Cited by 1,118Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychometric Methodologies and TestingProblem Solving Skills Development

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The cognitive flexibility inventory: instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity.

Dennis, John P., Vander Wal, Jillon S.·2010·Cognitive Therapy and Research

DOI 10.1007/s10608-009-9276-4

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Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Beck depression inventory-second edition. Manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation, Harcourt Brace and Company.
Dennis, J. P., & Vander Wal, J. S. (2009b). The relationship between life event stress cognitive flexibility coping, and depression: A longitudinal study. Manuscript in preparation. Saint Louis University, MO. · DOI
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“Cognitive flexibility, on the other hand, is the ability to adapt one’s thinking and behavior to changing environmental demands [28].”
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“…noteworthy that mind wandering exhibited a positive correlation with the control facet of cognitive flexibility, which pertains to the capacity to exercise self-control over behaviours and surroundings, rather than the ability to generate and perceive multiple solutions (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010).”
BackgroundMethod
Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Version of the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory
Jaén, I., Vidal-Arenas, V., Suso‐Ribera, C., Pastor, M. C., & García‐Palacios, A. (2024) · Clínica y Salud · doi:10.5093/clysa2024a3 · Cited by 5
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“Furthermore, correlation coefficients for the whole scale and subscales of alternatives, control, and alternatives for human behaviors were 0.78, 0.81, 0.75, and 0.77, respectively [26].”
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“The Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI), a well-validated 20-item self-report questionnaire with strong internal consistency, convergent validity, and test-retest reliability, was used to assess cognitive flexibility [71].”
Individual Differences in Cognitive Flexibility Predict Poetry Originality
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“According to Dennis & Vander Wal (2010), although researchers conducted several studies, there is no generally accepted opinion about measurement and definition of CF construct.”
Background
Explanation of Psychological Problems Based on Cognitive Flexibility and Self Differentiation
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“Its scoring is based on a 7-point Likert-type scale [59].”
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“…for instance, involve asking participants to generate as many narrative predictions as they can, then comparing this to performance on other tasks such as The Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (Dennis & Wal, 2009), task switching paradigms, or the Theory of Mind Battery (Hutchins et al., 2008).”
Method
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“[24] All three tools demonstrated good reliability in this sample (Cronbach’s α : PSQ = 0.964, MDMQ = 0.860, CFI = 0.883).”
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“Second, employees with high cognitive flexibility can timely shift their perspectives to adapt to complex and variable environments (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010; J. Zhang et al., 2023).”
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“In contrast, cognitive flexibility reflects the mental agility to switch between different concepts, strategies, or perspectives to address situational demands (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010).”
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“CF refers to the ability to shift perspectives in response to changing demands and includes components such as cognitive reframing and flexible problem-solving (Dennis and Vander Wal, 2010; Toraman et al., 2020).”
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“Cognitive flexibility refers to the capacity to effectively adapt to environmental demands by switching cognitive strategies and adapting behavioural responses accordingly (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010; Diamond, 2013; Miles et al., 2021; Monsell, 2003).”
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“Appendix E provides details of validated measures, including the Revised Youth Purpose Survey (Bronk et al., 2009), Self-Transcendent Purpose for Learning Scale (Yeager et al., 2014), Hope Scale subscales (Snyder et al., 2002), General Self-Efficacy Scale (Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1995), Cognitive Flexibility Inventory…”
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“Finally, the scale evaluates the capacity to find various solutions to complex problems, illuminating cognitive potential in generating adaptive behaviors [79].”
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“Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI): The scale was developed by Dennis and Vander Wal (2010) and adapted into Turkish language by Gülüm and Dağ (2012) in order to determine the cognitive flexibility levels of individuals.”
Method
An empirical evaluation of The Resilience Shield model
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“Cognitive flexibility was assessed with an abbreviated version of the ‘Alternatives’ subscale of the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory [32].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
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“These include the Cognitive Flexibility Scale [7] and the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory [8].”
