The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 9 of the 31 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Open accessAbstract
We sought to examine psychological mechanisms of treatment outcomes of a mindfulness meditation intervention for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). We examined mindfulness and decentering as two potential therapeutic mechanisms of action of GAD symptom reduction in patients randomized to receive either mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) or an attention control class (N = 38). Multiple mediation analyses were conducted using a non-parametric cross product of the coefficients approach that employs bootstrapping. Analyses revealed that change in decentering and change in mindfulness significantly mediated the effect of MBSR on anxiety. When both mediators were included in the model, the multiple mediation analysis revealed a significant indirect effect through increases in decentering, but not mindfulness. Furthermore, the direct effect of MBSR on decrease in anxiety was not significant, suggesting that decentering fully mediated the relationship. Results also suggested that MBSR reduces worry through an increase in mindfulness, specifically by increases in awareness and nonreactivity. Improvements in GAD symptoms resulting from MBSR are in part explained by increased levels of decentering. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media New York.
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9 of 31 cited sources checked · 4 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Results from our previously published RCT revealed that MBSR was efficacious in reducing self-reported anxiety symptoms (Hoge et al., 2013).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > II. Method > B. Measures
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Hoge et al., 2013 source
The Results report a significantly greater reduction in Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) scores with MBSR than with the active control. This supports the claim about self-reported anxiety symptoms in the trial’s patients with generalized anxiety disorder. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Effect sizes for change in BAI and PSWQ were similar to those found in the parent RCT (BAI: d = 0.71 vs. d = 0.74 in parent; PSWQ: d = 0.79 vs. 0.63 in parent) for MBSR.”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > III. Results > Relationship between MBSR, Potential Mediators, and Treatment Outcomes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When both mediators were examined simultaneously, results from our multiple mediator mediation analysis revealed that the indirect effect through increases in decentering remained significant; however, the indirect effect through change in mindfulness was no longer significant suggesting that decentering may be a unique independent mediator of the effect of MBSR (see Table 2 and Figure 1).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > III. Results > Mediation Analyses
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Effect sizes for change in BAI and PSWQ were similar to those found in the parent RCT (BAI: d = 0.71 vs. d = 0.74 in parent; PSWQ: d = 0.79 vs. 0.63 in parent) for MBSR.”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > III. Results > Relationship between MBSR, Potential Mediators, and Treatment Outcomes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Preliminary correlation analyses found that change in GAD symptom severity was strongly and inversely associated with change in mindfulness (r = −0.54, p<0.001) and change in decentering (r = −0.53, p<0.001).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > III. Results > Relationship between MBSR, Potential Mediators, and Treatment Outcomes
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“only non-reactivity to inner experience (B = .96, SE = .66; BCa 95% CI = .066; 2.92) and acting with awareness were significant mediators (B = .76, SE = .59; BCa 95% CI = .01; 2.59), while observing (B = .41, SE = .60; BCa 95% CI = −.54; 1.97), describing (B = .38, SE = .53; BCa 95% CI = −.32; 1.92), and non-judging of inner experience (B = .03., SE = .28; BCa 95% CI = −.33; .83) were not.”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > III. Results > Mediation Analyses
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Separated bootstrapping analyses of the individual mediators indicated that there was a significant indirect effect of MBSR on reductions in PSWQ score through change in mindfulness (See Table 2).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > III. Results > Mediation Analyses
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Separated bootstrapping analyses of the individual mediators indicated that there was a significant indirect effect of MBSR on reductions in BAI score through change in decentering and change in mindfulness (See Table 2).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > III. Results > Mediation Analyses
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Between group differences on BAI change (t= −1.83, p=0.038) were significant, however, this was not the case for change in PSWQ (t=−0.64, p=0.26).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > III. Results > Relationship between MBSR, Potential Mediators, and Treatment Outcomes
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, there was only a small relative greater treatment effect of our active arm, MBSR, compared to the attention control treatment, SME.”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > IV. Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 30
- It may state two separate claims as one. 14
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Decentering is a metacognitive capacity of individuals to observe items that arise in the mind (e.g., thoughts, feelings, memories, etc.) as mere psychological events (Fresco, Moore, et al., 2007; Fresco, Segal, Buis, & Kennedy, 2007; Teasdale et al., 2002).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > I. Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Fresco, Moore, et al., 2007 source
The opening discussion (p. 1) defines decentering as observing thoughts and feelings as temporary, objective events in the mind rather than necessarily true reflections of the self. The general discussion (p. 10) also connects decentering with metacognitive capacity. This supports the citing sentence’s paraphrase. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites Fresco, Segal, Buis, & Kennedy, 2007 source
