The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 9 of the 31 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Open accessAbstract
We sought to examine psychological mechanisms of treatment outcomes of a mindfulness meditation intervention for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). We examined mindfulness and decentering as two potential therapeutic mechanisms of action of GAD symptom reduction in patients randomized to receive either mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) or an attention control class (N = 38). Multiple mediation analyses were conducted using a non-parametric cross product of the coefficients approach that employs bootstrapping. Analyses revealed that change in decentering and change in mindfulness significantly mediated the effect of MBSR on anxiety. When both mediators were included in the model, the multiple mediation analysis revealed a significant indirect effect through increases in decentering, but not mindfulness. Furthermore, the direct effect of MBSR on decrease in anxiety was not significant, suggesting that decentering fully mediated the relationship. Results also suggested that MBSR reduces worry through an increase in mindfulness, specifically by increases in awareness and nonreactivity. Improvements in GAD symptoms resulting from MBSR are in part explained by increased levels of decentering. © 2014, Springer Science+Business Media New York.
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Claims the paper makes
21 Own result · 16 Own interpretation · 11 No full text of the sources · 10 Own method · 5 Partly supported · 2 Supported so far · 2 Sources not found · 1 Supported · 1 Not checked yet · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Results from our previously published RCT revealed that MBSR was efficacious in reducing self-reported anxiety symptoms (Hoge et al., 2013).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > II. Method > B. Measures
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Hoge et al., 2013 source
The Results report a significantly greater reduction in Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) scores with MBSR than with the active control. This supports the claim about self-reported anxiety symptoms in the trial’s patients with generalized anxiety disorder. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Effect sizes for change in BAI and PSWQ were similar to those found in the parent RCT (BAI: d = 0.71 vs. d = 0.74 in parent; PSWQ: d = 0.79 vs. 0.63 in parent) for MBSR.”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > III. Results > Relationship between MBSR, Potential Mediators, and Treatment Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When both mediators were examined simultaneously, results from our multiple mediator mediation analysis revealed that the indirect effect through increases in decentering remained significant; however, the indirect effect through change in mindfulness was no longer significant suggesting that decentering may be a unique independent mediator of the effect of MBSR (see Table 2 and Figure 1).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > III. Results > Mediation Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Effect sizes for change in BAI and PSWQ were similar to those found in the parent RCT (BAI: d = 0.71 vs. d = 0.74 in parent; PSWQ: d = 0.79 vs. 0.63 in parent) for MBSR.”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > III. Results > Relationship between MBSR, Potential Mediators, and Treatment Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Preliminary correlation analyses found that change in GAD symptom severity was strongly and inversely associated with change in mindfulness (r = −0.54, p<0.001) and change in decentering (r = −0.53, p<0.001).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > III. Results > Relationship between MBSR, Potential Mediators, and Treatment Outcomes
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“only non-reactivity to inner experience (B = .96, SE = .66; BCa 95% CI = .066; 2.92) and acting with awareness were significant mediators (B = .76, SE = .59; BCa 95% CI = .01; 2.59), while observing (B = .41, SE = .60; BCa 95% CI = −.54; 1.97), describing (B = .38, SE = .53; BCa 95% CI = −.32; 1.92), and non-judging of inner experience (B = .03., SE = .28; BCa 95% CI = −.33; .83) were not.”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > III. Results > Mediation Analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Separated bootstrapping analyses of the individual mediators indicated that there was a significant indirect effect of MBSR on reductions in PSWQ score through change in mindfulness (See Table 2).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > III. Results > Mediation Analyses
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Separated bootstrapping analyses of the individual mediators indicated that there was a significant indirect effect of MBSR on reductions in BAI score through change in decentering and change in mindfulness (See Table 2).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > III. Results > Mediation Analyses
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Between group differences on BAI change (t= −1.83, p=0.038) were significant, however, this was not the case for change in PSWQ (t=−0.64, p=0.26).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > III. Results > Relationship between MBSR, Potential Mediators, and Treatment Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, there was only a small relative greater treatment effect of our active arm, MBSR, compared to the attention control treatment, SME.”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > IV. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 30
- It may state two separate claims as one. 14
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Decentering is a metacognitive capacity of individuals to observe items that arise in the mind (e.g., thoughts, feelings, memories, etc.) as mere psychological events (Fresco, Moore, et al., 2007; Fresco, Segal, Buis, & Kennedy, 2007; Teasdale et al., 2002).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > I. Introduction
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Fresco, Moore, et al., 2007 source
The opening discussion (p. 1) defines decentering as observing thoughts and feelings as temporary, objective events in the mind rather than necessarily true reflections of the self. The general discussion (p. 10) also connects decentering with metacognitive capacity. This supports the citing sentence’s paraphrase. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Supportedcites Fresco, Segal, Buis, & Kennedy, 2007 source
The Discussion (p. 7) defines decentering as the ability to observe thoughts and feelings as temporary, objective events in the mind. This supports the citing sentence’s description of treating mental experiences as psychological events. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Teasdale et al., 2002 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This ability also involves recognizing that one’s thoughts, feelings, and urges are transient internal events rather than inherent, permanent aspects of the self or accurate representations of reality (Fresco, Moore, et al., 2007; Segal, Williams, & Teasdale, 2002).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > I. Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Fresco, Moore, et al., 2007 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper’s introduction (p. 1) defines decentering as observing thoughts and feelings as temporary events in the mind rather than necessarily true reflections of the self. It also says thoughts and feelings do not necessarily reflect objective reality (p. 1). These passages support the central paraphrase, but our copy does not extend that definition to urges. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not matchedcites Segal, Williams, & Teasdale, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“More compelling are results from a randomized, wait-list controlled study of MBSR for adults with general psychological distress in which mindfulness partially mediated improvements in quality of life and reductions in stress (Baer et al., 2012; Nyklicek & Kuijpers, 2008).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > I. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baer et al., 2012 source