Method
Investigating the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral group therapy on psycho-social and emotional adaptability and cognitive flexibility in people with multiple sclerosis in Hamedan, Iran
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“In the Dennis et al. [32] research, the concurrent validity of this questionnaire was equal to the Beck depression questionnaire, 0.39, and its convergent validity was obtained with the 0.75 scale.”
ResultInfluential
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GELİŞMELERİ KAÇIRMA KORKUSU (FoMO) VE İNTERNET BAĞIMLILIĞI: BİLİŞSEL ESNEKLİĞİN ARACILIK ROLÜ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA
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“…report that deficiencies or impairments in cognitive and emotional structures such as cognitive control and flexibility, emotion regulation, and distress tolerance cause psychopathol - ogy (e.g., Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010 ; Gratz & Roemer, 2004; Koster et al., 2017; Zvolensky et al., 2011 ).”
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“The cognitive flexibility scale, developed by Dennis and Wal (2010) and validated by Sapmaz and Doğan (2013), consists of 20 items scored on a 5-point Likert scale.”
Method
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“The cognitive flexibility inventory (CFI) developed by Dennis and Vander Wal was used in this study to assess individuals’ cognitive flexibility (2010).”
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“Dennis J.P., Vander Wal J.S.: The Cognitive Flexibility Inventory: Instrument Development and Estimates of Reliability and Validity.”
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“According to Dennis and Vander Wal (2010), cognitive flexibility comprises (a) the propensity to regard tough situations as manageable, (b) the ability to detect various alternative explanations for life events and human behavior, and (c) the ability to develop various possible solutions to…”
Influential
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Systemic intelligence predictors of cognitive flexibility and cognitive holding power among university students
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Rating Defense Mega-Project Success: The Role of Personal Attributes and Stakeholder Relationships
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“Responses are given on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 = almost never to 5 = almost always (1-5) to assess how often participants act as specified in each item.”
Background
The Relationship of Cognitive Flexibility and Self-compassion With Depression and Anxiety Among Healthcare Staff During the COVID-19 Pandemic
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The Dialectical Difference: Evaluation of a Modified-Dialectical Behavior Therapy Group for Incarcerated Women in South Australia
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“…could use assessment tools that more closely relate to Mod-DBT treatment outcomes such as the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (Bond et al., 2011), the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ-15; Baer et al., 2022), and the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI; Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010).”
Cognitive Flexibility
Örün, Ö., & Sever, İ. (2024) · Advances in educational marketing, administration, and leadership book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-6040-8.ch007 · Cited by 3
Altered Insula Functional Connectivity Correlates to Cognitive Flexibility in Insomnia
Yang, S., Fan, Y., Zhang, Z., & Lei, X. (2025) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-025-01116-z · Cited by 3
“The Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI) (Dennis and Vander Wal 2010) is a 5-point scale from 1 to 5 (1 = never, 5 = frequently) that measures an individual’s ability to freely change cognition in response to different stimuli or environmental changes.”
Characterising physical activity patterns in community-dwelling older adults using digital phenotyping: a 2-week observational study protocol
Daniels, K., Vonck, S., Robijns, J., Spooren, A. I. F., Hansen, D., & Bonnechère, B. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-095769 · Cited by 6
From molecules to meaning: unpacking the antidepressant mechanisms of psychedelic drugs
Acero, V. P., Flatt, T. A., Gooch, P. M., Gaughan, S. J., Levin, A. W., & Davis, A. K. (2025) · Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1080/17512433.2025.2515866 · Cited by 4
Causal inference and cognitive-behavioral integration deficits drive stable variation in human punishment sensitivity
Zeng, L. Z., Park, H. R. P., McNally, G. P., & Jean-Richard-dit-Bressel, P. (2025) · Communications Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44271-025-00284-9 · Cited by 3
The relationship between maternal alexithymia and cognitive flexibility, children's emotional eating, and childhood obesity
Avşar, P. A., Çalışkan, D., & Şengül, M. T. (2025) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2025.108258 · Cited by 4
Investigating the Mediating Role of Cognitive Flexibility and Intolerance of Uncertainty in the Relationship Between Perfectionism and Resilience
Camadan, F., Aslan, O., & Topuz, İ. (2025) · Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies · doi:10.24193/jebp.2025.2.16 · Cited by 4
Promoting teacher reflective practice in Turkish schools: the roles of teacher self-efficacy, cognitive flexibility and trust
Savaş, G., Kılınç, A. Ç., Palaz, T., Çepni, O., & AYDIN, F. (2025) · Cambridge Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/0305764x.2025.2580649 · Cited by 3
“…referring to the ability to shift perspectives, adapt to novel situations and integrate diverse information, is expected to facilitate reflective thinking by enabling teachers to challenge assumptions and make effective instructional choices (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010; Martin & Rubin, 1995).”
