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The cognitive flexibility inventory: instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity.

Dennis, John P., Vander Wal, Jillon S.·2010·Cognitive Therapy and Research

DOI 10.1007/s10608-009-9276-4

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Dennis, J. P., & Vander Wal, J. S. (2009b). The relationship between life event stress cognitive flexibility coping, and depression: A longitudinal study. Manuscript in preparation. Saint Louis University, MO. · DOI
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“The CFS developed and validated by Dennis and Vander Wal (2010) is a two-dimensional Likert-type scale consisting of 17 items on a 7-point ranging from “1-Strongly disagree” to “7-Strongly agree”.”
The psychometric properties of the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (CERQ) in a clinical sample of adults with recurrent depression
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“ibility inventory [34], which measures cognitive flexibility necessary to successfully challenge and replace maladaptive thinking with more adaptive thinking.”
BackgroundInfluential
PISA 2018 Skalenhandbuch. Dokumentation der Erhebungsinstrumente
Mang, J., Seidl, L., Schiepe-Tiska, A., Tupac-Yupanqui, A., Ziernwald, L., Doroganova, A., Weis, M., Diedrich, J., Heine, J.-H., Rodríguez, E. G., et al. (2021) · Waxmann Verlag GmbH eBooks · doi:10.31244/9783830994961 · Cited by 35
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“Cognitive flexibility refers to individuals' capabilities to be efficacious in a changing environment, consider different perspectives and being able to come up with solutions to new or difficult problems (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Discerning Work as a Calling: The Role of Job Crafting
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“Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI; Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010).”
Conceptualizing Learning Agility and Investigating its Nomological Network
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Mental and physical training with meditation and aerobic exercise improved mental health and well-being in teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic
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The mediating role of cognitive flexibility in the relationship between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and mindfulness in patients with type 2 diabetes
Motevalli, S., Salahshour, H. M., & Bailey, R. P. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.043 · Cited by 26
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“When individuals perceive situations as controllable and malleable, they may be more motivated to cope using constructive, active strategies (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010).”
Autism - A Comprehensive Array of Prominent Signs and Symptoms
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“, being effective when taking actions [42].”
Method
The relationship between emotional literacy, cognitive flexibility and counseling self-efficacy of senior students in psychology and psychological counseling and guidance
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“…steps: (1) identifying the flexibility of experimented and controlled groups by distributing cognitive flexibility questionnaires as adapted from Dennis & Vander (2010); (2) conducting learning and teaching activities by implementing problem solving method on experimented group and discussion…”
Method
Domain of Competence: Personal and Professional Development
Hicks, P. J., Schumacher, D. J., Guralnick, S., Carraccio, C. L., & Burke, A. E. (2014) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2013.11.017 · Cited by 23
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“Johnco et al. (2014) reported that the Cognitive Flexibility Scale and Cognitive Flexibility Inventory did not correlate with a range of neurocognitive tasks in older adults with comorbid depressive and anxiety symptoms, but small correlations ( r ≈ 0.28) were detected in the healthy comparison group.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Stress and Coping Among Public School Principals in a Midwest Metropolitan Sample
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BİLİNÇLİ FARKINDALIK VE BİLİŞSEL ESNEKLİĞİN PROBLEMLİ AKILLI TELEFON KULLANIMI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: ÖZ-KONTROLÜN ARACI ROLÜ
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Does cognitive flexibility change the nature of the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and psychological symptoms during the COVID-19 outbreak in Turkey?
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Psychological Flexibility: Toward a Better Understanding of a Key Concept
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“…by an exter-nal experimenter or to fragmented aspects of what it is, focusing mainly in the literature on its cognitive aspects, which seem to be better define and measure in its name of cognitive flexibility (Whiting et al., 2015b; Lezak 1995; Lezak et al., 2004; Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010).”
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“The Mediating Effect of Cognitive Flexibility Cognitive flexibility is an individual’s ability to switch cognition to adapt to the ever-changing environment.(42,43) Evidence has shown that individuals with ambivalence experience go through a cognitive process.”
