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Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents with Autistic Spectrum Disorders: A Meta-Analysis
Open accessAbstract
There is considerable evidence that children and adolescents with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) are at increased risk of anxiety and anxiety disorders. However, it is less clear which of the specific DSM-IV anxiety disorders occur most in this population. The present study used meta-analytic techniques to help clarify this issue. A systematic review of the literature identified 31 studies involving 2,121 young people (aged <18 years) with ASD, and where the presence of anxiety disorder was assessed using standardized questionnaires or diagnostic interviews. Across studies, 39.6% of young people with ASD had at least one comorbid DSM-IV anxiety disorder, the most frequent being specific phobia (29.8%) followed by OCD (17.4%) and social anxiety disorder (16.6%). Associations were found between the specific anxiety disorders and ASD subtype, age, IQ, and assessment method (questionnaire versus interview). Implications for the identification and treatment of anxiety in young people with ASD are discussed.
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“Specific phobia (29%), obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) (17.4%), and social anxiety disorder (16.6%) were the three most commonly observed anxiety disorders in ASD youth [94].”
From Pharmacological treatment in autism: a proposal for guidelines on common co-occurring psychiatric symptoms (2025) · cites this paper as [94]
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“Approximately 20% of children under 6 years and 40% of children ages 6 to 18 years with ASD have one or more anxiety disorders [45, 47].”
From DINOSAUR: an integrated cognitive-behavioral treatment for anxiety in young children with ASD (2021) · cites this paper as [45]
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“Although prevalence estimates vary across studies, the current consensus is that 40%–50% of autistic individuals meet formal criteria for a co-occurring anxiety disorder (Buck et al., 2014; Van Steensel et al., 2011)”
From Self-guided mindfulness and cognitive behavioural practices reduce anxiety in autistic adults: A pilot 8-month waitlist-controlled trial of widely available online tools. (2020) · cites this paper as Van Steensel et al., 2011
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“Like ADHD, these other diagnoses are now recognized to occur commonly in individuals with ASD, including lifetime estimates for depression as high as 25% (Leyfer et al. 2006) and anxiety as high as 35% (van Steensel et al. 2011).”
From Recent Advances in Autism Research as Reflected in DSM-5 Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder (2015) · cites this paper as van Steensel et al. 2011
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“According to a meta-analysis, 39.6% of youth with ASD have at least one co-occurring anxiety disorder based on the DSM-IV criteria [71, 94].”
From Pharmacological treatment in autism: a proposal for guidelines on common co-occurring psychiatric symptoms (2025) · cites this paper as [94]
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Cites
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Result
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Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 1,002
Roth, M. E., & Gillis, J. L. (2014) · Sexuality and Disability · doi:10.1007/s11195-014-9392-2 · Cited by 65
Tryptophan status in autism spectrum disorder and the influence of supplementation on its level
Kałużna‐Czaplińska, J., Jóźwik-Pruska, J., Chirumbolo, S., & Bjørklund, G. (2017) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-017-0045-x · Cited by 67
“…disturbances, immune dysregulation, metabolic disorders, anxiety attacks, impaired communication and social interaction are just some of the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (Volkmar et al. 2005; Kanne et al. 2009; van Steensel et al. 2011; Vriend et al. 2011; Frye and Rossignol 2012).”
BackgroundAnxiety-related symptomatology in young children on the autism spectrum
Keen, D., Adams, D., Simpson, K., den Houting, J., & Roberts, J. (2017) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361317734692 · Cited by 69
“This is evident in a meta-analysis of anxiety disorders in children on the autism spectrum conducted by van Steensel et al. (2011).”
InfluentialDeveloping and evaluating a BCI video game for neurofeedback training: the case of autism
Mercado, J., Espinosa‐Curiel, I. E., Escobedo, L., & Tentori, M. E. (2018) · Multimedia Tools and Applications · doi:10.1007/s11042-018-6916-2 · Cited by 68
“As anxiety is a prevalent symptom in most children with autism [78]; it ideally, should be managed before the sessions start and between activity phases.”
