Cited by 1,118Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychometric Methodologies and TestingProblem Solving Skills Development

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The cognitive flexibility inventory: instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity.

Dennis, John P., Vander Wal, Jillon S.·2010·Cognitive Therapy and Research

DOI 10.1007/s10608-009-9276-4

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Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Beck depression inventory-second edition. Manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation, Harcourt Brace and Company.
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[The mediator role of cognitive features in the relationship between adult attachment patterns and psychopathology symptoms: cognitive flexibility].
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“…been ___ to me Social engagement (Bremer et al., 2019) Over the past three hours, I have engaged in social interaction ___ Cognitive flexibility (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010) Over the last three hours, I have considered multiple options before making a decision Over the last three hours, I…”
Influential
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The Assessment of Alexithymia Across Positive and Negative Emotions: The Psychometric Properties of the Iranian Version of the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire
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“The CFI demonstrated to have adequate levels of validity, reliability, and internal consistency (32).”
Background
Employee Engagement, Cognitive Flexibility and Pay Satisfaction as Potential Determinants of Employees ’Turnover Intentions: An Overview
Das, P., Byadwal, V., & Singh, T. (2017) · Cited by 14
Desarrollo y validación del Cuestionario de Funciones Ejecutivas en niños de 9 a 12 años
Juric, L. C., del Valle, M. V., Trudo, R. G., Coni, A. G., Zamora, E. V., Introzzi, I. M., & ́rés, M. L. A. (2021) · Avances en Psicología Latinoamericana · doi:10.12804/revistas.urosario.edu.co/apl/a.9892 · Cited by 19
Differential associations of rumination and cognitive flexibility with guilt and shame following potentially morally injurious events
Cenkner, D. P., Usman, H., & Zalta, A. K. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.165 · Cited by 13
Special Operations Cognitive Agility Training (SOCAT) for Special Operations Forces and spouses
LaCroix, J. M., Baggett, C. M. R., Lee‐Tauler, S. Y., Carter, S. P., Vileta, S., Neff, L. C. D. R., Finton, L. B., Bottema, M. G. S. J., Bowling, S. M. E., Hosack, T. S. M. E., et al. (2021) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2021.1981709 · Cited by 16
“…psychologists and SOF consultants developed SOCAT based on research on cognitive agility (e.g., Good & Yeganeh, 2012), cognitive flexibility (e.g., Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010), sports psychology (e.g., Nideffer & Sagal, 2006), and dynamic decision making (e.g., Brehmer, 1992; Hotaling et al.,…”
Method
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“11,12 The need to instill CF and adaptability among university students has been emphasized in the literature; 2,3 and recent literature underscores its importance in enhancing learning self-efficacy in online mediums of instruction.”
Background
Fluctuations in Prejudice Do Not Track Fluctuations in Ordinary Contact in Three 5-Wave “Shortitudinal” Studies Examining Daily, Weekly, or Monthly Intervals
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Method
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“The cognitive flexibility scale Dennis and Vander Wal (2010) developed the twenty-item scale.”
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Influential
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“Research has indicated that individuals with high cognitive flexibility exhibit proactive thinking, suggesting multiple solutions when facing intricate challenges rather than avoiding them (29).”
Background
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“Cognitive flexibility was assessed using the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI), designed by Dennis & Vander Wal in 2010 [22], with a Polish adaptation developed by Piórowski et al. in 2017 [30].”
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“Mean and standard deviation estimates of the outcome variables (WCST perseverative responses and CFI total score) in previous studies 12,27,47 were used.”
MethodInfluential
Childhood Psychological Maltreatment and Subjective Vitality: Longitudinal Mediating Effect of Cognitive Flexibility
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“The CFS developed by Dennis and Vander Wal (2010) consists of 20 items (e.g., “ I am good at evaluating events and situations ”) and two sub-dimensions.”
Your Need for Cognition, Cognitive Flexibility, and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies Matter! The Path beyond a Satisfied Life
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“Dennis & Vander Wal (2010) developed the CFI as a tool for assessing cognitive flexibility.”
Influential
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“Additionally, we used the Cognitive Flexibility Scale (CFS) 61 to measure the self-reported level of the ability to adapt to new events and changing circumstances 21 .”