- Supportedcites Nyklicek & Kuijpers, 2008 source
The Methods describe a randomized MBSR trial with a waiting-list control group of adults reporting distress. In Results > Mediation by Mindfulness, adjusting for general mindfulness reduced the intervention effects on perceived stress and overall quality of life to nonsignificance; the Discussion describes this as support for at least partial mediation. The paper frames mediation as a supported interpretation, rather than a definitively established mechanism. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“as compared to healthy control participants, patients with major depressive disorder evidence lower levels of decentering (Fresco, Moore, et al., 2007)”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > I. Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Fresco, Moore, et al., 2007 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Study 3 discussion (p. 10) reports lower decentering in participants with remitted MDD than in healthy controls. The claim omits the remission qualifier, so the paper does not establish the comparison for patients with current MDD generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Results from both controlled and uncontrolled studies have demonstrated the efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions for stress and anxiety in a variety of patient populations (e.g., Hofmann, Sawyer, Witt, & Oh, 2010).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > I. Introduction
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Hofmann, Sawyer, Witt, & Oh, 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page unavailable) report reduced anxiety symptoms across several patient groups and significant effects in controlled studies. But the Methods specify anxiety and mood outcomes, not stress outcomes, and the Discussion cautions that most controlled effect estimates were unreliable and that randomized trials are still needed to establish efficacy. The claim therefore overstates the evidence for stress and for established efficacy across study designs. (LLM, conf=0.88)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“For instance, increases in mindfulness have been found to be associated with increases in well-being (Splevins, Smith, & Simpson, 2009) and decreases in depressed mood, stress, medical symptoms, and anxiety symptoms (Dobkin & Zhao, 2011; Goldin, Ziv, Jazaieri, & Gross, 2012).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > I. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Dobkin & Zhao, 2011 source
- Partly supportedcites Goldin, Ziv, Jazaieri, & Gross, 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page unavailable) reports that MBSR is associated with reductions in anxiety, stress, and depression symptoms. Results > Clinical responses (page unavailable) shows mindfulness scores rising and social-anxiety scores falling after MBSR. The paper does not establish a direct association between increases in mindfulness and those symptom decreases, and our copy does not report a decrease in medical symptoms. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“As has been recommended (see MacKinnon, Krull, & Lockwood, 2000; Preacher & Hayes, 2008), the multiple mediation analysis was accompanied by simple mediation analyses to bypass the issues that suppression effects can obscure possible indirect effects of individual mediators.”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > II. Method > C. Statistical Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites MacKinnon, Krull, & Lockwood, 2000 source
- Partly supportedcites Preacher & Hayes, 2008 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Recommendations section says correlated mediators can obscure whether an individual variable mediates an effect. But the paper recommends testing specific indirect effects within a multiple-mediator model, not accompanying that model with separate simple mediation analyses; the Strategies section warns that separate simple models can produce biased estimates. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conducting a similar analysis using the FFMQ subscales instead of the FFMQ total score did not change the pattern of result (i.e., change in decentering was the sole significant mediator).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > III. Results > Mediation Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Separated bootstrapping analyses of the individual mediators indicated that there was a significant indirect effect of MBSR on reductions in BAI score through change in decentering and change in mindfulness (See Table 2).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > III. Results > Mediation Analyses
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Change in mindfulness and in decentering were also correlated (r=0.56, p<0.001).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > III. Results > Relationship between MBSR, Potential Mediators, and Treatment Outcomes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Individuals in the MBSR group exhibited a significantly greater change in decentering levels (t(36) = 4.13, p<0.001) and greater change in mindfulness levels (t(36)= 1.81, p=0.079) than individuals in the SME group (see Table 1).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > III. Results > Relationship between MBSR, Potential Mediators, and Treatment Outcomes
plain- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“demonstrate gains in decentering following treatment with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) but not antidepressant medication (ADM) (Fresco, Segal, et al., 2007).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > I. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Fresco, Segal, et al., 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no differences between this subsample and the full RCT sample in demographic variables (all p’s >0.29, all Chi2 < 0.59, and t-values < 1.3, which are comparable to Cohen’s d <0.24).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > II. Method > A. Procedures and Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Additionally, although they were not able to test for true mediation, researchers found that increases in dispositional mindfulness accounted for reductions in anxiety and stress following a mindfulness-based intervention among patients with anxiety disorders (Vollestad, Sivertsen, & Nielsen, 2011).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > I. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Vollestad, Sivertsen, & Nielsen, 2011 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Further, gains in decentering during acute treatment with CBT (Fresco, Segal, et al., 2007) or prophylactic treatment with mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) (Bieling et al., 2012) are predictive of a more durable treatment response.”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > I. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Fresco, Segal, et al., 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bieling et al., 2012 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Given the ruminative nature of worry in GAD and the difficulty in separating from those thoughts (Marino, Lunt, & Negy, 2008), increases in decentering could also play a role in symptom improvement.”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > I. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Marino, Lunt, & Negy, 2008 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A second study found that changes in mindfulness preceded changes in mental health outcomes, raising the possibility that reductions in distress occurred as a result of earlier increases in mindfulness (Baer, Carmody, & Hunsinger, 2012).