Design and performance analysis of a hydrogen liquefaction process
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Zhang and Liu modeled the Claude pre-cooling cycle combined with the Joule-Brayton refrigeration cycle and obtained a specific energy consumption of 5.85 kWh_el/kg-H2.
“Zhang and Liu modeled the Claude pre-cooling cycle combined with the Joule-Brayton refrigeration cycle, and obtained a specific energy consumption of 5.85 kWh el /kg-H 2 [100].”
From 5917. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185917. - (2021) · cites this paper as [100]
Cites
The Exergy Method of Thermal Plant Analysis
(1985) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2013-0-00894-8 · Cited by 2,925 · see citing works
The role of hydrogen in low carbon energy futures–A review of existing perspectives
Hanley, E. S., Deane, P., & Gallachóir, B. Ó. (2017) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.034 · Cited by 724 · see citing works
(2009) · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.02.109 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Wu, Z., Zhu, P., Yao, J., Zhang, S., Ren, J., Yang, F., & Zhang, Z. (2020) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115794 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Self-citationIntroducing and energy analysis of a novel cryogenic hydrogen liquefaction process configuration
Sadaghiani, M. S., & Mehrpooya, M. (2017) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.01.136 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
A novel hydrogen liquefaction process configuration with combined mixed refrigerant systems
Asadnia, M., & Mehrpooya, M. (2017) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.04.260 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Large-scale hydrogen liquefaction in Germany
BRACHA, M., LORENZ, G., PATZELT, A., & WANNER, M. (1994) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/0360-3199(94)90177-5 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
A study of the efficiency of hydrogen liquefaction
Baker, C. (1978) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/0360-3199(78)90037-x · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Large-scale hydrogen liquefier utilising mixed-refrigerant pre-cooling
Berstad, D., Stang, J., & Nekså, P. (2010) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.02.001 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Conceptual design of a high efficiency large capacity hydrogen liquefier
Quack, H. (2002) · AIP Conference Proceedings · doi:10.1063/1.1472029 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Optimal operation of a large-scale liquid hydrogen plant utilizing mixed fluid refrigeration system
Krasae-in, S. (2014) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.02.046 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Analysis of a clean hydrogen liquefaction plant integrated with a geothermal system
Seyam, S., Dinçer, İ., & Agelin‐Chaab, M. (2019) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118562 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Analysis and assessment of an advanced hydrogen liquefaction system
Hammad, A., & Dinçer, İ. (2017) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.10.158 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Yang, J.-H., Yoon, Y., Ryu, M., An, S.-K., Shin, J., & Lee, C.-J. (2019) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113840 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Hydrogen liquefaction process using solar energy and organic Rankine cycle power system
Ghorbani, B., Mehrpooya, M., Aasadnia, M., & Niasar, M. S. (2019) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.227 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Aasadnia, M., & Mehrpooya, M. (2018) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.09.001 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Chang, X., Ma, T., & Wu, R. (2018) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.09.099 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Zhu, P., Yao, J., Qian, C., Yang, F., Porpatham, E., Zhang, Z., & Wu, Z. (2020) · Fuel · doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117883 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Petitpas, G., Aceves, S. M., Matthews, M. J., & Smith, J. R. (2014) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.01.205 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
(2020) · doi:10.1016/j.cryogenics.2020.103093 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Mehrpooya, M., Ansarinasab, H., Sharifzadeh, M. M. M., & Rosen, M. A. (2017) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.08.024 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Nouri, M., Miansari, M., & Ghorbani, B. (2020) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120862 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Krasae-in, S., Stang, J., & Nekså, P. (2010) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.05.049 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Brookhaven National Laboratory selected cryogenic data notebook: Volume 1, Sections 1-9
