Clearance of apoptotic corpses
Abstract
Apoptotic corpses can be engulfed and cleared by many other cell types in addition to 'professional' phagocytes such as macrophage. Studies of several organisms have contributed to the understanding of apoptotic corpse engulfment. Two partially redundant engulfment pathways have been characterized that act even in non-professional phagocytes to promote corpse engulfment. This review summarizes some recent progress in signaling by these pathways, including the exposure of eat-me-signals on apoptotic cells, and insights from Drosophila on the roles of the bridging receptor Six Microns Under, the non-receptor tyrosine kinase Shark, and store-operated calcium release in the Draper/Ced-1 pathway of corpse recognition and internalization. The mechanism of apoptotic phagosome maturation is outlined, and possible connections between corpse engulfment and proliferation, cell competition, and immunity are discussed.
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Apoptotic cells release 'find me' and expose 'eat me' signals such as PS, lysoPS, cardiolipin, calreticulin, CD31, fractalkine, and small amounts of nucleotides, which are recognized by phagocytes promoting efferocytosis.
“Apoptotic cells release ‘find me’ and expose ‘eat me’ signals such as PS, lysoPS, cardiolipin, calreticulin, and CD31, as well as the chemokine fractalkine (CX3CL1 as recognized by CX3CR1) and small amounts of nucleotides (ATP, UTP). These ligands are recognized by phagocytes promoting efferocytosis (131, 132).”
From Macrophage defense mechanisms against intracellular bacteria (2015) · cites this paper as [131]
Both signaling pathways governing apoptotic cell removal converge in activation of Rho GTPases such as Rac1 to promote actin polymerization, membrane ruffling, and phagocytosis.
“Both pathways finally converge in the activation of Rho GTPases such as Rac1 to promote actin polymerization, membrane ruffling, and phagocytosis (131, 132).”
From Macrophage defense mechanisms against intracellular bacteria (2015) · cites this paper as [131]
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- Authors
- Fullard, J. F., Kale, A., & Baker, N. E.
- Affiliations
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Baker, Nicholas E.
- Venue
- Apoptosis
- Published
- 2009-03-17
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1029-1037
- ISSN
- 1360-8185 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-675X
- OpenAlex
- W2050288158
- Cited by
- 46
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 3.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- APOPTOSIS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM061230)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Phagocytosis and Immune Regulation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cell death mechanisms and regulation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Autophagy in Disease and Therapy
- Keywords
- phagocytosis, eat-me signals, non-professional phagocytes, cell competition, Drosophila
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Immune System, Phagocytosis, Phagosomes, Signal Transduction, Apoptosis
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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