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > I. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baer, Carmody, & Hunsinger, 2012 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For instance, increases in mindfulness have been found to be associated with increases in well-being (Splevins, Smith, & Simpson, 2009) and decreases in depressed mood, stress, medical symptoms, and anxiety symptoms (Dobkin & Zhao, 2011; Goldin, Ziv, Jazaieri, & Gross, 2012).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > I. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Splevins, Smith, & Simpson, 2009 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although improvements in mindfulness are thought to mediate symptom improvements, other mechanisms of action such as decentering may mediate symptom reduction.”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > I. Introduction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Studies report psychological benefits from promoting distance from the self in time (e.g., viewing inner experiences as temporary; Watkins, Teasdale, & Williams, 2000) and distance from the self in space (e.g., viewing inner experiences as physical objects that are separate from oneself; Kalisch et al., 2005).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > I. Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Some have noted that decentering and mindfulness are theoretically similar constructs (Carmody, Baer, E, & Olendzki, 2009); however, mindfulness involves bringing enhanced awareness coupled with an attitude of nonjudgment, whereas decentering more specifically refers to the ability to adopt a psychologically distanced stance.”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > I. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Carmody, Baer, E, & Olendzki, 2009 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The SME was designed as an active control intervention for MBSR to control for the non-specific effects of treatment, such as group support, attention from the instructor, and participants’ expectations.”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > II. Method > A. Procedures and Participants
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Internal consistency was good at baseline (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.86) and follow-up (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.92).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > II. Method > B. Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, our anxiety symptom outcome measure, the BAI, has an emphasis on physiological arousal symptoms rather than a focus on the core symptoms of GAD. Therefore, it is possible that the BAI did not capture precisely the distress associated with GAD.”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > IV. Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, MBSR promotes reductions in GAD symptoms through different mechansims, namely mindfulness and decentering, suggesting that both skills are crucial components of successful GAD treatment.”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > IV. Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Concerning the role of decentering in mediating outcomes in MBSR, these findings extend previous findings suggesting that decentering predicts improvements (or lack of relapse) in psychological symptoms after MBSR and MBCT (Bieling et al., 2012; Carmody et al., 2009).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > IV. Discussion
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, while the use of an attention control yields a smaller difference between groups, a strength of this design is that we can feel more confident that treatment differences are actually due to mindfulness meditation, rather than non-specific effects of treatment.”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > IV. Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, MBSR promotes reductions in GAD symptoms through different mechansims, namely mindfulness and decentering, suggesting that both skills are crucial components of successful GAD treatment.”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > IV. Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Bootstrapping is a nonparametric resampling method that bypasses assumptions of normality common to traditional tests of mediation and is thus more powerful, particularly with smaller samples (Preacher & Hayes, 2004, 2008).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > II. Method > C. Statistical Analysis
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Preacher & Hayes, 2004, 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the baseline BAI scores were higher in the MBSR group compared to SME (d=0.49), there were no significant differences between individuals randomized to MBSR compared to those assigned to SME on any of the variables at baseline.”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > III. Results > Relationship between MBSR, Potential Mediators, and Treatment Outcomes
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, findings are limited by small sample size, so they should be interpreted with caution.”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > IV. Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this sample of patients with GAD who were trained in MBSR or received an attention control, we found evidence that changes in both decentering and mindfulness may mediate the effect of MBSR on symptoms of GAD.”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > IV. Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Internal consistency for the decentering subscale was good (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.83).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > II. Method > B. Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“For example, by not reacting to the worries, individuals may be less likely to attempt to control or suppress the worry, which can paradoxically increase distress (Abramowitz, Tolin, & Street, 2001).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > IV. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Abramowitz, Tolin, & Street, 2001 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Lastly, we studied a sample with GAD and therefore our findings are not necessarily generalizable to other conditions.”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > IV. Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“These findings are in concert with results of a recent study which found that nonreactivity, nonjudging, and acting with awareness, were significantly and negatively associated with worry (Fisak & von Lehe, 2012).”
§ Change in Decentering Mediates Improvement in Anxiety in Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Generalized Anxiety Disorder > IV. Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fisak & von Lehe, 2012 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
The mediation hypothesis that decentering and mindfulness jointly mediate outcomes in mindfulness-based treatment has not been tested before.
“Although these studies provide preliminary evidence that decentering might at least partially mediate treatment outcomes, to our knowledge, this mediation hypothesis has not yet been tested nor have decentering and mindfulness been jointly examined as mediators of outcome in a study utilizing mindfulness-based treatment.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The psychological mechanisms of mindfulness-based interventions and MBSR specifically are not fully understood.
“In sum, mindfulness-based interventions are effective in decreasing symptoms in a range of disorders including anxiety disorders, but the psychological mechanisms of mindfulness-based interventions and MBSR specifically are not fully understood.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A few studies thus far have demonstrated a mediating role for these metacognitive abilities in other cognitive behavioral therapies (CBTs) for GAD.”
