping strategies can help parents reduce anxiety and facilitate adaptation.”
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“[9] Vernhet C, Dellapiazza F, Blanc N, Cousson-Gélie F, Miot S, Roeyers H, Baghdadli A.”
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“Given the nature of ASD, coping with stress is a sig - nificant concern for parents of children with ASD, and the precise impact of this stress on both parents and their chil - dren remains unclear (Ghanouni & Hood, 2021; Vernhet et al., 2019 ).”
Stipanicic, A., Couture, G., Rivest, C., Rousseau, M., & Paquette, M. (2021) · Annales Médico-psychologiques revue psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.amp.2021.10.018 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Transtorno do espectro autista: Diagnóstico e compreensão da temática pelos responsáveis
Gaiato, M. H. B., Zotesso, M. C., Ferreira, L., Silveira, R. D. R., & Diodato, R. (2022) · Revista Contexto & Saúde · doi:10.21527/2176-7114.2022.46.13209 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
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“In the same vein, Vernhet et al.’s review (2019) revealed that parents of children with ASD favored avoidance coping styles and utilized social support-seeking strategies less frequently than parents of typically developing children.”
Suvarna, V., Farrell, L. J., Adams, D., Emerson, L., & Paynter, J. M. (2025) · Clinical Psychologist · doi:10.1080/13284207.2025.2498396 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Stres pengasuhan dan peran coping pada ayah yang memiliki anak dengan spektrum autisme
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“The other one is an emotion-focused coping, which aims to reduce the emotional distress associated with stressful situations (Vernhet et al. 2019). taking action to address the problem, has been linked to better mental health outcomes (Harris 2021; Ishtiaq et al. 2020).”
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Parental Coping Styles of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Report from Iran
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“The importance of developing and employing a well-functioning coping style for the parents of children with ASD has been stressed by Sivberg [12] and has been replicated more recently by other professionals in the field of mental health and resilience [13].”
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“82 – 84 In reality, this classi fi cation overlooks individual differences and situational factors.”
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“Psychological stress is more prevalent among parents of children with NDDs than among parents of children without such a diagnosis (Vernhet et al. 2019).”
Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Parents of Children Diagnosed With Neurodevelopmental Disorders
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Parents’ Experience in Coping with Sexuality Matters in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Gunarhadi, G., Sugini, S., & Supratiwi, M. (2021) · International Conference on Learning Innovation and Quality Education (ICLIQE) · doi:10.1145/3516875.3516904 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“There is more agreement about the reduced use of social support-seeking strategies by parents of children with ASD relative to parents of children with other developmental disorders [38].”
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“For example, parents of children with ASD are generally required to devote a considerable amount of their time to caregiving, as the symptoms of ASD often persevere across the lifespan (Nicholas et al., 2017; Vernhet et al., 2019).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEstrés parental en padres de niños con y sin trastornos del espectro autista
Rodríguez, A. F. Á., & Fernández-Monge, L. M. (2024) · Revista Ecuatoriana de Psicología · doi:10.33996/repsi.v7i17.110 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Exploring Marital Quality in Parents of Children with Autism: Identifying Barriers and Facilitators
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“In addition, studies have shown that parents of children with ASD use more inefficient coping strategies (Vernhet et al. 2019) and report lower parental competence (Mohammadi et al. 2019).”
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“A growing body of research has explained how parent caregivers manage the physical, social, psychological, and environmental demands and stress associated with caring for a child with disabilities (e.g., Vernhet et al., 2019).”
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Interventions for Family Members
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“They also seek moral support, friendship, compassion, and understanding less often than parents of healthy developing children [31].”
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“Much existing research centers on caregivers of children with disabilities or very young children (age 1 – 6) or only focuses on experiences of mothers (Miranda et al., 2019; Rajgariah et al., 2021; Vernhet et al., 2019).”
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Norozi, M., Mire, S. S., Dadgar, H., Dalvand, H., & Marufizadeh, S. (2023) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2023.2272089 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…problem behaviors (Schwartzman et al. 2021), child age (Gray, 2002), personality characteristics (Duarte et al. 2005), access to appropriate professionals (Crane et al. 2016), selecting schools or education provisions (McNerney et al. 2015), and parents’ own coping strategies (Vernhet et al. 2019).”
Khait, A. F. A., Menger, A., Hamdan‐Mansour, A. M., Aldalaykeh, M., Hamaideh, S. H., Al‐Mrayat, Y. D., & Nusair, H. (2024) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/01939459241254782 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“47,50 Evidence has shown that emotion-focused coping and avoidant coping are risk factors for distress in HCPs of autistic children who use coping strategies to help control the negative feelings of stressful situations.”
- Authors
- Vernhet, C., Dellapiazza, F., Blanc, N., Cousson-Gélie, F., Miot, S., Roeyers, H., & Baghdadli, A.
- Affiliations
- Inserm (FR)
- Université de Montpellier (FR)
- Ghent University (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Vernhet, Christelle
- Venue
- European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Published
- 2018-06-18
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 747-758
- ISSN
- 1018-8827 (ISSN-L)
- 1435-165X
- OpenAlex
- W2809010317
- Cited by
- 175
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 6
- FWCI
- 1.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- biblio.ugent.be
- Licence
- other-oa
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, parental coping strategies, parental stress, perceived stress, parental quality of life, problem-focused coping, emotion-focused coping, avoidance coping, social support seeking, parents of children with disabilities, psychoeducational intervention
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Child, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Parent-Child Relations, Parents, Quality of Life, Surveys and Questionnaires, Social Support
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