Exploring the nature of anxiety in young adults on the autism spectrum: A qualitative study
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Using thematic analysis in psychology
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006) · Qualitative Research in Psychology · doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa · Cited by 194,414 · see citing works
Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents with Autistic Spectrum Disorders: A Meta-Analysis
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Anxiety in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders
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Psychiatric and psychosocial problems in adults with normal-intelligence autism spectrum disorders
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Social Skill Deficits and Anxiety in High-Functioning Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorders
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Exploring the nature and function of anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorders.
Wood, J. J., & Gadow, K. D. (2010) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2010.01220.x · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Traditional and atypical presentations of anxiety in youth with autism spectrum disorder
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Emotion regulation in autism spectrum disorder: Where we are and where we need to go
Cai, R. Y., Richdale, A. L., Uljarević, M., Dissanayake, C., & Samson, A. C. (2018) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1968 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Self-citationDevelopment of the anxiety scale for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASC‐ASD)
Rodgers, J., Wigham, S., McConachie, H., Freeston, M., Honey, E., & Parr, J. R. (2016) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1603 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Sensory, emotional and cognitive contributions to anxiety in autism spectrum disorders
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A lifespan view of anxiety disorders
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The Experience of Anxiety in Young Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Trembath, D., Germano, C., Johanson, G., & Dissanayake, C. (2012) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/1088357612454916 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Anxiety symptoms across the lifespan in people diagnosed with Autistic Disorder
Davis, T. E., Hess, J. A., Moree, B. N., Fodstad, J. C., Dempsey, T., Jenkins, W. S., & Matson, J. L. (2011) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2010.02.006 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
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Self-citationUnusual fears in children with autism
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Self-citationHandbook of Autism and Anxiety
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Anxiety and Depression from Adolescence to Old Age in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Uljarević, M., Hedley, D., Foley, K., Magiati, I., Cai, R. Y., Dissanayake, C., Richdale, A. L., & Trollor, J. N. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04084-z · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“In addition, issues around difficulties in assessing both anxiety and depression in ASD need to be considered, both in terms atypical symptom presentation that might be missed by clinicians and other informants, and tendency to interpret symptoms of anxiety and depression as manifestations of core ASD symptomatology (…”
BackgroundSelf-citationA conceptual model of risk and protective factors for autistic burnout
Mantzalas, J., Richdale, A. L., & Dissanayake, C. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2722 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationKerr‐Gaffney, J., Halls, D., Harrison, A., & Tchanturia, K. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00401 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“It has been hypothesized that some of the core symptoms of ASD may increase the risk of developing social anxiety (78, 79).”
BackgroundSocial anxiety in adults with autism: a qualitative study
Spain, D., Yarar, E., & Happe, F. G. E. (2020) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2020.1803669 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Moreover, avoidance has been described as the prevailing coping strategy by adults with autism and general anxiety (Halim et al., 2018; Robertson et al., 2018; Trembath et al., 2012).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialUljarević, M., Jo, B., Frazier, T., Scahill, L., Youngstrom, E., & Hardan, A. (2021) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-021-00419-9 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Moreover, the positive association between anxiety and externalizing problems with IS reported here is also consistent with other studies [31, 62].”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationWilliams, K. L., Campi, E., & Baranek, G. T. (2021) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2021.101763 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Muniandy, M., Richdale, A. L., Arnold, S. R. C., Trollor, J. N., & Lawson, L. P. (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2564 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationAsbury, K., & Toseeb, U. (2022) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613221086997 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Autistic children and young people have been found to experience anxiety in both similar and different ways to those without autism, and for that anxiety to be triggered and moderated by different factors (Halim et al., 2018; Wood & Gadow, 2010).”
BackgroundResultAssociations between coping strategies and mental health outcomes in autistic adults
Muniandy, M., Richdale, A. L., Arnold, S. R. C., Trollor, J. N., & Lawson, L. P. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2694 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Autistic individuals may disengage or remove themselves from stressful situations to avoid further input, stimulation (Halim et al., 2018) or sensory overload (Crane et al., 2009).”
BackgroundSelf-citationO'Connor, R. A. G., Doherty, M., Ryan-Enright, T., & Gaynor, K. (2023) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613231215026 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“…present review highlighted participants’ reported ease of communication with other autistic people, as well as supportive friendships and groups within the autistic community, which benefitted their well-being and mental health (e.g. Cook et al., 2021a; Halim et al., 2018; Robertson et al., 2018).”
BackgroundLung, S. L. M., Picard, È., Soulières, I., & Bertone, A. (2024) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102458 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Coping‐resilience profiles and experiences of stress in autistic adults
Muniandy, M., Richdale, A. L., & Lawson, L. P. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2817 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationWilson, A. C., & Gullon-Scott, F. (2024) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613241251513 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“An autism-specific presentation of social anxiety has been proposed to involve distress in social situations without the fears of negative evaluation that are key to DSM and ICD diagnostic criteria for social anxiety disorder (Halim et al., 2018; Hunsche et al., 2022; Kerns et al., 2014).”