From Changes in Decentering and Reappraisal Temporally Precede Symptom Reduction During Emotion Regulation Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder With and Without Co-Occurring Depression. (2019) · cites this paper as Hoge et al., 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Analyses revealed that changes in both mindfulness and decentering significantly mediated the effect of MBSR on anxiety symptoms but not worry. When both mediators were included in the model, only increases in decentering remained statistically significant.”
From Changes in Decentering and Reappraisal Temporally Precede Symptom Reduction During Emotion Regulation Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder With and Without Co-Occurring Depression. (2019) · cites this paper as Hoge et al., 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“and comparatively weaker acute treatment effects for GAD and MDD [31–34].”
From All together now: utilizing common functional change principles to unify cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based therapies (2019) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In short, in line with previous research (Bernstein et al., 2015; Hoge et al., 2015; Lebois et al., 2015), the current study provided supporting evidence for the effectiveness of this mindfulness component compared to a sham intervention.”
From Mindfulness Effects on Anxiety: Disentangling the Role of Decentering and Treatment Expectations (2024) · cites this paper as Hoge et al., 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“An RCT that reported how increased non-reactivity to inner experience mediated the effect of mindfulness ecological momentary intervention (MEMI) versus treatment-as-usual on pre-follow-up worry also did not test treatment as a moderator [38].”
From Treatment condition as a moderator and change in trait mindfulness as a mediator of a brief mindfulness ecological momentary intervention for generalized anxiety disorder (2024) · cites this paper as [38]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Decentering may help individuals disengage from perseverative worry habit loops that are perpetuated through reinforcement learning [46-48,74].”
From Clinical Efficacy and Psychological Mechanisms of an App-Based Digital Therapeutic for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Randomized Controlled Trial (2021) · cites this paper as [74]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This is reflected by evidence that the negative association between trait mindfulness and anxiety severity is partially mediated by decentering-related abilities69,87.”
From Decentering as a core component in the psychological treatment and prevention of youth anxiety and depression: a narrative review and insight report (2021) · cites this paper as [87]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Treatment-related increases in decentering mediated the impact of mindfulness training on anxiety severity in adults seeking treatment for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) (37.6 ± 11.6 years)87.”
From Decentering as a core component in the psychological treatment and prevention of youth anxiety and depression: a narrative review and insight report (2021) · cites this paper as [87]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Improvements in decentering consistently predict acute and enduring treatment effects for patients suffering from MDD (Fresco et al., 2007b), GAD (Hoge et al., 2015) and GAD (with and without MDD; Mennin et al., 2015, under review; Renna et al., under review) as well as the prevention of MDD relapse following prophylactic treatment with mindfulness based cognitive therapy (Bieling et al., 2012).”
From Distinct functional connectivities predict clinical response with emotion regulation therapy (2017) · cites this paper as Hoge et al., 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“another showed that decentering mediated outcome in mindfulness-based stress reduction for generalized anxiety disorder (Hoge et al., 2015).”
From Changes in Decentering Across Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder (2018) · cites this paper as Hoge et al., 2015
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These analyses do not speak to the timeline of change, as mediators and outcomes were only evaluated pre- and posttreatment.”
From Changes in Decentering and Reappraisal Temporally Precede Symptom Reduction During Emotion Regulation Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder With and Without Co-Occurring Depression. (2019) · cites this paper as Hoge et al., 2015
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Finally, in a treatment-seeking sample of individuals with GAD, Hoge et al. (2015) found that improvements in Awareness and Nonreacting specifically mediated reductions in worry following MBSR.”
From Facets of Mindfulness in Adults with Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Impact of Co-occurring Depression (2019) · cites this paper as Hoge et al., 2015
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“mindfulness (i.e., awareness and non-reactivity) and decentering (the capacity to observe thoughts from a distance) were mediators in MBI treatment of GAD [60].”
From Psychotherapeutic treatments for generalized anxiety disorder: cognitive and behavioral therapies, enhancement strategies, and emerging efforts (2022) · cites this paper as [60]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Changes in mindfulness have been found to be a mediator of MBSR and MBCT across clinical samples (Gu et al., 2015), and specifically in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (Hoge et al., 2015).”
From Group CBT versus MBSR for social anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial. (2016) · cites this paper as Hoge et al., 2015
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“One practice that has been found to effectively lower anxiety and distress is mindfulness (Bernstein et al., 2015; Hofmann et al., 2010; Hoge et al., 2015; Lebois et al., 2015).”
From Mindfulness Effects on Anxiety: Disentangling the Role of Decentering and Treatment Expectations (2024) · cites this paper as Hoge et al., 2015
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“anxiety sensitivity can uniquely predict poor sleep quality in clinical samples [31,32]”
From A Correlational Analysis of the Relationships among Intolerance of Uncertainty, Anxiety Sensitivity, Subjective Sleep Quality, and Insomnia Symptoms (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“The role of anxiety sensitivity and intolerance of uncertainty in sleep disorders has not been studied extensively, but there is evidence that anxiety sensitivity is associated with poor sleep quality in clinical samples, including individuals with panic disorders [31] and HIV-infected individuals, after controlling for negative affect and relevant medical covariates [32].”
From A Correlational Analysis of the Relationships among Intolerance of Uncertainty, Anxiety Sensitivity, Subjective Sleep Quality, and Insomnia Symptoms (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“improvements in worry following MBSR are mediated by improvements in Awareness (Hoge et al., 2015).”