Jensen, J., Tuttle, W. A., Stewart, R. B., Brechna, H., & Prodell, A. (1980) · OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Kotas, T. J. (1985) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-408-01350-5.50009-x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Krasae-in, S., Bredesen, A. M., Stang, J., & Nekså, P. (2010) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.09.005 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Boeva, O. A., Odintzov, A. A., Solovov, R. D., Abkhalimov, E. V., Zhavoronkova, K. N., & Ershov, B. G. (2017) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.07.187 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Design and Analysis for Hydrogen Liquefaction Process Using LNG Cold Energy
Yun, S.-K. (2011) · Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas · doi:10.7842/kigas.2011.15.3.001 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Shufeldt, R. W. (1898) · Nature · doi:10.1038/058199d0 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Dewar, J. (1898) · Nature · doi:10.1038/058199b0 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
(2021) · doi:10.3390/en14185917 · Cited by 708 · see citing works
Ghorbani, B., Zendehboudi, S., Saady, N. M. C., Duan, X., & Albayati, T. M. (2023) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.3c01072 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
(2022) · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.10.012 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
(2022) · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.03.202 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Lee, H., Haider, J., Qyyum, M. A., Choe, C., & Lim, H. (2022) · Fuel · doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123964 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Zhang, S., Li, K., Zhu, P., Dai, M., & Liu, G. (2022) · Energy Conversion and Management · doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2022.115859 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, L., Lu, S., Fang, L., Wei, Y., & Yang, S. (2023) · Energy & Fuels · doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.3c03231 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Liu, X., Hu, G., & Zeng, Z. (2022) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2022.125535 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Meng, Y., Wu, H., Zheng, Y., Wang, K., & Duan, Y. (2022) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2022.124078 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Sun, H., Geng, J., Wang, C., Rong, G., Gao, X., Xu, J., & Yang, D. (2022) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.03.215 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
An energy systems model of large commercial liquid hydrogen aircraft in a low-carbon future
Smith, J. R., & Mastorakos, E. (2023) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.04.039 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Liu, H., Tang, L., Dou, Z., Wang, S., & Yu, D. (2025) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2025.134416 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Gu, J., Choe, C., Haider, J., Abri, R. S. A., Qyyum, M. A., Al-Muhtaseb, A. H., & Lim, H. (2023) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121893 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Conceptual design and analysis of a new hydrogen liquefaction process based on heat pump systems
Bian, J., Zhang, X., Zhang, R., Cai, W., Hua, Y., & Cao, X. (2024) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.124020 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Zhu, P., Wu, Z., Yang, Y., Wang, H., Li, R., Yang, F., & Zhang, Z. (2023) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121655 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Taghavi, M., & Lee, C. (2024) · Energy Conversion and Management · doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2023.118056 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Röper, K., Kunz, N., & Gast, L. (2024) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.12.034 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Hydrofluoroolefin-based mixed refrigerant for enhanced performance of hydrogen liquefaction process
Naquash, A., Riaz, A., Lee, H., Qyyum, M. A., Lee, S., Lam, S. S., & Lee, M. (2022) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.02.010 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Geng, J., & Sun, H. (2023) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.120085 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Saengsuriwong, R., Onsree, T., Phromphithak, S., & Tippayawong, N. (2021) · Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy · doi:10.1007/s10098-021-02132-w · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Song, G., Chen, Y., He, Y., Jia, Q., Wu, Q., Xiaobo, C., & Zhao, H. F. (2025) · Energy Nexus · doi:10.1016/j.nexus.2025.100379 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Sleiti, A. K., & Al‐Ammari, W. A. (2022) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.04.233 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Sun, H., Xu, J., Wang, C., Geng, J., Rong, G., & Gao, X. (2023) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.04.219 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Bian, J., Zhang, R., Cao, X., Yang, J. G., Li, J., & Yu, B. (2025) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2025.123112 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Gao, Z., Gou, W., Chen, H., Li, C., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.05.441 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Kwon, H., Park, J., & Koo, B. (2024) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.143146 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Chen, S., Shen, Y., Qiu, C., Tao, X., Wan, A., Zhang, Z., & Gan, Z. (2024) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.01.230 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
