Cited by 433HIV, Drug Use, Sexual RiskSurvey Sampling and Estimation TechniquesSurvey Methodology and Nonresponse

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Using Respondent-Driven Sampling Methodology for HIV Biological and Behavioral Surveillance in International Settings: A Systematic Review

Malekinejad, Mohsen, Johnston, Lisa Grazina, Kendall, Carl, Kerr, Ligia Regina Franco Sansigolo, Rifkin, Marina Raven, Rutherford, George W.·2008·AIDS and Behavior

DOI 10.1007/s10461-008-9421-1

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Abstract

To determine operational and analytical characteristics of respondent-driven sampling (RDS) in international settings and to explore factors that may affect recruitment of most-at-risk populations using RDS, we reviewed HIV biological and behavioral surveillance studies that used this method outside of the United States. We identified 123 eligible studies, 59 from Europe, 40 from Asia and the Pacific, 14 from Latin America, seven from Africa and three from Oceania. Studies collectively recruited 32,298 participants between 2003 and 2007; 53% of studies were conducted among injecting drug users, which generally had faster recruitment compared with studies among sex workers. All but 13 studies reached > or = 90% of their intended sample size, and six studies failed to reach equilibrium for key variables. This review has shown that RDS is an effective technique, when designed and implemented appropriately, to sample most-at-risk populations for HIV biological and behavioral surveys.