One Construct or Many? Clarifying the Structure and Meaning of Measures of Psychological and Cognitive Flexibility and Their Components in a Community and Chronic Pain Sample
Lucas, J. D., Lackner, J., Gudleski, G. D., Rogers, A. H., Becerra, R., & Naragon‐Gainey, K. (2025) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911251399030 · Cited by 4
The relationship between physical exercise and learning engagement among chinese college students: the chain mediating roles of cognitive flexibility and psychological resilience
Zhang, Z., Rao, Z., Liu, M., Han, J., & Zheng, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1731426 · Cited by 3
“This scale was originally developed by Dennis and Vander Wal (2010) and was subsequently revised and validated for Chinese populations by Liu C. et al. (2024) The scale comprises 20 items across two dimensions: selectivity (12 items) and controllability (8 items).”
Kwestionariusz Elastyczności w Radzeniu Sobie ze Stresem dla Adolescentów (KERS-14A)
Grzankowska, I., Kruczek, A., Sołtys, M., & Basińska, M. A. (2019) · Psychologia Rozwojowa · doi:10.4467/20843879pr.19.021.11727 · Cited by 4
Evli Bireylerde Bilişsel Esneklik Ve Evlilik Öz Yetkinliği Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi / Investigation Of the Relationship Between Cognitive Flexibility and Marital Self-Efficacy in Married Individuals
Çelik, M., & Buğa, A. (2022) · Disiplinlerarası Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.57135/jier.1192803 · Cited by 3
The Mediator Role of Psychological Resilience in the Relationship of Cognitive Flexibility and Fear of COVID-19
ÖZTÜRK, Ş. B., & AKBAYIR, S. B. (2023) · Journal of Family Counseling and Education · doi:10.32568/jfce.1270737 · Cited by 3
The Role of Childhood Trauma, Cognitive Flexibility, and Cognitive Distortions in Predicting Self-harming Behaviors among Female Adolescents
fard, M. M., نودهی, م. ف., Miyanroudi, F. J., & Solgi, Z. (2023) · Caspian Journal of Health Research · doi:10.32598/cjhr.8.2.445.1 · Cited by 3
The Mediating Role Of Cognitive Flexibility Between Self Forgiveness And Psychological Well-Being
Kaygas, Y., & Kılınç, E. (2023) · e-International Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.19160/e-ijer.1292712 · Cited by 3
The Predictor Effect and Relationship Between Brain-Behavioral Systems, Cognitive Flexibility, Sensory Processing and Anxiety in Iranian Immigrant Students in Canada
Mirzakhani, N., Asghari, A., Mahmoudi, E., & Saei, S. (2024) · Middle East Journal of Rehabilitation and Health Studies · doi:10.5812/mejrh-137243 · Cited by 3
“It refers to the ability to alter mental processes in response to changing environmental stimuli—essentially, the capacity to change one's perspective or adapt to new rules, demands, or environmental conditions (18).”
Background
Bilişsel Esneklik Araştırmalarının Bibliyometrik Analizi ve Geleceğe Dair Görüler
Toraman, Ç., Çalişkan, Ç., & Korkmaz, G. (2024) · Pamukkale University Journal of Education · doi:10.9779/pauefd.1521299 · Cited by 3
Ergenlerde Kariyer Kaygısının Yordayıcısı Olarak Bilişsel Esneklik ve Belirsizliğe Tahammülsüzlük
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Relationships Between Familial Factors, Learning Motivation, Learning Approaches, and Cognitive Flexibility Among Vocational Education and Training Students
Chan, S., Maneewan, S., Nittayathammakul, V., & Suwannakhun, S. (2025) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2025.2456801 · Cited by 3
“…be conceptualized as “the tendency to perceive difficult situations as controllable, the ability to perceive multiple alternative explanations for life occurrences and human behavior, and the ability to generate multiple alternative solutions to difficult situations” (Dennis & Wal, 2010, p. 243).”