A review on exploring the potential of liquid hydrogen as a fuel for a sustainable future
Ikeuba, A. I., Sonde, C. U., Charlie, D. E., Usibe, B. E., Raimi, M., Obike, A. I., & Magu, T. O. (2024) · Sustainable Chemistry One World · doi:10.1016/j.scowo.2024.100022 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Sleiti, A. K., Al‐Ammari, W. A., Musharavati, F., & Rahman, M. A. (2023) · Energy Sources Part B Economics Planning and Policy · doi:10.1080/15567249.2023.2254764 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Zhang, S., Li, K., & Liu, G. (2022) · Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy · doi:10.1007/s10098-022-02423-w · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationYan, F., Geng, J., Rong, G., Sun, H., Zhang, L., & Li, J. (2023) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en16104239 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Riaz, A., Qyyum, M. A., Hussain, A., & Lee, M. (2023) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2023.108193 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Park, S., Kim, J., Jeong, M., Kim, H., & Lee, I. (2025) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.125409 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Choi, M., Jung, W., Ji, S., & Lee, J. (2025) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125490 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Equbal, M. S., Khan, O., Equbal, A., Parvez, M., Ahmad, S., Yahya, Z., Alhodaib, A., Yadav, A. K., & Ağbulut, Ü. (2024) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2024.114101 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Khan, O., Khan, M. Z., Parvez, M. T., Yahya, Z., Mahariq, I., Alhodaib, A., Saleel, C. A., & Ağbulut, Ü. (2025) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.02.071 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Bi, Y., & Ju, Y. (2024) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.10.399 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Liu, C., & Zhang, J. (2025) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.150975 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Wei, H., Hasanuzzaman, M., & Selvaraj, J. A.-L. (2024) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2024.113216 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Song, W., Liu, K., Zhao, Z., Zhang, L., Dong, X., Yang, X., Tian, C., Liu, S., & Cao, S. (2025) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.4c09299 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Park, S., Kim, J., Jeong, M., Kim, H., Choi, M., & Lee, I. (2025) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127047 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Liu, L., Wang, W., Wang, T., Wang, T., Dong, X., Tang, J., & Wang, S. (2025) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.04.011 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Performance Prediction of High-Speed Hydrogen Gas-Lubricated Herringbone Grooved Journal Bearing
Qiang, M., Zhao, Q., Yan, S., Liu, X., Hou, Y., & Lai, T. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12136432 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kim, G., Do, T. N., Kim, J., & Kwon, H. (2025) · Applied Thermal Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2025.127343 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Comprehensive review of advances and challenges in hydrogen liquefaction
Ahmad, A., Nnabuife, S. G., Oko, E., & Ibhadon, A. O. (2025) · Next Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.nxsust.2025.100192 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Li, Q., Machida, H., & Norinaga, K. (2024) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.4c02383 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mendoza-Moreno, P. V., Fulham, G. J., & Marek, E. (2024) · Cell Reports Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.crsus.2024.100243 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Adi, V. S. K., Zeng, Q.-H., Chen, H.-T., Su, W.-Y., & Wu, W. (2025) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.153143 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Srilekha, M., Bahirat, P. Y., & Dutta, A. (2026) · Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy · doi:10.1007/s10098-025-03360-0 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A novel expansion configuration for a hydrogen liquefaction plant
Torres-Gomez, A., & Pullan, G. (2024) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.09.190 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Zou, S., Basem, A., Shami, H. O., Sabri, L. S., Rajab, H., Farqad, R. O., Hussein, A. H. A., Alhaidry, W. A. A. L. H., Idan, A. H., & Golizadeh, F. (2024) · International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies · doi:10.1093/ijlct/ctae124 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Factors Affecting Energy Consumption in Hydrogen Liquefaction Plants
