Cited by 1,118Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychometric Methodologies and TestingProblem Solving Skills Development

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The cognitive flexibility inventory: instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity.

Dennis, John P., Vander Wal, Jillon S.·2010·Cognitive Therapy and Research

DOI 10.1007/s10608-009-9276-4

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“One such factor is cognitive flexibility, defined as an individual’s ability to adapt to new situations, consider alternative perspectives, and generate effective solutions to problems [10–13].”
Investigating the Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Resilience, and Cognitive Flexibility in Students
Shahriaryfar, K., & Mohammadi, S. (2025) · The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam · doi:10.61882/shefa.13.4.12 · Cited by 1
Examining the predictive effect of physical activity, daily step count and perceived stress level on cognitive flexibility
İnal, Ö., & Özkan, E. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-96753-6 · Cited by 1
Clinical and neurocognitive correlates of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder symptoms: A transdiagnostic study in individuals with compulsive behaviors
Eken, H. N., Hossein, S., Freeman, A. M., Nebril, D., Do-Nguyen, K., Bell, E., Malloy, L. T., Aslam, M., Mcdonald, N., Renard, M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Mood and Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.xjmad.2025.100155 · Cited by 2
“…include other cognitive flexibility tasks, such as Intra-Extradimensional (IED) Set-Shifting Task [39] as well as self-report questionnaires like the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory [40] to investigate particular deficits in executive functioning that might be present in individuals with OCPD.”
Development of Academic Literacy Self-Efficacy Scale (ALSES): Examining its Relationship with Cognitive Flexibility and Critical Thinking
Kan, M. O., & Kaya, İ. (2025) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440251386696 · Cited by 1
“The Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI) was developed by Dennis and Vander Wal (2010) to measure an individual’s ability to challenge maladaptive thoughts in difficult situations and to develop alternative, more harmonious, and balanced thoughts.”
Prediction of creative thinking in music by emotional intelligence, cognitive control/flexibility
Konokman, G. Y., & Ayçiçek, B. (2025) · Cognitive Processing · doi:10.1007/s10339-025-01312-6 · Cited by 1
Complex Intervention Programs Integrating Multiple Intervention Strategies Were Not More Effective than Active Control Groups: Evidence from Randomized Controlled Trials
Wang, S., Zhang, C., Huang, J. W., Liu, T., & Xu, W. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15111554 · Cited by 1
“The Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI), which was developed by Dennis and Vander Wal (2010), was used in this study to assess cognitive flexibility.”
Interpersonal communication anxiety in adolescents: scale development and the mediating role of cognitive flexibility in the relationship between perfectionism and anxiety
Kan, M. O., & Demi̇r, S. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03583-2 · Cited by 1
The relationship between self-transcendence, cognitive flexibility and depression symptoms in nurses
Yeyit, Ş., & Tatu, M. K. (2025) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2025.151996 · Cited by 1
Cognitive flexibility as a predictor of mediating competence
Geçikli, E., & YAZICI, B. (2025) · International Journal of Conflict Management · doi:10.1108/ijcma-05-2025-0148 · Cited by 1
Öğrencilerin bilişsel esneklik ve psikolojik iyi oluş düzeylerinin çeşitli değişkenler açısından incelenmesine yönelik bir araştırma
Özer, D. (2025) · Business Economics and Management Research Journal · doi:10.58308/bemarej.1706677 · Cited by 1
Neurological mechanisms of mental fatigue in cognitive flexibility in soccer players: an event-related potential study based on N2 components
Chen, G., Zhao, J., Wang, Y., & Ding, X. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2025.1729495 · Cited by 1
Exploring the Link Between Sense of Coherence, Cognitive Flexibility, and Well-Being in Patients With Schizophrenia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Başkaya, E. (2025) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/01939459251400481 · Cited by 1
“10 Cognitive flexibility, which is one of the basic components of executive functions, is weakened in many psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia.”
Adaptation of the cognitive flexibility scale
Evanytha, Riyanti, B. P. D., & Herabadi, A. G. (2025) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08867-9 · Cited by 1
“The self-report measures include the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010), the Cognitive Flexibility Scales developed by Martin and Rubin (1995) and Bilgin (2009), and the Cognitive Control and Flexibility Questionnaire (Gabrys et al., 2018).”
The Development of a Cognitive Flexibility Scale in Sports: Validation and Reliability
KORUCUK, M., Gezer, H., & Gezer, E. (2025) · Research in Sport Education and Sciences · doi:10.62425/rses.1710052 · Cited by 1
Dynamic Brain Network Biomarkers for Depression Prediction: A Multi-Cohort Analysis of Global Neuroimaging Databases
Peng, Y., Zhan, Y., & Zhang, Q. (2025) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s552134 · Cited by 2
“…measures included assessments of rumination tendency (Ruminative Response Scale), 55 cognitive flexibility (Cognitive Flexibility Inventory), 56 and mindfulness (Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire), 57 allowing examination of potential mediating mechanisms in the relationship between…”
Combined cognitive rehabilitation and neurofeedback therapy: effects on executive function and cognitive flexibility in people with multiple sclerosis
Motamedi, P., Deylami, I., VaezMousavi, M., Shams, A., Bandarigi, M., & Rafiee, S. (2026) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-025-08644-3 · Cited by 1
“The inventory provides a total score (range: 20–140) and two subscale scores (Alternatives and Control), where a higher total score signifies a greater level of cognitive flexibility [28, 29].”