The Discussion (p. 7) defines decentering as the ability to observe thoughts and feelings as temporary, objective events in the mind. This supports the citing sentence’s description of treating mental experiences as psychological events. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Teasdale et al., 2002 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This ability also involves recognizing that one’s thoughts, feelings, and urges are transient internal events rather than inherent, permanent aspects of the self or accurate representations of reality (Fresco, Moore, et al., 2007; Segal, Williams, & Teasdale, 2002).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > I. Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Fresco, Moore, et al., 2007 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s introduction (p. 1) defines decentering as observing thoughts and feelings as temporary events in the mind rather than necessarily true reflections of the self. It also says thoughts and feelings do not necessarily reflect objective reality (p. 1). These passages support the central paraphrase, but our copy does not extend that definition to urges. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not matchedcites Segal, Williams, & Teasdale, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“More compelling are results from a randomized, wait-list controlled study of MBSR for adults with general psychological distress in which mindfulness partially mediated improvements in quality of life and reductions in stress (Baer et al., 2012; Nyklicek & Kuijpers, 2008).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > I. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baer et al., 2012 source
- Supportedcites Nyklicek & Kuijpers, 2008 source
The Methods describe a randomized MBSR trial with a waiting-list control group of adults reporting distress. In Results > Mediation by Mindfulness, adjusting for general mindfulness reduced the intervention effects on perceived stress and overall quality of life to nonsignificance; the Discussion describes this as support for at least partial mediation. The paper frames mediation as a supported interpretation, rather than a definitively established mechanism. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“as compared to healthy control participants, patients with major depressive disorder evidence lower levels of decentering (Fresco, Moore, et al., 2007)”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > I. Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Fresco, Moore, et al., 2007 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Study 3 discussion (p. 10) reports lower decentering in participants with remitted MDD than in healthy controls. The claim omits the remission qualifier, so the paper does not establish the comparison for patients with current MDD generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Results from both controlled and uncontrolled studies have demonstrated the efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions for stress and anxiety in a variety of patient populations (e.g., Hofmann, Sawyer, Witt, & Oh, 2010).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > I. Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Hofmann, Sawyer, Witt, & Oh, 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page unavailable) report reduced anxiety symptoms across several patient groups and significant effects in controlled studies. But the Methods specify anxiety and mood outcomes, not stress outcomes, and the Discussion cautions that most controlled effect estimates were unreliable and that randomized trials are still needed to establish efficacy. The claim therefore overstates the evidence for stress and for established efficacy across study designs. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For instance, increases in mindfulness have been found to be associated with increases in well-being (Splevins, Smith, & Simpson, 2009) and decreases in depressed mood, stress, medical symptoms, and anxiety symptoms (Dobkin & Zhao, 2011; Goldin, Ziv, Jazaieri, & Gross, 2012).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > I. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Dobkin & Zhao, 2011 source
- Partly supportedcites Goldin, Ziv, Jazaieri, & Gross, 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) reports that MBSR is associated with reductions in anxiety, stress, and depression symptoms. Results > Clinical responses (page unavailable) shows mindfulness scores rising and social-anxiety scores falling after MBSR. The paper does not establish a direct association between increases in mindfulness and those symptom decreases, and our copy does not report a decrease in medical symptoms. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“As has been recommended (see MacKinnon, Krull, & Lockwood, 2000; Preacher & Hayes, 2008), the multiple mediation analysis was accompanied by simple mediation analyses to bypass the issues that suppression effects can obscure possible indirect effects of individual mediators.”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > II. Method > C. Statistical Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites MacKinnon, Krull, & Lockwood, 2000 source
- Partly supportedcites Preacher & Hayes, 2008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Recommendations section says correlated mediators can obscure whether an individual variable mediates an effect. But the paper recommends testing specific indirect effects within a multiple-mediator model, not accompanying that model with separate simple mediation analyses; the Strategies section warns that separate simple models can produce biased estimates. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conducting a similar analysis using the FFMQ subscales instead of the FFMQ total score did not change the pattern of result (i.e., change in decentering was the sole significant mediator).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > III. Results > Mediation Analyses
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Separated bootstrapping analyses of the individual mediators indicated that there was a significant indirect effect of MBSR on reductions in BAI score through change in decentering and change in mindfulness (See Table 2).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > III. Results > Mediation Analyses