Background
Unlocking creative potential: Reappraising emotional events facilitates creativity for conventional thinkers
Zhu, L. Y., Bauman, C. W., & Young, M. J. (2022) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/j.obhdp.2022.104209 · Cited by 28
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“Since cognitive flexibility develops through the use of attention, memory and perception processes (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010), it can be said that the use of humor contributes to this process.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Effects of a New Soft Skills Metacognition Training Program on Self-Efficacy and Adaptive Performance
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“The Mental Flexibility subscale did not significantly correlate with the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory [132], $ = 0.”
MethodInfluential
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Quantitative prediction of individual cognitive flexibility using structural MRI
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A New Behavioral Measure of Cognitive Flexibility
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“Cognitive Flexibility Inventory ( CFI; Dennis & Wal, 2010).”
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Adapting The Revised Self-Leadership Questionnaire to The Portuguese Context
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“Finally, individual cognitive flexibility comprises the individual capacity to successfully challenge and replace maladaptative thoughts with more balanced and adaptive thinking ( Dennis and Wal 2010 ), which has also been empirically shown to be a consequence of using self-leadership strategies as a way to regulate o…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The relationship between cognitive flexibility, coping and symptomatology in psychotherapy
Johnson, B. T. (2016) · e-Publications@Marquette (Marquette University) · Cited by 21
Caught between is and ought: The Moral Dissonance Model
Brake, H. T., & Nauta, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.906231 · Cited by 26
Exploring the relationship between psychological flexibility and self-report and task-based measures of cognitive flexibility
Grant, A., & Cassidy, S. (2021) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.12.006 · Cited by 23
ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNDE ÖZ-YETERLİĞİN YORDAYICISI OLARAK BİLİŞSEL ESNEKLİK, DUYGU DÜZENLEME BECERİLERİ VE PSİKOLOJİK SAĞLAMLIK COGNITIVE FLEXIBILITY, EMOTION REGULATION SKILLS AND RESILIENCE AS PREDICTORS OF SELF-EFFICACY IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS
Ateş, B., & SAĞAR, M. E. (2021) · İstanbul Aydın Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.17932/iau.iausbd.2021.021/iausbd_v13i3006 · Cited by 20
Cognitive flexibility and the risk of anorexia nervosa: An investigation using self-report and neurocognitive assessments
Miles, S., Phillipou, A., Sumner, P. J., & Nedeljkovic, M. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.05.043 · Cited by 20
Entrapment, Hopelessness, and Cognitive Control: A Moderated Mediation Model of Depression
Choi, H., & Shin, H. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11081065 · Cited by 28
“Heo [28] translated the CFI into Korean and validated it using Korean samples.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Symptomatology, risk, and protective factors of gaming disorder: A network analytical approach
Tang, M. C., Ebrahimi, O. V., & Cheng, C. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.107899 · Cited by 20
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“We assessed the participants’ cognitive flexibility using the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory [37], which had demonstrated good reliability and validity [38].”
Method
Who's getting the grades and who's keeping them? A person-centered approach to academic performance and performance variability
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Cognitive Flexibility and Mental Well-Being in Turkish Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Academic, Social and Emotional Self-Efficacy
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Understanding self-report and neurocognitive assessments of cognitive flexibility in people with and without lifetime anorexia nervosa
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Flexible Work in the Public Sector: A Dual Perspective on Cognitive Benefits and Costs in Remote Work Environments
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“Adapting to a flexible work setting requires a gradual enhancement of cognitive capabilities, specifically the ability to thrive in a dynamic milieu (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010).”
Adaptive sports programs as catalysts for social inclusion and cognitive flexibility in inclusive physical education: the mediating roles of emotional resilience and empathy
Shao, J., Cui, Z., & Bao, Y. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03092-2 · Cited by 19
“Cognitive flexibility was assessed using five items adapted from the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory [45].”
Mediating role of self-efficacy and cognitive flexibility in the relationship between critical thinking and positive mental health in Turkish nursing students: a cross-sectional study
Yurt, E., & Haylı, Ç. M. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-097631 · Cited by 19
“Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.”