From Facets of Mindfulness in Adults with Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Impact of Co-occurring Depression (2019) · cites this paper as Hoge et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“Finally, in a treatment-seeking sample of individuals with GAD, Hoge et al. (2015) found that improvements in Awareness and Nonreacting specifically mediated reductions in worry following MBSR.”
From Facets of Mindfulness in Adults with Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Impact of Co-occurring Depression (2019) · cites this paper as Hoge et al., 2015
In the citing paper
“In keeping with previous research, anxiety sensitivity had a central role [31,32,33].”
From A Correlational Analysis of the Relationships among Intolerance of Uncertainty, Anxiety Sensitivity, Subjective Sleep Quality, and Insomnia Symptoms (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“Decentering contributes to the salutary benefits of meditation training [48], MBIs [33, 54, 57, 58] and mindfulness enriched CBTs [59–63].”
From All together now: utilizing common functional change principles to unify cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based therapies (2019) · cites this paper as [33]
In the citing paper
“This study builds on previous research that indicates that mindfulness-based interventions delivered in-person can decrease anxiety in individuals with moderate to severe anxiety (eg, generalized anxiety disorder) and decrease physician burnout [20,28,45,46].”
From Physician Anxiety and Burnout: Symptom Correlates and a Prospective Pilot Study of App-Delivered Mindfulness Training (2020) · cites this paper as [46]
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentt(36) = 4.13reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(36) = 4.13, p < .001”
- Consistentt(36) = 1.81reported p = .079 · recomputed p = .079
“t(36)= 1.81, p = .079”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Citations
Cites
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.40.3.879 · Cited by 34,117 · cited 4×
“As has been recommended (see MacKinnon et al. 2000; Preacher and Hayes 2008), the multiple mediation analysis was accompanied by simple mediation analyses to bypass the issues that suppression effects can obscure possible indirect effects of individual mediators.”
MethodInfluentialSPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03206553 · Cited by 17,383 · cited 2×
“Bootstrapping is a nonparametric resampling method that bypasses assumptions of normality common to traditional tests of mediation and is thus more powerful, particularly with smaller samples (Preacher and Hayes 2004, 2008).”
MethodAn inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties.
Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.56.6.893 · Cited by 14,407 · cited 1×
“The 21-item self-report Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI; Beck et al. 1988) was used to assess anxiety at baseline and week 8 (endpoint).”
MethodBeyond Baron and Kenny: Statistical Mediation Analysis in the New Millennium
Hayes, A. F. (2009) · Communication Monographs · doi:10.1080/03637750903310360 · Cited by 9,757
Using Self-Report Assessment Methods to Explore Facets of Mindfulness
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191105283504 · Cited by 7,511 · cited 1×
“Mindfulness The 39-item Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ; Baer et al. 2006) was used to assess change in mindfulness.”
Method(2008) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,477
Mindfulness: A proposed operational definition.
Bishop, S. R., Lau, M., Shapiro, S., Carlson, L., Anderson, N. D., Carmody, J., Segal, Z. V., Abbey, S., Speca, M., Velting, D., et al. (2004) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.bph077 · Cited by 7,234
(1999) · Cited by 5,934
Kabat-Zinn, J. (1982) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0163-8343(82)90026-3 · Cited by 4,255 · cited 1×
“…several years and some of their core components have been integrated into a variety of behavioral interventions, including acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT; Hayes et al. 1999), dialectical behavior therapy (Linehan 1993), and mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR; Kabat-Zinn 1982, 1990).”
BackgroundEquivalence of the Mediation, Confounding and Suppression Effect
MacKinnon, D. P., Krull, J. L., & Lockwood, C. M. (2000) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1023/a:1026595011371 · Cited by 4,188 · cited 1×
“As has been recommended (see MacKinnon et al. 2000; Preacher and Hayes 2008), the multiple mediation analysis was accompanied by simple mediation analyses to bypass the issues that suppression effects can obscure possible indirect effects of individual mediators.”
Method
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L. G. M., & Williams, J. B. W. (2002). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I disorders-patient edition (SCID-I/P, 11/2002 revision). New York, NY: Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Creswell, J. D. (2017) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-042716-051139 · Cited by 1,702
“…studies showed that self-reported increases in decentering mediated MBSR treatment effects on anxiety reduction in generalized anxiety disorder patients (Hoge et al. 2014) and MBCT-related decreases in depressive symptoms among individuals at risk for depression relapse (Bieling et al. 2012).”
Mechanisms of mindfulness training: Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT
Lindsay, E. K., & Creswell, J. D. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.011 · Cited by 919
“…use, and posttraumatic stress disorder) (Adams et al., 2012; Boden et al., 2012; Compare et al., 2012; Fernandez, Wood, Stein, & Rossi, 2010; Hoge et al., 2015; Kalill, Treanor, & Roemer, 2014; Lavender, Gratz, & Tull, 2011; Ostafin & Marlatt, 2008; Owens, Walter, Chard, & Davis, 2012;…”
Reconstructing and deconstructing the self: cognitive mechanisms in meditation practice
Dahl, C. J., Lutz, A., & Davidson, R. J. (2015) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.07.001 · Cited by 809
“Clinical studies have shown that a diminished ability to step back and observe one's internal processes of thinking and feeling plays an important role in a variety of psychiatric conditions, including depression [39] and anxiety [40].”