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Change in mindfulness and in decentering were also correlated (r=0.56, p<0.001).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > III. Results > Relationship between MBSR, Potential Mediators, and Treatment Outcomes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Individuals in the MBSR group exhibited a significantly greater change in decentering levels (t(36) = 4.13, p<0.001) and greater change in mindfulness levels (t(36)= 1.81, p=0.079) than individuals in the SME group (see Table 1).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > III. Results > Relationship between MBSR, Potential Mediators, and Treatment Outcomes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✗ Asserted: fails✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“demonstrate gains in decentering following treatment with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) but not antidepressant medication (ADM) (Fresco, Segal, et al., 2007).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > I. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Fresco, Segal, et al., 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no differences between this subsample and the full RCT sample in demographic variables (all p’s >0.29, all Chi2 < 0.59, and t-values < 1.3, which are comparable to Cohen’s d <0.24).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > II. Method > A. Procedures and Participants
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Additionally, although they were not able to test for true mediation, researchers found that increases in dispositional mindfulness accounted for reductions in anxiety and stress following a mindfulness-based intervention among patients with anxiety disorders (Vollestad, Sivertsen, & Nielsen, 2011).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > I. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Vollestad, Sivertsen, & Nielsen, 2011 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Further, gains in decentering during acute treatment with CBT (Fresco, Segal, et al., 2007) or prophylactic treatment with mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) (Bieling et al., 2012) are predictive of a more durable treatment response.”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > I. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Fresco, Segal, et al., 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bieling et al., 2012 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Given the ruminative nature of worry in GAD and the difficulty in separating from those thoughts (Marino, Lunt, & Negy, 2008), increases in decentering could also play a role in symptom improvement.”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > I. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Marino, Lunt, & Negy, 2008 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A second study found that changes in mindfulness preceded changes in mental health outcomes, raising the possibility that reductions in distress occurred as a result of earlier increases in mindfulness (Baer, Carmody, & Hunsinger, 2012).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > I. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baer, Carmody, & Hunsinger, 2012 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For instance, increases in mindfulness have been found to be associated with increases in well-being (Splevins, Smith, & Simpson, 2009) and decreases in depressed mood, stress, medical symptoms, and anxiety symptoms (Dobkin & Zhao, 2011; Goldin, Ziv, Jazaieri, & Gross, 2012).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > I. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Splevins, Smith, & Simpson, 2009 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although improvements in mindfulness are thought to mediate symptom improvements, other mechanisms of action such as decentering may mediate symptom reduction.”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > I. Introduction
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Studies report psychological benefits from promoting distance from the self in time (e.g., viewing inner experiences as temporary; Watkins, Teasdale, & Williams, 2000) and distance from the self in space (e.g., viewing inner experiences as physical objects that are separate from oneself; Kalisch et al., 2005).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > I. Introduction
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Some have noted that decentering and mindfulness are theoretically similar constructs (Carmody, Baer, E, & Olendzki, 2009); however, mindfulness involves bringing enhanced awareness coupled with an attitude of nonjudgment, whereas decentering more specifically refers to the ability to adopt a psychologically distanced stance.”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > I. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Carmody, Baer, E, & Olendzki, 2009 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The SME was designed as an active control intervention for MBSR to control for the non-specific effects of treatment, such as group support, attention from the instructor, and participants’ expectations.”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > II. Method > A. Procedures and Participants
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Internal consistency was good at baseline (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.86) and follow-up (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.92).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > II. Method > B. Measures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, our anxiety symptom outcome measure, the BAI, has an emphasis on physiological arousal symptoms rather than a focus on the core symptoms of GAD. Therefore, it is possible that the BAI did not capture precisely the distress associated with GAD.”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > IV. Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, MBSR promotes reductions in GAD symptoms through different mechansims, namely mindfulness and decentering, suggesting that both skills are crucial components of successful GAD treatment.”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > IV. Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Concerning the role of decentering in mediating outcomes in MBSR, these findings extend previous findings suggesting that decentering predicts improvements (or lack of relapse) in psychological symptoms after MBSR and MBCT (Bieling et al., 2012; Carmody et al., 2009).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > IV. Discussion
What the sources say