BackgroundDavis, A., Smith, E., Yang, X., & Wright, R. (2024) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-024-00624-7 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“While anxiety is a prevalent comorbidity among the general population with autism, anxiety experienced by the Black population with autism is understudied (Halim et al., 2018; Vasa et al., 2018).”
Social Anxiety in Autistic People: Does the Clark and Wells Model fit?
Wilson, A. C., & Gullon-Scott, F. (2023) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-023-06108-1 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Qualitative studies indicate that some autistic adults may experience similar anxiety (Halim et al., 2018; Robertson et al., 2018; Spain et al., 2020).”
BackgroundPsychiatric Characteristics Across Individuals With PTEN Mutations
Steele, M., Uljarević, M., Rached, G., Frazier, T. W., Phillips, J. M., Libove, R. A., Busch, R. M., Klaas, P., Martínez-Agosto, J. A., Srivastava, S., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.672070 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationHabituation of auditory responses in young autistic and neurotypical children
Dwyer, P. S. R., Williams, Z. J., Vukušić, S., Saron, C. D., & Rivera, S. M. (2023) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.3022 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Furthermore, autistic people often experience sensory anxieties (Halim et al., 2018; Kerns et al., 2014; Lau et al., 2020), and anxiety is associated with attentional vigilance towards potentially threatening stimuli (Eysenck et al., 2007).”
BackgroundWhat Are You Worried About? Content and Extent of Worry in Autistic Adults
Black, M. H., Greenwood, D. L., Hwa, J. C. C., Pivac, J., Tang, J., & Clarke, P. J. F. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-023-05963-2 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“This estimation was based on qualitative interviews conducted in similar areas (Cheak-Zamora & Odunleye, 2022; Halim et al., 2018; Spain et al., 2020).”
MethodAller, T. B., Barrett, T. S., Levin, M. E., & McClain, M. B. (2022) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2022.09.001 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Adams, L., Simonoff, E., Tierney, K., Hollocks, M., Brewster, A., Watson, J., & Valmaggia, L. (2022) · Design for Health · doi:10.1080/24735132.2022.2062151 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Aller, T. B., Kelley, H. H., Barrett, T. S., Covington, B. P., Levin, M. E., & McClain, M. B. (2024) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1089/aut.2023.0143 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“This might be in part due to autistic adults’ higher baseline presentations of anxiety 16 and unique non-DSM-5 related ways anxiety is expressed among autistic adults, 17 which may lead to a lack of sensitivity in our measures of how anxiety and stress impact SWL for autistic adults.”
Simpson, K., Adams, D., Ambrose, K., & Keen, D. (2021) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103940 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Elucidating the presentation and identification of PTSD in autistic adults: a modified Delphi study
Rumball, F., Parker, R., Madigan, A., Happé, F., & Spain, D. (2023) · Advances in Autism · doi:10.1108/aia-08-2023-0053 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Kidd, T. M., Rooney, R. M., Mazzucchelli, T. G., Tonta, K. E., Peckover, J., & Kane, R. T. (2024) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102335 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Experiences of interoception and anxiety in autistic adolescents: A reflexive thematic analysis
Kiera, A., Jonahs, S., Mary, B., Geoffrey, B., & Polly, W. (2025) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613251314595 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…in triggering anxiety identified here aligns with initial quantitative findings in neurotypical adults (Paulus, 2013; Taylor et al., 1991), as well as qualitative reports from autistic adults (Halim et al., 2018; Trembath et al., 2012) and autistic adolescent girls (Jackson et al., 2022).”
Kirsch, L., Evans, T. C., Fry, R., Campbell, A. C., & Degutis, J. M. (2024) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acae074 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Beyond Common Reassurances of “It’s OK”—The Reality of Anxiety in Autism
Srinivasan, H. (2025) · Autism in Adulthood · doi:10.1177/25739581251366856 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Jolliffe, R., Adams, D., & Simpson, K. (2023) · Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2023.102254 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Co-designed yoga nidra targeting anxiety in autistic children: A mixed methods feasibility study
Loftus, T., Yau, S. H., Soares, S., Byrne, J., & Mathersul, D. C. (2026) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2026.105367 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of Autistic Adults' Experiences of Anxiety From a Qualitative Perspective.
Silva, A. B. D., Berry, E., Craig, S., & Doumas, M. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-07025-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Gathering autistic adults’ visual experiences to inform adaptations: a qualitative interview study
Rattray, F., Ruane, M., Saliko, N., Absoud, M., & Happé, F. (2025) · Disability & Society · doi:10.1080/09687599.2025.2498415 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Sensory hypersensitivity is reported to contribute to anxiety, ‘meltdowns’ or ‘shutdowns’ in autistic females and to be a prime risk factor for autistic burn-out (Belek 2019; Halim, Richdale, and Uljarević 2018; Milner et al. 2019).”