BackgroundRussell, K. M., Frost, K. M., & Ingersoll, B. R. (2019) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2019.03.006 · Cited by 71
Gaigg, S. B., Flaxman, P. E., McLaven, G., Shah, R., Bowler, D. M., Meyer, B., Roestorf, A., Haenschel, C., Rodgers, J., & South, M. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320909184 · Cited by 80
“…studies, the current consensus is that 40%–50% of autistic individuals meet formal criteria for a co-occurring anxiety disorder (Buck et al., 2014; Van Steensel et al., 2011) compared to 10%–15% in the general population (Bandelow & Michaelis, 2015; Kessler et al., 2012; Wittchen et al., 2011).”
BackgroundComparing stress and arousal systems in response to different social contexts in children with ASD
Corbett, B. A., Muscatello, R. A., & Baldinger, C. (2018) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.12.010 · Cited by 65
Autism Spectrum Traits in Children with Anxiety Disorders
van Steensel, F. J. A., Bögels, S. M., & Wood, J. J. (2012) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1575-z · Cited by 64
“In sum, research so far has found (a) high prevalence rates of anxiety disorders in children with ASD (e.g., van Steensel et al. 2011), (b) several similarities (and differences) between children with ASD and children with anxiety disorders with respect to the DSM-IV-TR-criteria of autistic…”
Self-citationPriorities for Advancing Research on Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Co-occurring Anxiety
Vasa, R. A., Keefer, A. J., Reaven, J., South, M., & White, S. W. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3320-0 · Cited by 64
Evaluation of a Transition to University Programme for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Lei, J., Calley, S., Brosnan, M., Ashwin, C., & Russell, A. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3776-6 · Cited by 70
Iversen, R. K., & Lewis, C. N. (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2468 · Cited by 71
Petrenko, C. L. M. (2013) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-013-9336-2 · Cited by 69
“For example, research with individuals with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities or autism spectrum disorders have found lower IQ scores to predict higher levels of internalizing behavior problems (Koskentausta et al. 2007; Mitchell and Hauser-Cram 2009; van Steensel et al. 2011).”
Parent and teacher reports of comorbid anxiety and ADHD symptoms in children with ASD
Llanes, E., Blacher, J., Stavropoulos, K., & Eisenhower, A. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3701-z · Cited by 60
Understanding, recognising and treating co-occurring anxiety in autism
Rodgers, J., & Ofield, A. (2018) · Current Developmental Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s40474-018-0132-7 · Cited by 62
“Hadwin and Kovshoff [36] reported promising results following randomised controlled trials of Attwood’s (2004) Exploring Feelings CBT programme for anxiety in autistic”
BackgroundBaribeau, D. A., Vigod, S. N., Pullenayegum, E., Kerns, C. M., Mirenda, P., Smith, I. M., Vaillancourt, T., Volden, J., Waddell, C., Zwaigenbaum, L., et al. (2020) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2020.127 · Cited by 74
The Impact of Anxiety in Children on the Autism Spectrum
Adams, D., & Emerson, L. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04673-3 · Cited by 62
Anxiety and aggression in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders attending mainstream schools
Ambler, P. G., Eidels, A., & Gregory, C. (2015) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2015.07.005 · Cited by 75
Klusek, J., Martin, G. E., & Losh, M. C. (2013) · American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1352/1944.7558-118.6.475 · Cited by 72
Glod, M., Creswell, C., Waite, P., Jamieson, R., McConachie, H., South, M., & Rodgers, J. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3118-0 · Cited by 68
Hsieh, K., Scott, H. M., & Murthy, S. (2019) · American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1352/1944-7558-125.1.49 · Cited by 66
Examining associations between anxiety and cortisol in high functioning male children with autism
Simon, D. M., & Corbett, B. A. (2013) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/1866-1955-5-32 · Cited by 59
“factor not only in the prevalence of anxiety but also the type of anxiety present [2].”