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, while the use of an attention control yields a smaller difference between groups, a strength of this design is that we can feel more confident that treatment differences are actually due to mindfulness meditation, rather than non-specific effects of treatment.”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > IV. Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, MBSR promotes reductions in GAD symptoms through different mechansims, namely mindfulness and decentering, suggesting that both skills are crucial components of successful GAD treatment.”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > IV. Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Bootstrapping is a nonparametric resampling method that bypasses assumptions of normality common to traditional tests of mediation and is thus more powerful, particularly with smaller samples (Preacher & Hayes, 2004, 2008).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > II. Method > C. Statistical Analysis
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Preacher & Hayes, 2004, 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the baseline BAI scores were higher in the MBSR group compared to SME (d=0.49), there were no significant differences between individuals randomized to MBSR compared to those assigned to SME on any of the variables at baseline.”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > III. Results > Relationship between MBSR, Potential Mediators, and Treatment Outcomes
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, findings are limited by small sample size, so they should be interpreted with caution.”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > IV. Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this sample of patients with GAD who were trained in MBSR or received an attention control, we found evidence that changes in both decentering and mindfulness may mediate the effect of MBSR on symptoms of GAD.”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > IV. Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Internal consistency for the decentering subscale was good (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.83).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > II. Method > B. Measures
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“For example, by not reacting to the worries, individuals may be less likely to attempt to control or suppress the worry, which can paradoxically increase distress (Abramowitz, Tolin, & Street, 2001).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > IV. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Abramowitz, Tolin, & Street, 2001 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lastly, we studied a sample with GAD and therefore our findings are not necessarily generalizable to other conditions.”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > IV. Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“These findings are in concert with results of a recent study which found that nonreactivity, nonjudging, and acting with awareness, were significantly and negatively associated with worry (Fisak & von Lehe, 2012).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > IV. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fisak & von Lehe, 2012 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
The mediation hypothesis that decentering and mindfulness jointly mediate outcomes in mindfulness-based treatment has not been tested before.
“Although these studies provide preliminary evidence that decentering might at least partially mediate treatment outcomes, to our knowledge, this mediation hypothesis has not yet been tested nor have decentering and mindfulness been jointly examined as mediators of outcome in a study utilizing mindfulness-based treatment.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The psychological mechanisms of mindfulness-based interventions and MBSR specifically are not fully understood.
“In sum, mindfulness-based interventions are effective in decreasing symptoms in a range of disorders including anxiety disorders, but the psychological mechanisms of mindfulness-based interventions and MBSR specifically are not fully understood.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A few studies thus far have demonstrated a mediating role for these metacognitive abilities in other cognitive behavioral therapies (CBTs) for GAD.”
From Changes in Decentering and Reappraisal Temporally Precede Symptom Reduction During Emotion Regulation Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder With and Without Co-Occurring Depression. (2019) · cites this paper as Hoge et al., 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Analyses revealed that changes in both mindfulness and decentering significantly mediated the effect of MBSR on anxiety symptoms but not worry. When both mediators were included in the model, only increases in decentering remained statistically significant.”
From Changes in Decentering and Reappraisal Temporally Precede Symptom Reduction During Emotion Regulation Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder With and Without Co-Occurring Depression. (2019) · cites this paper as Hoge et al., 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In short, in line with previous research (Bernstein et al., 2015; Hoge et al., 2015; Lebois et al., 2015), the current study provided supporting evidence for the effectiveness of this mindfulness component compared to a sham intervention.”
From Mindfulness Effects on Anxiety: Disentangling the Role of Decentering and Treatment Expectations (2024) · cites this paper as Hoge et al., 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“An RCT that reported how increased non-reactivity to inner experience mediated the effect of mindfulness ecological momentary intervention (MEMI) versus treatment-as-usual on pre-follow-up worry also did not test treatment as a moderator [38].”
From Treatment condition as a moderator and change in trait mindfulness as a mediator of a brief mindfulness ecological momentary intervention for generalized anxiety disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [38]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Decentering may help individuals disengage from perseverative worry habit loops that are perpetuated through reinforcement learning [46-48,74].”
From Clinical Efficacy and Psychological Mechanisms of an App-Based Digital Therapeutic for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Randomized Controlled Trial (2021) · cites this paper as [74]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This is reflected by evidence that the negative association between trait mindfulness and anxiety severity is partially mediated by decentering-related abilities69,87.”