BackgroundMethod
The association between insomnia symptoms and cognitive flexibility among undergraduates: An event-related potential study
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“The data collection instruments included the Ethical Intelligence Questionnaire [47, 48], Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire [49, 50], and Patient Privacy Compliance Questionnaire [51].”
Method
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Asıcı, E. (2019) · Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17556/erziefd.440497 · Cited by 10
Cognitive Flexibility and Mental Well-Being: Fear of Negative Evaluation and Academic Perfectionism as Serial Mediators
Satıcı, B., Tekin, E. G., & Deniz, M. (2020) · Yildiz Technical University - AVESIS · doi:10.17556/erziefd.632776 · Cited by 10
“The Cognitive Flexibility Scale (Dennis and Wal, 2010) is a 20-item self-report measure that assesses cognitive flexibility.”
TERCİH SÜRECİNDEKİ ÜNİVERSİTE ADAYLARININ BELİRSİZLİĞE TAHAMMÜLSÜZLÜK VE BİLİŞSEL ESNEKLİK DÜZEYLERİ ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN İNCELENMESİ
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The Marine Suicide Prevention and Intervention REsearch (M-SPIRE) study: A randomized clinical trial investigating potential treatment mechanisms for reducing suicidal behaviors among military personnel
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From Trait Affect and Conscientiousness to Individual Entrepreneurial Orientation: The Mediating Role of Cognitive Flexibility
ÖZGEN, H., & Tangör, B. B. (2022) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2021.2014390 · Cited by 10
Can Cognitive Flexibility and Clinical Perfectionism Be Used to Identify People with Anorexia Nervosa?
Miles, S., Nedeljkovic, M., & Phillipou, A. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11071954 · Cited by 14
“Self-reported cognitive flexibility was assessed using the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI; [31]), and clinical perfectionism was assessed by the Clinical Perfectionism Questionnaire (CPQ; Fairburn et al.”
Method
Creativity as a "vaccine" for depressed mood: coping and divergent thinking in young adults
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The Effect of Boredom on College Students’ Meaning in Life: A Longitudinal Mediation Model
Li, X., & Jia, X.-M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191912255 · Cited by 9
“Cognitive flexibility, as a functional expression of assimilation and accommodation, can help individuals recognize and understand dilemmas from different perspectives and solve problems in multiple ways [18], thus enabling them to mediate the relationship between boredom and meaning in life.”
Background
Alleviating hedonic adaptation in repeat consumption with creative thinking
You, Y., Wang, L., Yang, X., & Wen, N. (2024) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcpy.1439 · Cited by 9
The mediating role of cognitive flexibility in the relationship between creative thinking tendencies and problem-solving skills
Kılıç, Z. N. A., & Ercoşkun, N. Ç. (2024) · South African Journal of Education · doi:10.15700/saje.v44n4a2538 · Cited by 14
“The Turkish adaptation of the cognitive flexibility inventory developed by Dennis and Vander Wal (2010) and its validation was carried out by Sapmaz and Doğan (2013).”
Modeling the Cognitive Flexibility and Academic Engagement based on Self-Regulation, Psychological Hardiness and Self-Differentiation with Mediation of Family Functioning in High School Students
Vaziri, C., Ghanbaripanah, A., & Tajalli, P. (2021) · International journal of pediatrics · doi:10.22038/ijp.2020.50410.4011 · Cited by 10
An Intervention Program Targeting Daily Adaptive Skills Through Executive Function Training for Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Pilot Study
Kim, J. H., Kim, Y. A., Song, D., Cho, H. B., Lee, H. B., Park, J. H., Lim, J. I., Hong, M. H., Chae, P. K., & Yoo, H. J. (2021) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2020.0423 · Cited by 10
Atypical Neural Responses of Cognitive Flexibility in Parents of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Cheng, X., Li, Y., Cui, X., Cheng, H., Li, C., Fu, L., Jiang, J., Hu, Z., & Ke, X. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.747273 · Cited by 12
Mindfulness Facets and Death Anxiety: The Role of Cognitive Flexibility Components
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Enhancing Internet-based psychotherapy for adults with emotional disorders using ecological momentary assessments and interventions: Study protocol of a feasibility trial with “My EMI, Emotional Well-being” app
Gual-Montolio, P., Suso‐Ribera, C., García‐Palacios, A., Castilla, D., Zaragozá, I., & Bretón-López, J. M. (2023) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2023.100601 · Cited by 11
Factor structure of the Young Positive Schema Questionnaire in an eating disorder sample
Huckstepp, T., Allen, A., Maher, A. L., Houlihan, C., & Mason, J. S. (2023) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-023-01549-0 · Cited by 12
“The CFI consists of two subscales, Alternate (e.g., ‘I like to look at difficult situations from many different angles’) and Control (e.g., ‘I am capable of overcoming the difficulties in life that I face’).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Когнитивная флексибильность личности: теория, измерение, практика