BackgroundClinical characteristics of high-functioning youth with autism spectrum disorder and anxiety
Ung, D., Wood, J. J., Ehrenreich, J. T., Arnold, E. B., Fujii, C., Renno, P., Murphy, T. K., Lewin, A. B., Mutch, P. J., & Storch, E. A. (2013) · Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.2217/npy.13.9 · Cited by 64
Magiati, I., Lerh, J. W., Hollocks, M. J., Uljarević, M., Rodgers, J., McConachie, H., Ozsivadjian, A., South, M., Hecke, A. V. V., Hardan, A. Y., et al. (2017) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1809 · Cited by 62
McMorris, C. A., Baraskewich, J., Ames, M. E., Shaikh, K. T., Ncube, B. L., & Bebko, J. M. (2018) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-018-9988-3 · Cited by 67
“A recent meta-analysis suggests approximately 40% of youth with ASD meet criteria for an anxiety disorder (van Steensel et al. 2011), which is consistent with the adult literature (Russell et al. 2015).”
ResultPolygenic risk score and heritability estimates reveals a genetic relationship between ASD and OCD
Guo, W., Samuels, J. F., Wang, Y., Cao, H., Ritter, M., Nestadt, P. S., Krasnow, J., Greenberg, B. D., Fyer, A. J., McCracken, J. T., et al. (2017) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.03.011 · Cited by 59
“%) to autism (van Steensel et al., 2011).”
BackgroundClarke, C., Hill, V., & Charman, T. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2801-x · Cited by 59
“…likely to have comorbid social anxiety disorders than typically developing peers, with a metaanalysis reporting 40 % of children with autism presenting with an anxiety disorder (van Steensel et al. 2010), with the level of social anxiety correlating with the child’s feelings of social isolation.”
BackgroundArmstrong, K. H., DeLoatche, K. J., Preece, K. K., & Agazzi, H. C. (2014) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650114531451 · Cited by 61
Schiltz, H. K., Magnus, B. E., McVey, A. J., Haendel, A. D., Dolan, B. K., Stanley, R. E., Willar, K. S., Pleiss, S. S., Carson, A. M., Carlson, M., et al. (2019) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191119851563 · Cited by 59
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“One particularly interesting thing is that anxiety is also common emotional comorbidity in many diseases, such as ASDs, chronic pain, and stress states (Guo et al., 2018; Mosaffa et al., 2021; van Steensel et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMaïano, C., Coutu, S., Tracey, D., Bouchard, S., Lepage, G., Morin, A. J. S., & Moullec, G. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.029 · Cited by 59
Anxiety and intellectual functioning in autistic children: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Mingins, J. E., Tarver, J., Waite, J., Jones, C. A., & Surtees, A. D. R. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320953253 · Cited by 65
“Conversely, other studies have suggested that low IQ may be associated with more difficulties with anxiety in autistic children (Rosenberg et al., 2011; van Steensel et al., 2011).”
BackgroundBerry, K., Russell, K. M., & Frost, K. M. (2018) · Current Developmental Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s40474-018-0139-0 · Cited by 72
Kinast, K., Peeters, D., Kolk, S. M., Schubert, D., & Homberg, J. R. (2013) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2013.00072 · Cited by 57
Maskey, M., Rodgers, J., Ingham, B., Freeston, M., Evans, G., Labus, M., & Parr, J. R. (2019) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2018.0019 · Cited by 62
“Introduction People on the autism spectrum frequently have coexisting conditions,(1) including mental health difficulties.(2) Around 50% of adults on the autism spectrum experience levels of anxiety that affect everyday life, highlighting the need for effective treatments.”
BackgroundStavropoulos, K. K. M., Bolourian, Y., & Blacher, J. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm7040071 · Cited by 57
“Of note, in a large meta-analysis of studies on comorbid anxiety disorders in ASD [7], only two out of 86 provided data related to PTSD.”
BackgroundPellecchia, M., Connell, J. E., Kerns, C. M., Xie, M., Marcus, S. C., & Mandell, D. S. (2016) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361315577518 · Cited by 57
“A metaanalysis found that almost 40% of youth with ASD met criteria for at least one DSM-IV anxiety disorder, with 17% meeting criteria for social phobia (van Steensel et al., 2011).”