Influential
Thinking Outside the Nation: Cognitive Flexibility’s Role in National Identity Inclusiveness as a Marker of Majority Group Acculturation
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“…are an inclination to characterize challenging situations as controllable, the ability to identify numerous different viewpoints in each situation, the capacity to generate alternative approaches to difficult situations, and the ability to effectively manage emotions (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2010).”
The effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation on cognitive flexibility among undergraduates with insomnia symptoms: A prospective, single-blind, randomized control trial
Chen, M., Jiang, J., Han, C., Liu, X., Zhang, X., & Peng, L. (2025) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2025.100567 · Cited by 3
Cognitive behavioural therapy for sexual concerns during menopause: evaluation of a four session protocol
Green, S. M., Furtado, M., Shea, A. K., Ballantyne, E. C., Streiner, D. L., Frey, B. N., & McCabe, R. E. (2025) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1093/jsxmed/qdaf085 · Cited by 3
From Pessimism to Subjective Well‐Being in Adolescents: A Longitudinal Mediation Study of Cognitive Flexibility
Akyıl, Y., Erdinç, B., Kökçe, E., & Çelikceken, T. S. (2025) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.70010 · Cited by 4
Executive functions in children with ADHD: A comprehensive bibliometric analysis
Kılıç, K. M., & Ahmetoğlu, E. (2025) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2025.2518293 · Cited by 4
Prevalence of psychotic-like experiences among Afghan migrant children and adolescents: examining the predictive role of childhood trauma, mindfulness, and cognitive flexibility
Rezaee, A. R., Hosseini, S. R., & Firoozabadi, A. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-06979-x · Cited by 4
“The Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI), served to assess cognitive flexibility [45].”
Flexibly navigating cultural diversity: How polycultural identity facilitates a meaningful and rich life
Virgona, A., Ruby, M. B., & Kashima, E. S. (2025) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2025.102279 · Cited by 9
Effects of a digital visual art learning intervention in healthy older adults: a pilot randomized controlled trial
Uno, A., Browne, R., Shinada, T., Takahashi, M., Soga, K., Du, Y., Abiko, F., & Taki, Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Aging · doi:10.3389/fragi.2025.1635789 · Cited by 3
The effects of Cognitive Flexibility, Self Concept Clarity and Goal Orientation On Adaptive Performance -Focused on mediation effect of resilience-
Cho, Y.-B., & 이나영 (2013) · Management & Information Systems Review · doi:10.29214/damis.2013.32.3.011 · Cited by 3
The Mediating Effect of Cognitive Flexibility in the Relationship between Emotional Clarity and Emotion Regulation: Comparison of Self-Reported and Task Measurement of Cognitive Flexibility
Kim, S., & Hyun, M. (2018) · Korean Journal of Stress Research · doi:10.17547/kjsr.2018.26.3.159 · Cited by 3

Authors: Dennis, J. P., & Vander Wal, J. S.
Affiliations: University of Pennsylvania (US)
Corresponding author: Dennis, John P.
Venue: Cognitive Therapy and Research
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2009-11-11
Volume: 34
Issue: 3
Pages: 241-253
ISSN: 0147-5916 (ISSN-L)
1573-2819
DOI: 10.1007/s10608-009-9276-4
OpenAlex: W2066234754
Cited by: 1,118
References: 37
Citations by year: 2026: 153 · 2025: 174 · 2024: 158 · 2023: 153 · 2022: 131 · 2021: 102 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 5
FWCI: 4.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Cognitive Therapy and Research (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Problem Solving Skills Development
Keywords: Cognitive Flexibility Inventory, cognitive flexibility, self-report measure development, instrument reliability, construct validity, perceived controllability, alternative explanations, alternative solutions, coping, cognitive therapy

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