From Decentering as a core component in the psychological treatment and prevention of youth anxiety and depression: a narrative review and insight report (2021) · cites this paper as [87]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Treatment-related increases in decentering mediated the impact of mindfulness training on anxiety severity in adults seeking treatment for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) (37.6 ± 11.6 years)87.”
From Decentering as a core component in the psychological treatment and prevention of youth anxiety and depression: a narrative review and insight report (2021) · cites this paper as [87]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Improvements in decentering consistently predict acute and enduring treatment effects for patients suffering from MDD (Fresco et al., 2007b), GAD (Hoge et al., 2015) and GAD (with and without MDD; Mennin et al., 2015, under review; Renna et al., under review) as well as the prevention of MDD relapse following prophylactic treatment with mindfulness based cognitive therapy (Bieling et al., 2012).”
From Distinct functional connectivities predict clinical response with emotion regulation therapy (2017) · cites this paper as Hoge et al., 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“another showed that decentering mediated outcome in mindfulness-based stress reduction for generalized anxiety disorder (Hoge et al., 2015).”
From Changes in Decentering Across Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder (2018) · cites this paper as Hoge et al., 2015
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These analyses do not speak to the timeline of change, as mediators and outcomes were only evaluated pre- and posttreatment.”
From Changes in Decentering and Reappraisal Temporally Precede Symptom Reduction During Emotion Regulation Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder With and Without Co-Occurring Depression. (2019) · cites this paper as Hoge et al., 2015
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“mindfulness (i.e., awareness and non-reactivity) and decentering (the capacity to observe thoughts from a distance) were mediators in MBI treatment of GAD [60].”
From Psychotherapeutic treatments for generalized anxiety disorder: cognitive and behavioral therapies, enhancement strategies, and emerging efforts (2022) · cites this paper as [60]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Changes in mindfulness have been found to be a mediator of MBSR and MBCT across clinical samples (Gu et al., 2015), and specifically in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (Hoge et al., 2015).”
From Group CBT versus MBSR for social anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial. (2016) · cites this paper as Hoge et al., 2015
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“One practice that has been found to effectively lower anxiety and distress is mindfulness (Bernstein et al., 2015; Hofmann et al., 2010; Hoge et al., 2015; Lebois et al., 2015).”
From Mindfulness Effects on Anxiety: Disentangling the Role of Decentering and Treatment Expectations (2024) · cites this paper as Hoge et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“improvements in worry following MBSR are mediated by improvements in Awareness (Hoge et al., 2015).”
From Facets of Mindfulness in Adults with Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Impact of Co-occurring Depression (2019) · cites this paper as Hoge et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“Finally, in a treatment-seeking sample of individuals with GAD, Hoge et al. (2015) found that improvements in Awareness and Nonreacting specifically mediated reductions in worry following MBSR.”
From Facets of Mindfulness in Adults with Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Impact of Co-occurring Depression (2019) · cites this paper as Hoge et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“Finally, in a treatment-seeking sample of individuals with GAD, Hoge et al. (2015) found that improvements in Awareness and Nonreacting specifically mediated reductions in worry following MBSR.”
From Facets of Mindfulness in Adults with Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Impact of Co-occurring Depression (2019) · cites this paper as Hoge et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“anxiety sensitivity can uniquely predict poor sleep quality in clinical samples [31,32]”
From A Correlational Analysis of the Relationships among Intolerance of Uncertainty, Anxiety Sensitivity, Subjective Sleep Quality, and Insomnia Symptoms (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“The role of anxiety sensitivity and intolerance of uncertainty in sleep disorders has not been studied extensively, but there is evidence that anxiety sensitivity is associated with poor sleep quality in clinical samples, including individuals with panic disorders [31] and HIV-infected individuals, after controlling for negative affect and relevant medical covariates [32].”
From A Correlational Analysis of the Relationships among Intolerance of Uncertainty, Anxiety Sensitivity, Subjective Sleep Quality, and Insomnia Symptoms (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“In keeping with previous research, anxiety sensitivity had a central role [31,32,33].”
From A Correlational Analysis of the Relationships among Intolerance of Uncertainty, Anxiety Sensitivity, Subjective Sleep Quality, and Insomnia Symptoms (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“Decentering contributes to the salutary benefits of meditation training [48], MBIs [33, 54, 57, 58] and mindfulness enriched CBTs [59–63].”
From All together now: utilizing common functional change principles to unify cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based therapies (2019) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“and comparatively weaker acute treatment effects for GAD and MDD [31–34].”