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MethodResult
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BackgroundMethod
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Method
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BackgroundInfluential
Brief Report
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Background
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Self-citation
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MethodSelf-citation
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Method
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Aglipay, M. M. O., Wylie, J., & JOLLY, A. M. (2015) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.141076 · Cited by 24
Effectiveness of Integrated HIV Prevention Interventions among Chinese Men Who Have Sex with Men: Evaluation of a 16-City Public Health Program
Ye, S., Xiao, Y., CanRui, J., Cassell, H. M., Blevins, M. L., Sun, J., Vermund, S. H., & Qian, H. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0050873 · Cited by 23
“Respondent-driven sampling [20] was used in the 2008 and 2009 surveys in all three Chongqing districts and in Changchun and Harbin cities.”
Method
Community understanding of respondent-driven sampling in a medical research setting in Uganda: importance for the use of RDS for public health research
McCreesh, N., Tarsh, M. N., Seeley, J., Katongole, J., & White, R. G. (2012) · International Journal of Social Research Methodology · doi:10.1080/13645579.2012.661204 · Cited by 23
“To maximise the generalisability of our results, wherever possible we employed currently used RDS data collection methods (Malekinejad et al., 2008).”
MethodInfluential
An evaluation of assumptions underlying respondent‐driven sampling and the social contexts of sexual and gender minority youth participating in HIV clinical trials in the United States
Wirtz, A. L., Iyer, J. R., Brooks, D., Hailey‐Fair, K., Galai, N., Beyrer, C., Celentano, D. D., Arrington‐Sanders, R., & PUSH Study Group (2021) · Journal of the International AIDS Society · doi:10.1002/jia2.25694 · Cited by 22
“Numerous international investigations demonstrate the effectiveness of RDS to engage adult SGM populations in HIV research [9,10] particularly where same-sex relationships or gender identities may be criminalized or stigmatized and communities have subsequently forged strong networks [11-13].”
Background
Use of respondent-driven sampling to enhance understanding of injecting networks: A study of people who inject drugs in Sydney, Australia
Paquette, D. M., Bryant, J., & de Wit, J. B. F. (2011) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2011.03.007 · Cited by 22
“…with that of their recruiter was a useful way of organizing information to gain a more complete understanding of risk behaviour. ntroduction People who inject drugs (PWID) have a high risk for acquirng bloodborne viruses, such as hepatitis C and HIV (Abou-Saleh Foley, 2008; Mathers et al., 2008).”
Background
Respondent-driven sampling to recruit in-country migrant workers in China: A methodological assessment
Qiu, P., Yang, Y., Ma, X., Wu, F., Yuan, P., Liu, Q., & Caine, E. D. (2011) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494811418276 · Cited by 22
“Experience to date has suggested that between six and 20 seeds is preferable, depending on the desired sample [19].”
Background
Exposure to HIV prevention programmes associated with improved condom use and uptake of HIV testing by female sex workers in Nagaland, Northeast India
Armstrong, G., Medhi, G. K., Kermode, M., Mahanta, J., Goswami, P., & Paranjape, R. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-476 · Cited by 22
“RDS is based on social network theory and builds on conventional snowball sampling, and has been used to recruit participants in several HIV biological and behavioural surveys [16].”
Method
Capture-recapture methods and respondent-driven sampling: their potential and limitations
Berchenko, Y., & Frost, S. D. W. (2011) · Sexually Transmitted Infections · doi:10.1136/sti.2011.049171 · Cited by 22
“Respondent-driven sampling (RDS)(7) 8 is increasingly being used to estimate HIV prevalence within hidden populations, by utilising social networks of the target population to facilitate sampling.(9) Although RDS does not directly estimate population size, by weighting individuals according to their number of acquaint…”
Background
Prevalence and Correlates of HIV and Hepatitis C Virus Infections and Risk Behaviors among Malaysian Fishermen
Choo, M. K. K., El‐Bassel, N., Adam, P. C. G., Gilbert, L., Wu, E., West, B. S., Bazazi, A. R., de Wit, J. B. F., Ismail, R., & Kamarulzaman, A. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118422 · Cited by 21
Respondent-Driven Sampling and the Recruitment of People with Small Injecting Networks
Paquette, D. M., Bryant, J., & de Wit, J. B. F. (2011) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-011-0032-x · Cited by 21
“Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) is a relatively new method that was developed for sampling hardto-reach populations [2] and is increasingly being used as a sampling method for HIV behavioural surveillance [3].”
Method
Sexual Motivation, Sexual Transactions and Sexual Risk Behaviors in Men who have Sex with Men in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Bui, T. C., Nyoni, J. E., Ross, M. W., Mbwambo, J. K. K., Markham, C. M., & McCurdy, S. (2014) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-014-0808-x · Cited by 21
“Yet, this method is most feasible and effective for recruiting such hidden populations as this one [29].”
Respondent driven sampling is an effective method for engaging methamphetamine users in HIV prevention research in South Africa
Kimani, S., Watt, M. H., Merli, M. G., Skinner, D. G., MYERS, B. J., Pieterse, D., MacFarlane, J. C., & Meade, C. S. (2014) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.07.018 · Cited by 21
Using Respondent Driven Sampling to Identify Malaria Risks and Occupational Networks among Migrant Workers in Ranong, Thailand
Wangroongsarb, P., Hwang, J., Thwing, J. I., Karuchit, S., Kumpetch, S., Rand, A., DRAKELEY, C. J., MacArthur, J. R., Kachur, S. P., Satimai, W., et al. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168371 · Cited by 21
Statistical adjustment of network degree in respondent-driven sampling estimators: Venue attendance as a proxy for network size among young MSM
Fujimoto, K., Cao, M., Kuhns, L. M., Li, D. H., & Schneider, J. A. (2018) · Social Networks · doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2018.01.003 · Cited by 21
Socio-demographic factors, health risks and harms associated with early initiation of injection among people who inject drugs in Tallinn, Estonia: Evidence from cross-sectional surveys