BackgroundDecentering and Related Constructs: A Critical Review and Metacognitive Processes Model
Bernstein, A., Hadash, Y., Lichtash, Y., Tanay, G., Shepherd, K., & Fresco, D. M. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615594577 · Cited by 539
Self-citationMindfulness Meditation and Psychopathology
Wielgosz, J., Goldberg, S. B., Kral, T. R. A., Dunne, J. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2019) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093423 · Cited by 435
“Dereification of anxiety-related cognitions may contribute to both of these processes, with self-reported dereification having been shown to mediate the effects of MBSR on symptoms of generalized anxiety (Hoge et al. 2015).”
BackgroundAlsubaie, M., Abbott, R., Dunn, B., Dickens, C., Keil, T. F., Henley, W., & Kuyken, W. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.04.008 · Cited by 383
“(2002, 2013) and Kabat-Zinn (1990, 2013), whilst one study (Hoge et al., 2015) adapted MBSR to people with generalised anxiety disorders.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEconomides, M., Martman, J., Bell, M. J., & Sanderson, B. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0905-4 · Cited by 250
“By observing thoughts and feelings as mental events, rather than as reality or truths about the self, one can retrain negative thought patterns and reduce reactivity, thus fostering a greater sense of calm and well-being (Feldman et al. 2010; Hoge et al. 2014).”
Beyond linear mediation: Toward a dynamic network approach to study treatment processes
Hofmann, S. G., Curtiss, J. E., & Hayes, S. C. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101824 · Cited by 232
“Similarly, a common interest in healthy variation in sense of self and perspective taking might draw together psychodynamically grounded mediators such as mentalization (Rossouw & Fonagy, 2012) with cognitive behavioral mediators such as decentering (Hoge et al., 2014).”
BackgroundAyahuasca: pharmacology, neuroscience and therapeutic potential
Domínguez-Clavé, E., Soler, J., Elices, M., Pascual, J. C., Álvarez, E., de la Fuente Revenga, M., Friedlander, P., Feilding, A., & Riba, J. (2016) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.03.002 · Cited by 226
“…et al., 2007b; Gecht, 2014; Hargus et al., 2010; Teasdale et al., 2002), but also in generalized anxiety disorder (Hayes-Skelton et al., 2015; Hoge et al., 2015), social anxiety (Hayes-Skelton and Graham, 2013), eating disorders, substance use disorders (Shapiro et al., 2006; Soler et al.,…”
BackgroundGroup CBT versus MBSR for social anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial.
Goldin, P. R., Morrison, A., Jazaieri, H., Brozovich, F., Heimberg, R., & Gross, J. J. (2016) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000092 · Cited by 202
“Changes in mindfulness have been found to be a mediator of MBSR and MBCT across clinical samples (Gu et al., 2015), and specifically in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (Hoge et al., 2015).”
Brief mindfulness meditation training reduces mind wandering: the critical role of acceptance
Rahl, H. A., Lindsay, E. K., Pacilio, L. E., Brown, K. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000250 · Cited by 169
“Acceptance may also lead to the use of other emotion-regulatory strategies, including decentering (Bernstein et al., 2015; Bieling et al., 2012; Hoge et al., 2015).”
BackgroundDorjee, D. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01788 · Cited by 123
Gupta, R. S., Kujawa, A., & Vago, D. R. (2019) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.08.006 · Cited by 122
Mennin, D. S., Fresco, D. M., O'Toole, M. S., & Heimberg, R. G. (2018) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000289 · Cited by 119
“However, mindfulness-based interventions have also demonstrated mediation by metacognitive variables (i.e., decentering; Hoge et al., 2015; Bieling et al., 2012) and comparative trials with two active treatment arms have shown nonspecific effects on both attentional/ mindfulness and metacognitive variables across both…”
BackgroundSelf-citationder Gucht, K. V., Dejonckheere, E., Erbaş, Y., Takano, K., Vandemoortele, M., Maex, E., Raes, F., & Kuppens, P. (2018) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000406 · Cited by 102
Apolinário-Hagen, J., Drüge, M., & Fritsche, L. (2020) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_17 · Cited by 100
Pérez-Aranda, A., García-Campayo, J., Gude, F., Luciano, J. V., Feliu-Soler, A., González-Quintela, A., López-del-Hoyo, Y., & Montero-Marin, J. (2021) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2021.100229 · Cited by 92
Shoham, A., Goldstein, P., Oren, R., Spivak, D., & Bernstein, A. (2017) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000154 · Cited by 87
“…2012) and improved psychological functioning (Carmody, Baer, Lykins, & Olendzki, 2009; Forman et al., 2012), as well as reduced levels of distress (Hoge et al., 2015; Kross & Adyuk, 2009; Kross, Ayduk, & Mischel, 2005) and anxiety, depression, and dysfunctional attitudes (Bieling et al., 2012;…”
BackgroundBennett, M. P., Knight, R., Patel, S., So, T., Dunning, D., Barnhofer, T., Smith, P., Kuyken, W., Ford, T., & Dalgleish, T. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01397-5 · Cited by 81
Kiraga, M. K., Mason, N. L., Uthaug, M. V., van Oorsouw, K. I. M., Toennes, S. W., Ramaekers, J. G., & Kuypers, K. P. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.721537 · Cited by 85
Britton, W. B., Desbordes, G., Acabchuk, R. L., Peters, S., Lindahl, J. R., Canby, N. K., Vago, D. R., Dumais, T., Lipsky, J., Kimmel, H. J., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.730972 · Cited by 82
“, 2013), increases in decentering mediated decreases in anxiety but not worry in MBSR compared to stress management education (Hoge et al., 2015).”