From All together now: utilizing common functional change principles to unify cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based therapies (2019) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“This study builds on previous research that indicates that mindfulness-based interventions delivered in-person can decrease anxiety in individuals with moderate to severe anxiety (eg, generalized anxiety disorder) and decrease physician burnout [20,28,45,46].”
From Physician Anxiety and Burnout: Symptom Correlates and a Prospective Pilot Study of App-Delivered Mindfulness Training (2020) · cites this paper as [46]
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentt(36) = 4.13reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(36) = 4.13, p < .001”
- Consistentt(36) = 1.81reported p = .079 · recomputed p = .079
“t(36)= 1.81, p = .079”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Citations
Cites
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.40.3.879 · Cited by 34,117 · cited 4×
“As has been recommended (see MacKinnon et al. 2000; Preacher and Hayes 2008), the multiple mediation analysis was accompanied by simple mediation analyses to bypass the issues that suppression effects can obscure possible indirect effects of individual mediators.”
MethodInfluentialSPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03206553 · Cited by 17,383 · cited 2×
“Bootstrapping is a nonparametric resampling method that bypasses assumptions of normality common to traditional tests of mediation and is thus more powerful, particularly with smaller samples (Preacher and Hayes 2004, 2008).”
MethodAn inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties.
Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.56.6.893 · Cited by 14,407 · cited 1×
“The 21-item self-report Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI; Beck et al. 1988) was used to assess anxiety at baseline and week 8 (endpoint).”
MethodBeyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical Mediation Analysis in the New Millennium
Hayes, A. F. (2009) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637750903310360 · Cited by 9,757
Using Self-Report Assessment Methods to Explore Facets of Mindfulness
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191105283504 · Cited by 7,511 · cited 1×
“Mindfulness The 39-item Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ; Baer et al. 2006) was used to assess change in mindfulness.”
Method(2008) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,477
Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition.
Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., et al. (2004) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bph077 · Cited by 7,234
(1999) · Cited by 5,934
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1982) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0163-8343(82)90026-3 · Cited by 4,255 · cited 1×
“…several years and some of their core components have been integrated into a variety of behavioral interventions, including acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT; Hayes et al. 1999), dialectical behavior therapy (Linehan 1993), and mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR; Kabat-Zinn 1982, 1990).”
BackgroundEquivalence of the Mediation, Confounding and Suppression Effect
MacKinnon, D. P., Krull, J. L., & Lockwood, C. M. (2000) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1023/a:1026595011371 · Cited by 4,188 · cited 1×
“As has been recommended (see MacKinnon et al. 2000; Preacher and Hayes 2008), the multiple mediation analysis was accompanied by simple mediation analyses to bypass the issues that suppression effects can obscure possible indirect effects of individual mediators.”
Method
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 46 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L. G. M., & Williams, J. B. W. (2002). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I disorders-patient edition (SCID-I/P, 11/2002 revision). New York, NY: Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–185 of 185
Decentering increases approach motivation among distressed individuals
Eftekhari, E., Tran, A., & McGregor, I. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.07.035 · Cited by 8
“Decentering has also been shown to play amajor role in enabling the anxiolytic and stress reducing effects of mindfulness based practices (Feldman, Greeson, & Senville, 2010; Hoge et al., 2015; Sauer & Baer, 2010).”
Mindfulness and Health Behaviour
Papies, E. K. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315627700-7 · Cited by 8
“, 2006), and that completing a mindfulness training increases decentering abilities (Hoge et al., 2014; Lau et al., 2006).”
Telehealth: the general practice perspective.