Vorobjov, S., Jarlais, D. C. D., Abel‐Ollo, K., Talu, A., Rüütel, K., & Uusküla, A. (2012) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2012.08.003 · Cited by 20
Sex, Drugs, and Impulse Regulation: A Perspective on Reducing Transmission Risk Behavior and Improving Mental Health Among MSM Living With HIV
Arends, R. M., van den Heuvel, T. J., Foeken-Verwoert, E. G. J., Grintjes, K. J. T., Keizer, H. J. G., Schene, A., van der Ven, A., & Schellekens, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01005 · Cited by 17
Health and healthcare in North Korea: a retrospective study among defectors
Lee, H., Robinson, C., Kim, J., McKee, M., & Cha, J. (2020) · Conflict and Health · doi:10.1186/s13031-020-00284-y · Cited by 20
Recognizing the hidden: strengthening the HIV surveillance system among key and priority populations in Mozambique
Baltazar, C. S., Boothe, M., Langa, D. C., Sathane, I., Horth, R., Young, P. W., Schaad, N., & Raymond, H. F. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-10110-y · Cited by 20
Modeling and Analyzing Respondent-Driven Sampling as a Counting Process
Berchenko, Y., Rosenblatt, J. D., & Frost, S. D. W. (2017) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/biom.12678 · Cited by 20
Correlates of Bisexual Behaviors Among Men who have Sex with Men in El Salvador
Kim, A. A., Creswell, J., Guardado, M. E., Shah, N., Kim, A. A., Nieto, A. I., Hernandez-Ayala, F. D. M., Monterroso, E., & Paz‐Bailey, G. (2012) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-012-0152-y · Cited by 20
Determinants of unequal HIV care access among people living with HIV in Peru
Silva‐Santisteban, A., Segura, E. R., Sandoval, C., Girón, M., Petrera, M., & Cáceres, C. F. (2013) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/1744-8603-9-22 · Cited by 20
“In recent years methods such as respondent-driven sampling (RDS), based on social networks, have become increasingly popular to reach hidden populations [17].”
Method
Respondent-Driven Sampling – Testing Assumptions: Sampling with Replacement
Barash, V., Cameron, C. J., Spiller, M. W., & Heckathorn, D. D. (2016) · Journal of Official Statistics · doi:10.1515/jos-2016-0002 · Cited by 20
“A 2009 survey (Malekinejad et al. 2008) analyzed the results of 128 studies drawn from more than 28 countries.”
Background
The Influence of Childhood Adversity on Rural Black Men’s Sexual Risk Behavior
Kogan, S. M., Cho, J., & Oshri, A. (2016) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-016-9807-7 · Cited by 20
“This method is preferred for sampling interconnected but hard-to-reach populations (35, 36), such as young Black men whose employment and residential situations change frequently (37).”
Method
Prevalence and genotypes of GBV‐C and its associations with HIV infection among persons who inject drugs in Eastern Europe
Jõgeda, E., Huik, K., Pauskar, M., Kallas, E., Karki, T., Jarlais, D. D., Uusküla, A., Lutsar, I., & Avi, R. (2016) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.24683 · Cited by 20
“The first group consisted of 345 Caucasian PWID (272 men) recruited by respondent-driven sampling method [Malekinejad et al., 2008] from a syringe exchange program in Tallinn in 2011 [Huik et al.”
Method
Measuring a hidden population: A novel technique to estimate the population size of women with sexual violence-related pregnancies in South Kivu Province, Democratic Republic of Congo
Johnston, L. G., McLaughlin, K. R., Rouhani, S. A., & Bartels, S. A. (2016) · Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.jegh.2016.08.003 · Cited by 20
“…data from a respondent driven sampling (RDS) survey of women with SVRPs in South Kivu Province, DRC. Brieﬂy, RDS is a sampling method used world-wide [9–11] to sample hidden populations whose members are connected through a network of social ties, and for which no sampling frame exists [12–14].”
Self-citation
One size does not fit all: HIV prevalence and correlates of risk for men who have sex with men, transgender women in multiple cities in Papua New Guinea
on behalf of the Kauntim mi tu Study Team, Hakim, A. J., Coy, K. C., Badman, S. G., Willie, B., Narokobi, R., Gabuzzi, J., Pekon, S., Kupul, M., Hou, P., et al. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-6942-7 · Cited by 20
Improving survey methods in sero-epidemiological studies of injecting drug users: a case example of two cross sectional surveys in Serbia and Montenegro
Judd, A., Rhodes, T., Johnston, L. G., Platt, L., Andjelkovic, V., Simić, D., Mugoša, B., Simić, M., Žerjav, S., Parry, R. P., et al. (2009) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/1471-2334-9-14 · Cited by 20
“... insufficient recruitment waves rendering a final sample with characteristics biased by the initial participants, and widespread masking (protecting friends due to privacy concerns) and volunteerism.[10,11] Recently, a modified version of snowball sampling, known as "respondent driven sampling" (RDS), has been deve…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
HIV Prevalence Among People Who Inject Drugs in Greater Kuala Lumpur Recruited Using Respondent-Driven Sampling
Bazazi, A. R., Crawford, F. W., Zelenev, A., Heimer, R., Kamarulzaman, A., & Altice, F. L. (2015) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-015-1191-y · Cited by 19
“RDS studies of PWID have often reported rapid accrual of large sample sizes [13].”
Background
HIV Prevalence and Risk Behaviors Among People Who Inject drugs in Two Serial Cross-Sectional Respondent-Driven Sampling Surveys, Zanzibar 2007 and 2012
Matiko, E., Khatib, A., Khalid, F. J., Welty, S., Said, C., Ali, A., Othman, A. A., Haji, S. H., Kibona, M., Kim, A. A., et al. (2014) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-014-0929-2 · Cited by 19
“PWID were recruited using RDS, a social network-based recruitment methodology that allows weighted adjustment to produce unbiased representative results for hard to reach populations [13, 14].”
Effectiveness of Respondent-Driven Sampling to Recruit High Risk Heterosexual Men Who Have Multiple Female Sexual Partners: Differences in HIV Prevalence and Sexual Risk Behaviours Measured at Two Time Points
Townsend, L., Johnston, L. G., Flisher, A. J., Mathews, C., & Zembe, Y. (2010) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-010-9753-5 · Cited by 19
“A recent review of 123 international studies concluded that RDS was an effective strategy to sample high-risk, hard-toreach and socially networked populations [19].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Respondent driven sampling and community structure in a population of injecting drug users, Bristol, UK
Mills, H. L., Colijn, C., Vickerman, P. T., Leslie, D. S., Hope, V. D., & Hickman, M. (2012) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.036 · Cited by 19