ResultSelf-centeredness and selflessness: happiness correlates and mediating psychological processes
Dambrun, M. (2017) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.3306 · Cited by 94
“, experiential fusion Dahl, Lutz & Davidson, 2015) would be involved in self-centeredness, selflessness would be more intertwined to a decentering attention (Fresco et al., 2007; Hoge et al., 2015; Hadash et al., 2016) and to mindfulness characteristics, such as attention to the present moment, acting with awareness,…”
BackgroundBogosian, A., Hughes, A., Norton, S., Silber, E., & Moss‐Morris, R. (2016) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12201 · Cited by 75
A common factors perspective on mindfulness-based interventions
Goldberg, S. B. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00090-8 · Cited by 75
O’Toole, M. S., Renna, M. E., Mennin, D. S., & Fresco, D. M. (2019) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2018.12.005 · Cited by 66
Self-citationA balanced view of mindfulness at work
Choi, E., Gruman, J. A., & Leonard, C. (2021) · Organizational Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/20413866211036930 · Cited by 80
“For example, it has been shown that changes in decentering mediate the relation between mindfulness-based stress reduction interventions and outcomes (e.g., reduced anxiety; Hoge et al., 2015).”
BackgroundBaer, R., Gu, J., Cavanagh, K., & Strauss, C. (2019) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000744 · Cited by 66
“In adults with generalized anxiety disorder, Hoge et al. (2015) reported higher mindfulness scores in MBSR than in a stress management education group.”
BackgroundBai, C.-F., Cui, N.-X., Xu, X., Mi, G.-L., Sun, J.-W., Shao, D., Li, J., Jiang, Y.-Z., Yang, Q.-Q., Zhang, X., et al. (2019) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/dez066 · Cited by 65
“…encouraging studies indicate that mindfulness interventions reduce depressive and anxiety symptoms (Boettcher et al., 2014; Strauss et al., 2014; Hoge et al., 2015; Eisendrath et al., 2016), chronic pain (Garland et al., 2014; Morone et al., 2016), substance abuse (Brewer et al., 2011;…”
BackgroundLauriola, M., Carleton, R. N., Tempesta, D., Calanna, P., Socci, V., Mosca, O., Salfi, F., De Gennaro, L., & Ferrara, M. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16183253 · Cited by 63
“The role of anxiety sensitivity and intolerance of uncertainty in sleep disorders has not been studied extensively, but there is evidence that anxiety sensitivity is associated with poor sleep quality in clinical samples, including individuals with panic disorders [31] and HIV-infected individuals, after controlling f…”
BackgroundEvaluation of a mobile mindfulness app distributed through on-line stores: A 4-week study
Chittaro, L., & Vianello, A. (2015) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2015.09.004 · Cited by 75
“…particularly important in the literature because it can be helpful in reducing negative emotional states, such as anxiety, worry and ruminative thinking, by helping individuals realize that their thoughts are impermanent events in the mind, see e.g. (Hoge et al., 2015; Querstret and Cropley, 2013).”
BackgroundDambrun, M., Berniard, A., Didelot, T., Chaulet, M., Droit‐Volet, S., Corman, M., Juneau, C., & Martinon, L. M. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01104-y · Cited by 76
Adair, K. C., Fredrickson, B. L., Castro‐Schilo, L., Kim, S., & Sidberry, S. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0811-1 · Cited by 77
Biobehavioral Mechanisms of Mindfulness as a Treatment for Chronic Stress: An RDoC Perspective
Garland, E. L., Hanley, A. W., Baker, A. K., & Howard, M. O. (2017) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/2470547017711912 · Cited by 65
Roy, A., Druker, S., Hoge, E. A., & Brewer, J. A. (2020) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/15608 · Cited by 55
“This study builds on previous research that indicates that mindfulness-based interventions delivered in-person can decrease anxiety in individuals with moderate to severe anxiety (eg, generalized anxiety disorder) and decrease physician burnout [20,28,45,46].”
ResultSelf-citationScoping Review of Mindfulness Research: a Topic Modelling Approach
Kee, Y. H., Li, C., Kong, L. C., Tang, C. J., & Chuang, K.-L. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01136-4 · Cited by 63
Mindful moments: A review of brief, low‐intensity mindfulness meditation and induced mindful states
Heppner, W. L., & Shirk, S. D. (2018) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12424 · Cited by 67
Ghahari, S., Mohammadi-Hasel, K., Malakouti, S., & Roshanpajouh, M. (2020) · East Asian Archives of Psychiatry · doi:10.12809/eaap1885 · Cited by 55
“Evans et al,15 2008 USA 11 49 (18-80) 66 DSM-IV for GAD Beck Anxiety Index”
BackgroundStructure and validity of measures of decentering and defusion
Naragon-Gainey, K., & DeMarree, K. G. (2017) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000405 · Cited by 56
“…they are implicated as mediators of decreased symptoms and increased quality of life in different forms of psychotherapy for a variety of disorders (e.g., Arch, Wolitzky-Taylor, Eifert, & Craske, 2012; Bieling et al., 2012; Hayes-Skelton, Calloway, Roemer, & Orsillo, 2015; Hoge et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialLin, Q., Li, T., Shakeel, P. M., & Samuel, R. D. J. (2021) · Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing · doi:10.1007/s12652-020-02650-3 · Cited by 54
RetractedGawrysiak, M. J., Grassetti, S. N., Greeson, J. M., Shorey, R. C., Pohlig, R., & Baime, M. J. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22521 · Cited by 52
“Emerging research also implicates decentering as a mechanism of change in MBIs for depression (Bieling et al., 2012) and anxiety (Hoge et al., 2015).”