Cognitive flexibility and suicide risk indicators among psychiatric inpatients
Novak, L. A., Carter, S. P., LaCroix, J. M., Perera, K. U., Neely, L. L., Soumoff, A. A., & Ghahramanlou‐Holloway, M. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114594 · Cited by 19
Analysis of the self-compassion and cognitive flexibility with marital compatibility in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder
Shahabi, B., Shahabi, R., & Foroozandeh, E. (2019) · International Journal of Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1080/20473869.2019.1573000 · Cited by 19
The mediating role of mindfulness in the relationship between the cognitive flexibility and irrational performance beliefs of university student-athletes
Tıngaz, E. O. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00891-1 · Cited by 19
The Immediate and Long-Term Effects of an Intensive Meditation Retreat
Cohen, J. N., Jensen, D., Stange, J. P., Neuburger, M., & Heimberg, R. G. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0682-5 · Cited by 23
The impact of structured motor learning intervention on preschool children’s executive functions
Hao, Y., Kong, L., Wang, X., & Yu, X. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-01385-5 · Cited by 36
“Cognitive flexibility is the ability to switch flexibly between different mental processes to produce appropriate behavioral responses 73 .”
Cognitive flexibility and belonging among university students: mediating role of adaptation
Ateş, A., & Serin, N. B. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04577-2 · Cited by 18
Fostering cognitive flexibility of students through design thinking in biology education
Honra, J. R., & Monterola, S. L. C. (2024) · Cogent Education · doi:10.1080/2331186x.2024.2415301 · Cited by 18
“The instrument for measuring cognitive flexibility is the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI), a validated self-report 20-item five-point Likert scale designed to gauge an individual ’ s ability to adapt to new settings and think flexibly (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010).”
Web-Based Training Program Using Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to Enhance Cognitive Flexibility and Alleviate Psychological Distress Among Schoolteachers: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Oishi, S., Takizawa, T., Kamata, N., Miyaji, S., Tanaka, K., & Miyaoka, H. (2018) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.8541 · Cited by 23
“…flexibility reflects the following 3 aspects: the tendency to perceive difficult situations as controllable, the ability to perceive multiple alternative explanations for life occurrences and human behavior, and the ability to generate multiple alternative solutions to difficult situations [17].”
Background
Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Bilişsel Esneklik ve Duygu Düzenleme Becerilerinin İnternet Bağımlılığı Üzerindeki Yordayıcı Rolü
Ateş, B., & SAĞAR, M. E. (2021) · Uşak üniversitesi eğitim araştırmaları dergisi/Uşak Üniversitesi eğitim araştırmaları dergisi · doi:10.29065/usakead.887799 · Cited by 19
The Effect of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Psychological Flexibility and Emotional Regulation in Patients with Spinal Cord Injuries: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Khanjani, M. S., Kazemi, J., Younesi, J., Dadkhah, A., Biglarian, A., & Ebrahimi Barmi, B. (2021) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.5812/ijpbs.105378 · Cited by 17
Effects of biology design thinking, moderated by resilience, in enhancing cognitive flexibility
Honra, J. R., & Monterola, S. L. C. (2025) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220671.2025.2486477 · Cited by 17
“Academic resilience, grounded in the Resilience Theory (Dennis and Vander Wal, 2010), posits that students with higher resilience are better equipped to manage academic challenges and persist in the face of difficulties.”
Influential
Self-compassion and cognitive flexibility in trauma-exposed individuals with and without PTSD
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“Cognitive flexibility inventory (CFI) The CFI (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010), which was translated to Arabic by Rashwan & Abdulsamie’ (2017), was used to evaluate cognitive flexibility among the study sample.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
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Authors: Dennis, J. P., & Vander Wal, J. S.
Affiliations: University of Pennsylvania (US)
Corresponding author: Dennis, John P.
Venue: Cognitive Therapy and Research
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2009-11-11
Volume: 34
Issue: 3
Pages: 241-253
ISSN: 0147-5916 (ISSN-L)
1573-2819
DOI: 10.1007/s10608-009-9276-4
OpenAlex: W2066234754
Cited by: 1,118
References: 37
Citations by year: 2026: 153 · 2025: 174 · 2024: 158 · 2023: 153 · 2022: 131 · 2021: 102 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 4.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Cognitive Therapy and Research (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Problem Solving Skills Development
Keywords: Cognitive Flexibility Inventory, cognitive flexibility, self-report measure development, instrument reliability, construct validity, perceived controllability, alternative explanations, alternative solutions, coping, cognitive therapy

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