Human Rights as Political Determinants of Health: A Retrospective Study of North Korean Refugees
Cha, J., Surkan, P. J., Kim, J., Yoon, I. A., Robinson, C., Cardozo, B. L., & Lee, H. (2018) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2018.04.006 · Cited by 20
Maximizing respondent-driven sampling field procedures in the recruitment of sexual minorities for health research
Hequembourg, A. L., & Panagakis, C. (2019) · SAGE Open Medicine · doi:10.1177/2050312119829983 · Cited by 19
“methods results regarding the effectiveness of respondent-driven sampling in our studies, and (4) offer recommendations for”
Method
Characterizing social cohesion and gender identity as risk determinants of HIV among cisgender men who have sex with men and transgender women in Côte d’Ivoire
Moran, A., Scheim, A. I., Lyons, C. E., Liestman, B., Drame, F., Ketende, S. C., Diouf, D., Ba, I. O., Ezouatchi, R., Bamba, A., et al. (2019) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2019.11.003 · Cited by 19
Understanding the association between injecting and sexual risk behaviors of injecting drug users in Manipur and Nagaland, India
Suohu, K., Humtsoe, C., Saggurti, N., Sabarwal, S., Mahapatra, B., & Kermode, M. (2012) · Harm Reduction Journal · doi:10.1186/1477-7517-9-40 · Cited by 19
“RDS is based on conventional snowball sampling and is used to recruit participants in many HIV biological and behavioral surveillance studies [27].”
Method
A multicentre sero-behavioural survey for hepatitis B and C, HIV and HTLV among people who inject drugs in Germany using respondent driven sampling
Zimmermann, R., Marcus, U., Schäffer, D., Leicht, A., Wenz, B., Nielsen, S., Hövener, C., Roß, R. S., Stambouli, O., Ratsch, B. A., et al. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-845 · Cited by 19
“PWID are known to be a well-networked group, and RDS proved to be an effective method to rapidly recruit PWID [46,50,60,61].”
Global HIV surveillance among MSM: is risk behavior seriously underestimated?
Bengtsson, L., & Thorson, A. E. (2010) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0b013e32833d207d · Cited by 19
“By 2007, more than 120 HIV-related RDS studies in at least 28 countries had been performed among hard-to-reach populations [5,6].”
Background
Interactive Sensing and Decision Making in Social Networks
Krishnamurthy, V. (2014) · now publishers, Inc. eBooks · doi:10.1561/9781601988133 · Cited by 19
Accessing a diverse sample of injection drug users in San Francisco through respondent-driven sampling
Malekinejad, M., McFarland, W., Vaudrey, J., & Raymond, H. F. (2011) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.03.002 · Cited by 18
“Malekinejad et al. / Drug and Alcohol Dependence 118 (2011) 83– 91”
BackgroundSelf-citation
High HIV Prevalence in a Respondent-Driven Sampling Survey of Injection Drug Users in Tehran, Iran
Malekinejad, M., Mohraz, M., Razani, N., Akbari, G., McFarland, W., Khairandish, P., Malekafzali, H., Gouya, M. M., Zarghami, A., & Rutherford, G. W. (2014) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-014-0904-y · Cited by 18
“Nonetheless, we were able to recruit a large sample; the number of participants in our study was the second largest among 65 RDS-based surveys of IDU worldwide in 2006 [30].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Construindo pontes: a prática da interdisciplinaridade. Estudo PopTrans: um estudo com travestis e mulheres transexuais em Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
Dourado, I. C., da Silva, L. A. V., Magno, L., Lopes, M., Cerqueira, C., Prates, A., Brignol, S., & MacCarthy, S. (2016) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/0102-311x00181415 · Cited by 18
Unseen, unheard and unprotected: prevalence and correlates of violence among female sex workers in Mozambique
Ngale, K., Cummings, B., & Horth, R. (2018) · Culture Health & Sexuality · doi:10.1080/13691058.2018.1524512 · Cited by 18
“The study used respondent-driven sampling, a systematic chain-referral methodology that has been widely used to sample female sex workers and other difficult-toaccess populations (Heckathorn 2002, 1997; Malekinejad et al. 2008).”
Method
Factors associated with HIV and syphilis infection among female sex workers in three cities in Papua New Guinea: findings from Kauntim mi tu, a biobehavioral survey
Kelly‐Hanku, A., Weikum, D., Badman, S. G., Willie, B., Boli‐Neo, R., Kupul, M., Hou, P., Gabuzzi, J., Ase, S., Amos, A., et al. (2020) · Sexual Health · doi:10.1071/sh19218 · Cited by 18
Ethical Considerations in HIV/AIDS Biobehavioral Surveys That Use Respondent-Driven Sampling: Illustrations From Lebanon
DeJong, J., Mahfoud, Z. R., Khouri, D., Barbir, F., & Afifi, R. (2009) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2008.144832 · Cited by 18
Respondent-driven sampling: A new method for studying street children with findings from Albania
Johnston, L. G., Thurman, T. R., Mock, N. B., Nano, L., & Carcani, V. (2010) · Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/17450120903193923 · Cited by 18
“By most accounts RDS is assessed as a very effective, useful and innovative technique to obtain cross-sectional data on hard-to-reach adult populations (Abdul-Quader, Heckathorn, Sabin, & Saidel, 2006; Malekinejad et al., 2008).”
MethodResultSelf-citation
Prevalence of HIV, Syphilis, and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections among MSM from Three Cities in Panama
The Panama HIV EPI Group, Hakre, S., Arteaga, G. B., Núñez, A. E., Arambu, N., Aumakhan, B., Liu, M., Peel, S. A., Pascale, J. M., & Scott, P. T. (2014) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-014-9885-4 · Cited by 18
“The RDS method was chosen as it allows recruitment of hidden populations such as MSM, drug users, and sex workers and has been used in 120 studies in more than 20 cities and with more than 32,000 individuals.(16,17) The target sample size per city was determined by sample size calculations, estimates of MSM in each ci…”
Method
HIV and hepatitis C prevalence, and related risk behaviours among people who inject drugs in three cities in Croatia: Findings from respondent-driven sampling surveys
Handanagić, S., Božičević, I., Civljak, M., Dominković, Z., Šević, S., Barbarić, J., Blažić, T. N., Rode, O. Đ., & Begovać, J. (2016) · International Journal of Drug Policy · doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.04.007 · Cited by 18
“7 We used RDS, a chain referral sampling method that collects data on social network sizes and recruitment patterns (Heckathorn, 1997, 2002) and is widely used to sample hard-to-reach populations at risk for HIV (Malekinejad et al., 2008; White et al., 2015), to recruit PWID in the cities of Zagreb, Split and Rijeka.”
Method