Does Being Proactive Foster Creative Self-Efficacy among Pre-Service Teachers? The Mediating Role of Cognitive Flexibility
Alev, S. (2025) · Disiplinlerarası Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.57135/jier.1823579 · Cited by 1
Latent profiling of five-dimensional psychological resilience across generations: a deep clustering and behavioural divergence analysis in pre-conflict Iran
Youvalari, T. S., & Gökbay, İ. Z. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1669687 · Cited by 1
Individual differences in bottom-up and top-down emotion generation
Kako, N., Rozenman, M. S., Dumas, D., & McRae, K. (2026) · PLOS mental health. · doi:10.1371/journal.pmen.0000452 · Cited by 1
“The CFI is a 20-item scale that measures one’s ability to replace maladaptive thoughts with more balanced thinking [25].”
Cyberchondria and perceived stress: the mediating role of cognitive flexibility
Akat, M., Okur, S., Akbulut, Ö. F., Hamarta, E., & Satıcı, S. A. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08975-6 · Cited by 1
“Cognitive flexibility, which is the ability to regulate and adapt cognitive structures to unpredictable situations, is an effective coping mechanism for stress (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010 ; Muyan-Yılık & Demir, 2020 ).”
The empowerment paradox: a cognitive-affective system model of fostering and subverting employee ambidexterity in the digital era
Pan, Y. X. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08982-7 · Cited by 1
“The 5-item scale from the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory was used (Martin & Rubin, 1995; Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010).”
Core insomnia symptoms associated with cognitive flexibility in insomnia disorder: A network analysis
Yang, S., Zhang, Z., & Lei, X. (2026) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2026.01.029 · Cited by 1
The relationship between cognitive flexibility and decision-making styles of midwifery and nursing students
Küçükkelepçe, D. Ş., Marasli, İ., & Mir, S. K. (2026) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-026-08734-6 · Cited by 1
“Developed by Dennis and Vander Wal [11] to assess individuals' levels of cognitive flexibility.”
Associations of Glycemic Control with Cognitive Flexibility and Mental Health-Related Quality of Life in Type 2 Diabetes
BULGUROĞLU, M., BULGUROĞLU, H. İ., Hepşen, S., Dincer, S., Aslan, C. G., Zorlu, S., Suicmez, S., & Adıgüzel, E. (2026) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s565976 · Cited by 1
“Although the CFI does not have a validated clinical cut-off, participants’ average scores were below those reported in healthy samples, 17,18,22 supporting the presence of meaningful executive-function vulnerabilities in this population.”
Power at work: How sense of power fosters individual ambidexterity
Crouzevialle, M., Caubergh, V. M., Ercel, E., & Martinez, D. L. (2026) · Strategic Organization · doi:10.1177/14761270261428894 · Cited by 1
“Cognitive flexibility refers to the capacity to shift between different cognitive strategies, mental frameworks, or perspectives in response to changing situational demands (Dennis and Vander Wal, 2010; Martin and Rubin, 1995).”
Threatened or Activated? Exploring Dual Mechanisms Underlying the Longitudinal Pro-Environmental Effect of Science Fiction Engagement
Wu, F., Ni, B., & Ma, Y. (2026) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/15205436.2026.2642675 · Cited by 1
Öğretmenlerde Psikolojik Sağlamlığın Yordayıcısı Olarak Bilinçli Farkındalık ve Bilişsel Esneklik
Korkman, H. (2026) · Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.32709/akusosbil.1755758 · Cited by 1
Mothers in action: Investigating psychodrama’s role in parenting stress, emotion regulation, and cognitive flexibility
Cesur-Atintaş, M., Atakay, C., & Kırlangıç-Şimşek, B. (2026) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2026.102464 · Cited by 1
Decades of research on Cognitive, Affective, Behavioral, and Psychological Flexibility: A scientometric analysis of trends and knowledge clusters towards a shared definition of Mental Flexibility
Borghesi, F., & Cipresso, P. (2026) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2026.e44900 · Cited by 1
“Self-report questionnaires like the Cognitive Control and Flexibility Questionnaire and the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory [139,140] identify Cognitive Control as a Cognitive Flexibility subcomponent despite having fewer occurrences (240 occurrences).”
Psychological readiness for AI in health professions education: the role of innovativeness and cognitive flexibility among Turkish students
Alan, S. Ç., & Aydın, A. K. (2026) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-026-09258-9 · Cited by 1
“…approaches highlight that the adoption of emerging technologies is shaped by individual characteristics such as openness to innovation and risk perception, while cognitive competencies such as flexibility are essential for navigating uncertainty in complex clinical environments [17, 20].”
Influential

Authors: Dennis, J. P., & Vander Wal, J. S.
Affiliations: University of Pennsylvania (US)
Corresponding author: Dennis, John P.
Venue: Cognitive Therapy and Research
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2009-11-11
Volume: 34
Issue: 3
Pages: 241-253
ISSN: 0147-5916 (ISSN-L)
1573-2819
DOI: 10.1007/s10608-009-9276-4
OpenAlex: W2066234754
Cited by: 1,118
References: 37
Citations by year: 2026: 153 · 2025: 174 · 2024: 158 · 2023: 153 · 2022: 131 · 2021: 102 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 4.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Cognitive Therapy and Research (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Problem Solving Skills Development
Keywords: Cognitive Flexibility Inventory, cognitive flexibility, self-report measure development, instrument reliability, construct validity, perceived controllability, alternative explanations, alternative solutions, coping, cognitive therapy

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The cognitive flexibility inventory: instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity.

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