Осаволюк, Е., & Сергеевич, К. С. (2018) · Психология Журнал Высшей школы экономики · doi:10.17323/1813-8918-2018-1-128-144 · Cited by 20
Cognitive flexibility and the health of Black college-attending young adults experiencing interpersonal racial discrimination
Volpe, V. V., Beacham, A. R., & Olafunmiloye, O. (2019) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105319869812 · Cited by 9
Cognitive Flexibility Levels, Learning Approaches and Learning Strategies of The Medical Students
Toraman, Ç., Koşan, A. M. A., & Yurdal, M. O. (2020) · Tıp Eğitimi Dünyası · doi:10.25282/ted.589099 · Cited by 8
Clinical and Cognitive Insight in Pathological Anxiety: Relationship to Symptoms and Cognitive Factors
Halaj, A., & Huppert, J. D. (2021) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-021-00116-8 · Cited by 9
Cognitive flexibility and emotional self‐regulation of the elderly with Empty nest syndrome: Benefits of acceptance and commitment therapy
Mahmoudpour, A., Kejani, K. F., Karami, M., Toosi, M., & Ahmadboukani, S. (2023) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.1397 · Cited by 10
The effects of positive and negative emotionson the psychological well-being of college students: Mediation by cognitive flexibility
Cho, E. Y., & 임정하 (2014) · Studies on Korean Youth · doi:10.14816/sky.2014.25.4.185 · Cited by 9
Predictive Role of Morningness-Eveningness Personality, Cognitive Flexibility and Cognitive Emotion Regulation in Marital Satisfaction in Middle-Aged Women
Shareh, H., & Sani, M. E. (2019) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.32598/ijpcp.24.4.384 · Cited by 15
Development and Validation of a Questionnaire to Assess Creative Potential Traits
Penagos-Corzo, J. C., & Saucedo, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.756079 · Cited by 8
Cognitive flexibility moderates the efficacy of a visuospatial intervention following exposure to analog trauma
Hemi, A., Sopp, M. R., Perel, A., Holmes, E. A., & Levy‐Gigi, E. (2023) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101858 · Cited by 8
The mediating role of cognitive flexibility in home–school co-education and psychological well-being among Chinese vocational college students
Liu, C., Chen, H., Xu, W., Dai, S., & Lin, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1422845 · Cited by 9
Attitudes and Behaviors of Nurses and Nursing Students Toward Patients with Obesity: A Systematized Review
Rodríguez, Y. M. A., González, C. M. M., & Hernández, A. M. G. (2025) · Nursing Reports · doi:10.3390/nursrep15020066 · Cited by 11
“…emotions: The Modified Differential Emotions Scale (mDES) [43] was employed; Cognitive flexibility: The Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI) [44] was utilized; Self-compassion: The Self-Compassion Scale—Short Form (SCS-SF) [45] was applied; Compassionate care: The Compassion Competence…”
Beyond right and wrong: A new theoretical model for understanding moral injury
Vaknin, O., & Ne’eman-Haviv, V. (2025) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100569 · Cited by 10
The Effect of Secondary Traumatic Stress and Cognitive Flexibility on Psychological Well-Being in Health Education Students
Sarpdağı, Y., Kaplan, E., Sir, Ö., Yıldız, M., Kaymaz, D., Çiftçi, N., & Sarpdaği, S. (2025) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-025-07489-w · Cited by 10
“BEI consists of 20 items [35, 36].”
The Mediating Role of Cognitive Flexibility, Shame and Emotion Dysregulation Between Neuroticism and Depression
Zarei, M., Momeni, F., & Mohammadkhani, P. (2018) · Iranian Rehabilitation Journal · doi:10.29252/nrip.irj.16.1.61 · Cited by 9
“This procedure mostly occurs through vulnerability-stress interactions in which cognitive vulnerability is more likely to become depression [6].”
Background
The Investigation of Social Studies Teacher Candidates Cognitive Flexibility Levels and Metacogniyive Learning Strategies in Terms of Different Variables
Körükçü, M. (2020) · Asian Journal of Education and Training · doi:10.20448/journal.522.2020.61.1.11 · Cited by 8
Cognitive inflexibility and over‐attention to detail: The Italian validation of the DFlex Questionnaire in patients with eating disorders
Marchiol, F., Lionetti, F., Luxardi, G. L., Cavallero, C., Roberts, M., & Penolazzi, B. (2020) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2781 · Cited by 8

Authors: Dennis, J. P., & Vander Wal, J. S.
Affiliations: University of Pennsylvania (US)
Corresponding author: Dennis, John P.
Venue: Cognitive Therapy and Research
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2009-11-11
Volume: 34
Issue: 3
Pages: 241-253
ISSN: 0147-5916 (ISSN-L)
1573-2819
DOI: 10.1007/s10608-009-9276-4
OpenAlex: W2066234754
Cited by: 1,118
References: 37
Citations by year: 2026: 153 · 2025: 174 · 2024: 158 · 2023: 153 · 2022: 131 · 2021: 102 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 4.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Cognitive Therapy and Research (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Problem Solving Skills Development
Keywords: Cognitive Flexibility Inventory, cognitive flexibility, self-report measure development, instrument reliability, construct validity, perceived controllability, alternative explanations, alternative solutions, coping, cognitive therapy

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