Barrett, C., Hennessey, T., Gordon, K. M., Ryan, S. J., McNair, M. L., Ressler, K. J., & Rainnie, D. G. (2017) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-017-0160-x · Cited by 60
“Comorbid anxiety disorders [36, 37] Reduced open field exploration in females Enhanced baseline startle amplitude in males”
BackgroundInsula-Retrosplenial Cortex Overconnectivity Increases Internalizing via Reduced Insight in Autism
Hogeveen, J., Krug, M. K., Elliott, M., & Solomon, M. (2018) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.01.015 · Cited by 57
MacLennan, K., Rossow, T., & Tavassoli, T. (2021) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613211016110 · Cited by 63
Hollocks, M. J., Leno, V. C., Chandler, S., White, P., Yorke, I., Charman, T., Pickles, A., Baird, G., & Simonoff, E. (2023) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-022-02065-9 · Cited by 56
“6%), even when compared to previous studies that have identified OCD as a prominent issue in autism [32], although it should be noted that rates of OCD of up to 37% have been reported [33].”
ResultToll-like receptor-4 regulates anxiety-like behavior and DARPP-32 phosphorylation
Femenía, T., Qian, Y., Arentsen, T., Forssberg, H., & Heijtz, R. D. (2017) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2017.11.022 · Cited by 56
Sagar-Ouriaghli, I., Lievesley, K., & Santosh, P. (2018) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881118756245 · Cited by 56
“Other studies suggest that anxiety disorders and/or heightened aggression occur in 40% and 56% of children and adolescents with ASD, respectively (Kanne and Mazurek, 2011; van Steensel et al., 2011).”
BackgroundExploring the nature of anxiety in young adults on the autism spectrum: A qualitative study
Halim, A. T., Richdale, A. L., & Uljarević, M. (2018) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2018.07.006 · Cited by 58
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“One notable exception is the rate of anxiety, which is substantively lower than in previous studies (Salazar et al., 2015; Simonoff et al., 2008; Van Steensel et al., 2011).”
ResultRichdale, A. L., & Baglin, C. L. (2013) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3109/17518423.2013.829534 · Cited by 59
“6% of those with ASD under 18 years had one or more comorbid DSM-IV anxiety disorders [12], and anxiety is reported to be common regardless of age, IQ or severity of ASD symptoms [11].”
BackgroundIp, H. H. S., Wong, S. W. L., Chan, D. F. Y., Byrne, J., Li, C., Yuan, V. S. N., Lau, K. S.-Y., & Wong, J. Y. W. (2016) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-41165-1_9 · Cited by 57
den Houting, J., Adams, D., Roberts, J., & Keen, D. (2018) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2018.03.005 · Cited by 55
Emotional Expressivity in Toddlers With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Macari, S. L., DiNicola, L. M., Kane‐Grade, F., Prince, E. B., Vernetti, A., Powell, K. K., Fontenelle, S., & Chawarska, K. (2018) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.07.872 · Cited by 55
Classification of Anxiety Disorders using Machine Learning Methods: A Literature Review
Muhammad, A., Ashjan, B., Ghufran, M., Taghreed, S., Nada, A., Nada, A., & Maryam, A. (2020) · Insights of Biomedical Research · doi:10.36959/584/455 · Cited by 56
“The presence of autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) in children and adolescents are at higher risk of anxiety disorders [18].”
BackgroundDell’Osso, L., Cremone, I. M., Nardi, B., Tognini, V., Castellani, L., Perrone, P., Amatori, G., & Carpita, B. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13060862 · Cited by 61
Gutiérrez, M. D. L. I., & Olivar, J.-S. (2015) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1155/2015/127853 · Cited by 67
An investigation of anxiety in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder
Williams, S., Leader, G., Mannion, A., & Chen, J. (2014) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2014.10.017 · Cited by 55
“…with ASD have been found to meet diagnostic criteria for at least one anxiety disorder (de Bruin, Ferdinand, Meester, de Nijs, & Verheij, 2007), while a meta-analysis by van Steensel, Bogels, and Perrin (2011) indicated that 40% of children and adolescents have at least one anxiety disorder.”
Cope, E. C., Briones, B. A., Brockett, A. T., Martinez, S., Vigneron, P.-A., Opendak, M. M., Wang, S. S. ‐., & Gould, E. (2016) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0196-16.2016 · Cited by 57
“Since ASD has high comorbidity with anxiety disorders (Simonoff et al., 2008; van Steensel et al., 2011), reduced numbers of new neurons may contribute to increased anxiety.”