McPhee, E. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 8
Renna, M. E., Spaeth, P. E., Quintero, J. M., O'Toole, M. S., Sandman, C. F., Fresco, D. M., & Mennin, D. S. (2023) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2023.104420 · Cited by 7
Self-citationWang, Z., Tang, X., Hu, A., Chiu, W., Hofmann, S. G., & Liu, X. (2025) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2024.2426562 · Cited by 6
Pirbaglou, M., El Morr, C., Ahmad, F., & Ritvo, P. (2025) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/65853 · Cited by 6
“…mediators, across MBIs following different theoretical perspectives, include: mindfulness [16-26], self-compassion [16,18,20,23,27], decentering [19,24,28], psychological flexibility [25,29], and acceptance [24,29,30], in addition to reduced rumination [21,26,31], worry [17,21,31], experiential…”
InfluentialA Brief Online Mindfulness Intervention for Women’s Sexual Desire: The BROWSE Study
Xue, A., Makarenko, B., & Brotto, L. A. (2024) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/0092623x.2024.2343286 · Cited by 5
“…many investigators have integrated mindfulness in treatment toward a range of clinical syndromes such as generalized anxiety disorder (Hoge et al., 2015), substance abuse (Breslin, Zack, & McMain, 2006), and eating disorders (Atkinson & Wade, 2015; Telch, Agras, & Linehan, 2001),…”
BackgroundMadl, T. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-73789-8 · Cited by 5
The effects of mindfulness practices on well-being
Călin, M. F., & Ginara, D. M. (2023) · Technium Social Sciences Journal · doi:10.47577/tssj.v46i1.9358 · Cited by 5
Li, H., Yang, Y., Li, Y., & Zeng, Y. (2024) · International Journal of Sexual Health · doi:10.1080/19317611.2024.2360739 · Cited by 5
“…role of mindfulness-based interventions and mindfulness practices for both heterosexual and gay men’s psychological health (Galante et al., 2023; Gayner et al., 2012; Hoge et al., 2015; Iacono, 2018; Kearns et al., 2016; Lau et al., 2020; Schanche et al., 2020; Tan, 2016; XU et al., 2015).”
Song, H., & Lee, K. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9101548 · Cited by 6
Kogias, N., Geurts, D. E. M., Krause, F., Speckens, A. E. M., & Hermans, E. J. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01220-4 · Cited by 7
“Research into psychological mechanisms of MBSR and derivatives of this program, described as Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBIs), has shown that self-reported mindfulness skills and decentring play a mediating role in stress and anxiety symptom reduction [13, 14].”
MethodAbasi, I., Dolatshahi, B., Farazmand, S., Pourshahbaz, A., & Tamanaeefar, S. (2018) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 5
Goldberg, S. B., Tucker, R. P., Greene, P. A., Simpson, T. L., Hoyt, W. T., Kearney, D. J., & Davidson, R. J. (2019) · MindRxiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31231/osf.io/p8gew · Cited by 5
Mindfulness Effects on Anxiety: Disentangling the Role of Decentering and Treatment Expectations
Bos, D. P. A., Keesman, M., Roggeveen, A., Vase, L., Evers, A. W. M., & Peerdeman, K. J. (2024) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2024.03.004 · Cited by 5
Costa, M. D. A., Russell, T. A., Gosmann, N. P., Gonçalves, F., Tatton‐Ramos, T., de Oliveira, F. B., & Manfro, G. G. (2023) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12402 · Cited by 4
Wu, L.-C., Lien, Y.-W., & Ju, Y.-J. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03744-1 · Cited by 5
“This decoupling has been regarded as a crucial mechanism of mindfulness intervention for alleviating the worry symptoms over time (Hoge et al., 2015).”
BackgroundKupferberg, A., & Hasler, G. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1372650 · Cited by 5
“Notably, they have proven effective in diminishing self-centered thought patterns (223, 224) and reducing emotional reactivity to the rigors of social stress (225).”
BackgroundZainal, N. H., & Newman, M. G. (2024) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2024.1750 · Cited by 3
Neural correlates of interoception and mindful attention on stressful events
Coninck, S. D., Aben, B., den Bussche, E. V., Overwalle, F. V., & Mariën, P. (2025) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-025-01339-4 · Cited by 3
Decentering mediates the effect of cognitive reappraisal and distraction on mental health
Kobayashi, R., Shigematsu, J., Miyatani, M., & Nakao, T. (2020) · JAPANESE JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON EMOTIONS · doi:10.4092/jsre.27.2_67 · Cited by 3
Evidence to Support Mindful Healthcare Professionals
Kraemer, K. M., Wang, A., O’Bryan, E. M., & Luberto, C. M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-91062-4_2 · Cited by 3
Herbert, M. S., & Afari, N. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197550076.013.10 · Cited by 3
Mahyuvi, T., & Sari, N. W. (2024) · Journal Of Nursing Practice · doi:10.30994/jnp.v7i2.385 · Cited by 3
“As an effort to maximize surrender to God or Spiritual Mindfulness in chronic kidney failure patients media breathing relaxation (Hoge et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSweeney, T. (2016) · Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham) · Cited by 3
Levendusky, A., & Crippen, K. J. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02612-w · Cited by 5
Eun, Z. K. Y., Koh, C., Yang, H., Goh, A. Y. H., Hu, M., Kasturiratna, K. T. A. S., & Hartanto, A. (2026) · JMIR XR and spatial computing. · doi:10.2196/84239 · Cited by 2
“When individuals perceive their thoughts and feelings as transient mental events that are impermanent in nature, they can reframe negative thoughts and decrease emotional reactivity, fostering a deeper sense of calm and well-being [29-31].”
Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Clinical Anxiety and Depression
Hazlett‐Stevens, H. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-81245-4_9 · Cited by 3
Dorjee, D., & Roeser, R. W. (2022) · UNESCO MGIEP eBooks · doi:10.56383/horu5152 · Cited by 2
Clayton, M., Renna, M. E., Weingast, L. T., Panjwani, A. A., Spaeth, P. E., Heimberg, R. G., Fresco, D. M., & Mennin, D. S. (2023) · Journal of Emotion and Psychopathology · doi:10.55913/joep.v1i1.36 · Cited by 4
“…in decentering (Hoge et al., 2015) and reappraisal (Andreescu et al., 2015), and that these emotion regulation skills are mechanisms of change in the treatment of anxiety disorders, including GAD (Hayes-Skelton & Marando-Blanck, 2019; Hoge et al., 2015; O'Toole et al., 2019b; Smits et al., 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationExperiences Questionnaire (EQ)
Naragon-Gainey, K., McMahon, T. P., Park, J., & Fresco, D. M. (2022) · Handbook of Assessment in Mindfulness Research · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77644-2_42-1 · Cited by 2
Self-citationRadosavljevic, J., & Farb, N. A. S. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02091-x · Cited by 4
“For example, conventional 8-week MBIs such as MBSR have been shown to reduce anxiety through increases in decentering (Hoge et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMahyuvi, T., & Sari, N. W. (2023) · Nursing Sciences Journal · doi:10.30737/nsj.v7i2.5006 · Cited by 2
“The above is supported by research (Hoge et al., 2015) states the Mindfulness intervention reduces anxiety.”
BackgroundMind–Body Treatments for Anxiety Disorders
Maiello, M., Ward, M. J., & Bui, É. (2019) · Current clinical psychiatry · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30687-8_14 · Cited by 2
Self-citationLalande, L. (2017) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.103980 · Cited by 2
The Psychological Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder
McCabe‐Bennett, H., Fracalanza, K., & Antony, M. M. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119462996.ch5 · Cited by 2
Emotion regulation and the experience of racial microaggressions.
Sawyer, B. A. (2019) · doi:10.18297/etd/3189 · Cited by 2
“Mindfulness and self-compassion have been found to buffer the negative emotional impact of chronic stressors that are similar to racial microaggressions (Maheux & Price, 2016; Sirois et al., 2015; Peters et al., 2015; Hoge et al., 2015; Koszycki et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMoore, M., Lau, M. A., Haigh, E. A. P., et al. (2022) · doi:10.31231/osf.io/mx32f · Cited by 2
Self-citationLevit‐Binnun, N., Arbel, K., & Dorjee, D. (2021) · doi:10.31231/osf.io/hjp6z · Cited by 2
Baer, R. A., Caldera, C. A., & Nagy, L. M. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_820-1 · Cited by 2
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“A pesar de que estudios previos han mostrado efectos en la reducción de ansiedad después de programas de intervención basados en mindfulness (Hoge et al., 2015), estos hallazgos usualmente suelen observarse en mues-tra clínica, que presentan puntajes elevados de ansiedad o manifestaciones claras de…”
Metadata
- Authors
- Hoge, E. A., Bui, E., Goetter, E., Robinaugh, D. J., Ojserkis, R. A., Fresco, D. M., & Simon, N. M.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Kent State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hoge, Elizabeth A.
- Venue
- Cognitive Therapy and Research
- Published
- 2014-10-14
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 228-235
- ISSN
- 0147-5916 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2819
- PMC
- PMC5354303
- OpenAlex
- W1988619037
- Cited by
- 188
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 16.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Cognitive Therapy and Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Highland Street Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (K23AT004432)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- decentering, mindfulness, mindfulness-based stress reduction, generalized anxiety disorder, anxiety reduction, therapeutic mechanisms, worry, non-reactivity, awareness, mediation analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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