Xue, J., & Boukadi, F. H. (2025) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr13082611 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Eyvazi, A., Ameri, M., Dehaj, M. S., & Ghaebi, H. (2025) · Advances in Mechanical Engineering · doi:10.1177/16878132251365041 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Chen, J., Song, G., Li, J., & Sheng, Z. (2025) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.153262 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Chang, L., Basem, A., Ayadi, M., Alkhayyat, A., (49954), X. L., Alhumaid, S., Albalawi, H., Ali, H. E., Jastaneyah, Z., & Mahariq, I. (2026) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2026.140622 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Model establishment and process analysis of liquid hydrogen energy storage
Zhang, Z., He, M. Y., Zhou, H., & Gong, L. (2024) · IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/1301/1/012057 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Process Simulation and Optimization of Hydrogen Liquification Using Reinforcement Learning
Zirrahi, M., Santiago, C., & MacFarlan, K. (2024) · SPE Conference at Oman Petroleum & Energy Show · doi:10.2118/218782-ms · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Yang, K., Wei, S., Sun, T., Zhang, X., Zhang, J., Wang, Q., Hao, X., Luo, J., & Yang, H. (2026) · Energy Conversion and Management · doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121341 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Yang, Y., Majkut, M., Smołka, K., Jin, Z., Dykas, S., & Zhang, G. (2026) · Energy Conversion and Management · doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2026.121961 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
ТЕРМОДИНАМІЧНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ЦИКЛУ КЛОДА ДЛЯ ЗРІДЖЕННЯ ВОДНЮ
Кравченко, М. Б. (2023) · Journal of Chemistry and Technologies · doi:10.15421/jchemtech.v31i3.283742 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sun, H., Xu, J., Gao, X., Geng, J., & Li, H. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4661653 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Optimization of hydrogen liquefaction processes
Sleiti, A. K., & Al‐Ammari, W. A. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-21438-7.00006-6
Shen, Y., Zhao, W., Dong, W., He, G., & Jin, T. (2025) · Clean Energy · doi:10.1093/ce/zkae116
Catalyst Design for Hydrogen Fuel Cells: Advances and Future Directions
Rahman, M., Pappu, S. S., Hasan, M. M., Rimon, M. I. H., Oliullah, M. S., & Mobarak, M. H. (2025) · Nano LIFE · doi:10.1142/s1793984425300109
Sun, B., & Wang, Y. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5518703
Wu, T. M., Li, A., Zhang, T., Wang, J., Wu, X., Yuhui, C. H. E. N., Zhu, Y., Cui, T., & Gao, X. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6142508
A review on the development status and future trend of liquid hydrogen technology
Li, J., & Hu, Z. (2026) · International Journal of Green Energy · doi:10.1080/15435075.2026.2639966
Hydrogen carriers including ammonia fuel applications
Kumar, L., Sleiti, A. K., & Al‐Ammari, W. A. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-40354-5.00011-4
Li, M., Zheng, S. H., Yang, J., Shi, P., Zhu, Y., & He, T. (2026) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2026.125690
Srilekha, M., & Dutta, A. (2026) · Process Integration and Optimization for Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s41660-026-00834-6
Bilal, M., Salam, M. A., Naquash, A., & Qyyum, M. A. (2026) · Hydrogen Economy & Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.hee.2026.100011
Efendi, M. Y., Munandar, E., Gozan, M., Rahadiyan, L., Aziz, M., & Nasruddin, N. (2026) · Process Integration and Optimization for Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s41660-026-00863-1
Kazmi, B., Raza, F., Taqvi, S. A. A., Juchelková, D., & Naqvi, S. R. (2026) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2026.149700
Thermodynamic and Sensitivity Analysis of a 5 t/d Claude-Cycle Hydrogen Liquefaction System
Wu, T., Wei, L., Wu, X., Yuhui, C. H. E. N., Zhu, Y., Wang, P., Zou, X., Wang, J., Ma, J., Chen, G., et al. (2026) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en19205000
- Authors
- Zhang, S., & Liu, G.
- Affiliations
- Xi'an Jiaotong University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Liu, Guilian
- ORCID
- Liu, Guilian
- Venue
- Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy
- Published
- 2021-04-02
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 51-65
- ISSN
- 1618-954X (ISSN-L)
- 1618-9558
- OpenAlex
- W3150720183
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 4.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (21736008, 22078259)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Thermodynamic and Exergetic Analyses of Power and Cooling Systems
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Spacecraft and Cryogenic Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Advanced Thermodynamic Systems and Engines
- Keywords
- hydrogen liquefaction, Claude cycle, refrigerant mixtures, coefficient of performance, specific energy consumption, exergy efficiency, sensitivity analysis, process design optimization
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review