BackgroundThe Need for Objective Measures of Stress in Autism
Hufnagel, C., Chambres, P., Bertrand, P., & Dutheil, F. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00064 · Cited by 54
“Being in a laboratory is a challenging task by itself for people with autism spectrum disorder, and can generate hyper-reactivity of the autonomic nervous system (van Steensel et al., 2011; Jurko et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMast Cells, Stress, Fear and Autism Spectrum Disorder
Theoharides, T. C., Kavalioti, M., & Tsilioni, I. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20153611 · Cited by 60
“A meta-analysis showed a significant association between the presence of anxiety disorders and ASD [170].”
BackgroundSimmons, D. H., Titley, H. K., Hansel, C., & Mason, P. (2020) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.010 · Cited by 57
Emotion regulation: A treatment target for autism spectrum disorder
Reyes, N. M., Pickard, K., & Reaven, J. (2019) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.2019.83.3.205 · Cited by 53
The Treatment of Anxiety in Autism Spectrum Disorder (TAASD) Study: Rationale, Design and Methods
Kerns, C. M., Wood, J. J., Kendall, P. C., Renno, P., Crawford, E. A., Mercado, R. J., Fujii, C., Collier, A. B., Hoff, A. L., Kagan, E. R., et al. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0372-2 · Cited by 53
“Prevalence estimates vary according to study recruitment, sampling and assessment methods (i.e., questionnaire versus interview, informant versus self-report) and range from 11–84 % across studies (Van Steensel et al. 2011; White et al. 2009).”
InfluentialUtility of the CBCL DSM-oriented scales in assessing emotional disorders in youth with autism
Magyar, C. I., & Pandolfi, V. (2017) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2017.01.009 · Cited by 55
Eussen, M. L., Van Gool, A. R., Verheij, F., De Nijs, P. F., Verhulst, F. C., & Greaves-Lord, K. (2013) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361312453882 · Cited by 68
“Since the relation between IQ and anxiety levels might be quadratic instead of linear (Van Steensel et al., 2011), we also tested whether anxiety levels differed between children with an IQ below 70, between 70 and 87 or above 87.”
BackgroundInfluentialHanrahan, R., Smith, E., Johnson, H., Constantin, A., & Brosnan, M. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04490-8 · Cited by 52
Employment and Living with Autism: Personal, Social and Economic Impact
Hedley, D., Uljarević, M., & Hedley, D. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55224-8_19 · Cited by 55
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“The number of autistic young people with a diagnosable anxiety disorder is approximately double when compared to the general population (Beesdo et al., 2009; van Steensel et al., 2011).”
BackgroundAutistic traits influence gaze-oriented attention to happy but not fearful faces
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“It is also estimated that 40% of ASD patients have at least one anxiety disorder (van Steensel et al., 2011).”
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“In association with ASD core symptoms, autistic subjects commonly exhibit other associated features generating a variety of comorbidity traits including epilepsy (with 30% of prevalence) (Levy et al. 2010; Fassio et al. 2011; van Steensel et al. 2011; Woolfenden et al. 2012; Gilby and O’Brien 2013).”
BackgroundGray space and green space proximity associated with higher anxiety in youth with autism
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Metadata
- Authors
- van Steensel, F. J. A., Bögels, S. M., & Perrin, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- King's College London (GB)
- Venue
- Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review
- Published
- 2011-07-07
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 302-317
- ISSN
- 1096-4037 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2827
- PMC
- PMC3162631
- OpenAlex
- W2138006810
- Cited by
- 1,463
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 147 · 2025: 105 · 2024: 94 · 2023: 109 · 2022: 134 · 2021: 137 · 2020: 138 · 2019: 112 · 2018: 107 · 2017: 94 · 2016: 83 · 2015: 70 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 52 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 3.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, anxiety disorders, comorbidities, children and adolescents, specific phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social anxiety disorder, ASD subtypes, IQ
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anxiety Disorders, Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Child, Preschool, Humans, Intelligence, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Phobic Disorders, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Databases, Bibliographic
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