European Union legislation on macroalgae products
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Abstract Macroalgae-based products are increasing in demand also in Europe. In the European Union, each category of macroalgae-based products is regulated separately. We discuss EU legislation, including the law on medicinal products, foods including food supplements and food additives, feed and feed additives, cosmetics, packaging materials, fertilizers and biostimulants, as well as biofuels. Product safety and consumer protection are the priorities with any new products. Macroalgae products can be sold as traditional herbal medicines. The novel food regulation applies to macroalgae foods that have not previously been used as food, and organic macroalgae are a specific regulatory category. The maximum levels of heavy metals may be a barrier for macroalgae foods, feeds, and fertilizers. Getting health claims approved for foods based on macroalgae is demanding. In addition to the rules on products, the macroalgae business is strongly impacted by the elements of the general regulatory environment such as agricultural/aquacultural subsidies, maritime spatial planning and aquaculture licensing, public procurement criteria, tax schemes, and trade agreements.
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Fucoidan-derived products have gained regulatory approval in several global jurisdictions; the FDA approved fucoidan extracts from U. pinnatifida and F. vesiculosus by Marinova as GRAS; the European Commission approved fucoidan extracts from the same species as a novel food; Canada and Australia approved numerous listed fucoidan-containing medicines; fucoidan was approved for oral consumption up,
“Fucoidan-derived products have gained regulatory approval in several global jurisdictions. The United States Food and Drug Administration has approved fucoidan extracts from Undaria pinnatifida and F. vesiculosus by the Australian manufacturer Marinova as “Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS)”. The European Commission approved fucoidan extracts from the same species as a novel food [101];”
From A Review on Fucoidan Structure, Extraction Techniques, and Its Role as an Immunomodulatory Agent (2022) · cites this paper as [101]
The European Union has approved Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Chlorella luteoviridis, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Chlorella vulgaris, Odontella aurita, and Tetraselmis chuii as foods or food ingredients under the Novel Food Catalogue.
“The European Union has approved Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Chlorella luteoviridis, Chlorella pyrenoidosa, Chlorella vulgaris, Odontella aurita, and Tetraselmis chuii as foods or food ingredients under the Novel Food Catalogue (Lähteenmäki-Uutela et al., 2021).”
From Potential of microalgae as a sustainable feed ingredient for aquaculture (2021) · cites this paper as Lähteenmäki-Uutela et al., 2021
The European Union ratified algal oil and meals as salmon feed for commercial purposes in 2017.
“The European Union ratified algal oil and meals as salmon feed for commercial purposes in 2017 (Lähteenmäki-Uutela et al., 2021).”
From Potential of microalgae as a sustainable feed ingredient for aquaculture (2021) · cites this paper as Lähteenmäki-Uutela et al., 2021
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- Authors
- Lähteenmäki-Uutela, A., Rahikainen, M., Camarena-Gómez, M. T., Piiparinen, J., Spilling, K., & Yang, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Turku (FI)
- Finnish Environment Institute (FI)
- University of Agder (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Rahikainen, Moona
- Piiparinen, Jonna
- Spilling, Kristian
- Yang, Baoru
- Venue
- Aquaculture International
- Published
- 2021-01-20
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 487-509
- ISSN
- 0967-6120 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-143X
- OpenAlex
- W3124226504
- Cited by
- 161
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 22
- FWCI
- 16.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Aquaculture International (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- UTUPub (University of Turku) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UTUPub (University of Turku) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Interreg
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Agricultural safety and regulations
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Industry and Aquatic Biology
- Keywords
- European Union law, novel food regulation, dietary supplements, feed additives, medicinal products, cosmetics, packaging materials, fertilizers, biostimulants, biofuels, health claims, aquaculture licensing, marine spatial planning, agricultural subsidies, public procurement, trade agreements
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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