Trends in research related to anxiety disorders on the autism spectrum: a bibliometric study
Uribe-Bahamonde, Y. E., Fernández-Blanco, A., Spencer-Contreras, R., & Hernández-González, O. (2024) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2023.2283649 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Roberts-Davis, R. J., Happé, F. G., & Lau-Zhu, A. (2026) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613261455375 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“This is in line with previous theories (Boulter et al., 2014), quantitative (Jenkinson et al., 2020) and qualitative research (Halim et al., 2018; Robertson et al., 2018; Trembath et al., 2012).”
Teacher perspectives on the signs and helpful strategies for anxiety in autistic students
Adams, D., & Simpson, K. (2026) · The Educational and Developmental Psychologist · doi:10.1080/20590776.2026.2631394 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Over the past decade, a growing body of qualitative research has deepened understanding of how anxiety presents and is experienced by autistic young people, using self-reports as well as reports from parents and autistic adults (e.g., Halim et al., 2018).”
Krishnan, S. G., & Orsmond, G. I. (2025) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.reia.2025.202717 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mournet, A. M., Lampinen, L. A., Pepa, L., Kukaj, G., Chu, B. C., & Bal, V. H. (2025) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-025-07028-y · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kazzi, C., Campbell, L., & Porter, M. (2023) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-023-00371-9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…phobias (e.g., fears of loud noises, mechanical objects, and toilets) and/or atypical coping strategies (e.g., repetitive self-injurious behaviours, withdrawal, and externalising behaviours; Halim et al., 2018; Kerns et al., 2014), which may not be adequately addressed with standard interventions.”
Autism Spectrum Addendum to the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule-Parent Interview
Kerns, C. (2020) · Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_102305-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Anxiety and Depression from Adolescence to Old Age in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Uljarević, M., Hedley, D., Cai, R., Hardan, A., & South, M. (2020) · Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6435-8_102432-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, Y., Sung, J. Y., Reynolds, K., Schleider, J. L., & Risser, H. J. (2026) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-026-02058-8
Callen-Davies, J., Zohhadi, S., & Gregson, N. (2026) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/15346501261446311
“These include areas of particular relevance to IAD, such as sensory hypersensitivity, elevated intolerance of uncertainty, and ‘ somatic anxiety ’ – wherein physiological anxiety sensations are experienced either before, or in absence of, anxious cognition (Halim et al., 2018).”
Chawner, S., Chetcuti, L., Spackman, E. K., & Uljarević, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1602131
Self-citationAdapting Measures of Anxiety and Mood Disorders for Use with Autistic Adults: A Systematic Review
Wilkinson, E., Brewe, A. M., Hastings, R., Jahoda, A. E., White, S. W., & Bal, V. (2026) · Current Developmental Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s40474-026-00348-3
“For instance, autistic people have described their anxiety as a fear of consequences when they don’t understand a social interaction, or unease caused by not understanding others’ intentions [11, 12].”
Losh, A., Middleton, C., Pickard, K. E., Meyer, A. T., Hayutin, L., Reyes, N., Blakeley-Smith, A., Boles, R., & Reaven, J. (2026) · Contemporary School Psychology · doi:10.1007/s40688-026-00586-7
Kishira, H., & Sasaki, G. (2025) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2025.2562160
“Autistic students are frequently enrolled in higher education institutions, both face-to-face and remote (Davis et al., 2021; Reavley & Jorm, 2010), and often face high anxiety and stress in universities designed with neurotypical students as standards (Davis et al., 2021; Halim et al., 2018).”
Jolliffe, R., Adams, D., & Simpson, K. (2025) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.reia.2025.202552
A pilot evaluation of school-based LEGO® robotics therapy for autistic students
Raghavendra, P., Hobbs, D. A., Welz, N., Trembath, D., Petticrew, R., Hinze, E., & Lange, B. (2024) · Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology · doi:10.1080/17483107.2024.2433681
“…the strength of conclusions that can be drawn, the findings converge with qualitative evidence from the lived experience of autistic people (e.g. [5–7]) to indicate that anxiety is both common and disabling for many autistic young people and adults. social situations often present a range of…”
Conociendo las experiencias de estudiantes universitarios autistas: el impacto de la salud mental
Mira, A., López-Fernández, M., Pérez, F., Diaz, C., Salinas, J., & Cruz, F. S. (2026) · Cadernos Brasileiros de Terapia Ocupacional · doi:10.1590/2526-8910.cto421241593
Social functioning and the presentation of anxiety in children with autism spectrum disorder
Hunsche, M. C. (2020) · doi:10.14288/1.0392882
“…traditional anxiety disorder categories (e.g., unusual phobias, fears of change and novelty, fears related to circumscribed interests) (Mayes et al., 2013; Halim et al., 2018; Kerns et al., 2014, 2020; Kerns, Renno, Kendall, Wood, & Storch, 2017; Trembath, Germano, Johanson, & Dissanayake, 2012).”
- Authors
- Halim, A. T., Richdale, A. L., & Uljarević, M.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Richdale, Amanda L.
- Venue
- Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-11
- Volume
- 55
- Pages
- 25-37
- ISSN
- 1878-0237 (ISSN-L)
- 1750-9467
- OpenAlex
- W2888175612
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 2.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Research in Autism (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, anxiety, young adults, social anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, health anxiety
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