Authors: Malekinejad, M., Johnston, L. G., Kendall, C., Kerr, L. R. F. S., Rifkin, M. R., & Rutherford, G. W.
Affiliations: University of California, San Francisco (US)
Tulane University (US)
New Mexico State University (US)
Corresponding author: Malekinejad, Mohsen
ORCID: Malekinejad, Mohsen
Johnston, Lisa Grazina
Kendall, Carl
Rutherford, George W.
Venue: AIDS and Behavior
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2008-06-17
Volume: 12
Issue: S1
Pages: 105-130
ISSN: 1090-7165 (ISSN-L)
1573-3254
DOI: 10.1007/s10461-008-9421-1
OpenAlex: W2123624310
Cited by: 433
References: 36
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 43 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 37
FWCI: 3.20
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: AIDS and Behavior (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: World Health Organization
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Survey Sampling and Estimation Techniques
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
Keywords: respondent-driven sampling, HIV surveillance, most-at-risk populations, people who inject drugs, sex workers, recruitment, HIV behavioral surveillance
MeSH terms: Data Collection, Female, Humans, Male, Population Surveillance, Risk-Taking, Sampling Studies, Sexual Behavior, HIV Infections, Internationality

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Using Respondent-Driven Sampling Methodology for HIV Biological and Behavioral Surveillance in International Settings: A Systematic Review

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