How Does Paying Attention Improve Sexual Functioning in Women? A Review of Mechanisms
Arora, N., & Brotto, L. A. (2017) · Sexual Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.sxmr.2017.01.005 · Cited by 52
Levit‐Binnun, N., Arbel, K., & Dorjee, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.727857 · Cited by 57
Distinct functional connectivities predict clinical response with emotion regulation therapy
Fresco, D. M., Roy, A. K., Adelsberg, S., Seeley, S., García-Lesy, E., Liston, C., & Mennin, D. S. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00086 · Cited by 43
“…targets of treatment for GAD with and without co-occurring MDD. Keywords: generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, worry, somatic anxiety, decentering, resting state functional connectivity Frontiers in Human Neuroscience | www.frontiersin.org 1 March 2017 | Volume 11 | Article 86”
BackgroundSelf-citationKarl, J. A., Johnson, F. N., Bucci, L., & Fischer, R. D. (2021) · Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand · doi:10.1080/03036758.2021.1915804 · Cited by 62
Beerse, M. E., Van Lith, T., Pickett, S. M., & Stanwood, G. D. (2020) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1177/1535370219883634 · Cited by 45
Roy, A., Hoge, E. A., Abrante, P., Druker, S., Liu, T., & Brewer, J. A. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/26987 · Cited by 41
Self-citationHunkin, H., King, D. L., & Zajac, I. T. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23189 · Cited by 44
Increased Attention Regulation from Emotion Regulation Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Renna, M. E., Seeley, S. H., Heimberg, R. G., Etkin, A., Fresco, D. M., & Mennin, D. S. (2018) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-017-9872-7 · Cited by 36
“2005) and appear efficacious in the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders, including GAD (Hofmann et al. 2010; Hoge et al. 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMindfulness Reduces Reactivity to Food Cues: Underlying Mechanisms and Applications in Daily Life
Keesman, M., Aarts, H., Häfner, M., & Papies, E. K. (2017) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-017-0134-2 · Cited by 41
Fresco, D. M., & Mennin, D. S. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.10.014 · Cited by 36
“Decentering contributes to the salutary benefits of meditation training [48], MBIs [33, 54, 57, 58] and mindfulness enriched CBTs [59–63].”
BackgroundSelf-citationJoss, D., & Teicher, M. H. (2021) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-021-00240-4 · Cited by 35
A neurobehavioral account for decentering as the salve for the distressed mind
King, A. P., & Fresco, D. M. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.02.009 · Cited by 36
Self-citationGilpin, H. R., Stahl, D. R., & McCracken, L. M. (2018) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1310 · Cited by 36
Decentering Attenuates the Associations of Negative Affect and Positive Affect With Psychopathology
Naragon-Gainey, K., & DeMarree, K. G. (2017) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702617719758 · Cited by 34
Compared to self-immersion, mindful attention reduces salivation and automatic food bias
Baquedano, C., Vergara, R. C., López, V., Fabar, C., Cosmelli, D. J., & Antoine Lutz, A. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-13662-z · Cited by 37
Domhardt, M., Nowak, H., Engler, S., Baumel, A., Grund, S., Mayer, A., Terhorst, Y., & Baumeister, H. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102084 · Cited by 32
Changes in Decentering Across Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder
Hayes-Skelton, S. A., & Lee, C. S. (2018) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2018.01.005 · Cited by 28
Contemplative neuroscience, self-awareness, and education
Berkovich‐Ohana, A., Jennings, P. A., & Lavy, S. (2019) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.10.015 · Cited by 35
Vanzhula, I. A., & Levinson, C. A. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01343-4 · Cited by 37
Cognitive Reappraisal Facilitates Decentering: A Longitudinal Cross-Lagged Analysis Study
Kobayashi, R., Shigematsu, J., Miyatani, M., & Nakao, T. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00103 · Cited by 28
“Similar results have been reported in other studies (e.g., Carmody et al., 2009; Hoge et al., 2015).”
BackgroundResultNewman, M. G., Basterfield, C., Erickson, T. M., Caulley, E., Przeworski, A., & Llera, S. J. (2022) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2022.2125800 · Cited by 45
“awareness and non-reactivity) and decentering (the capacity to observe thoughts from a distance) were mediators in MBI treatment of GAD [60].”
Promoting Emotional Well-Being in Older Breast Cancer Patients: Results From an eHealth Intervention
Villani, D., Cognetta, C., Repetto, C., Serino, S., Toniolo, D., Scanzi, F., & Riva, G. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02279 · Cited by 27
Development of a self-distancing task and initial validation of responses
Shepherd, K. A., Coifman, K. G., Matt, L. M., & Fresco, D. M. (2016) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000297 · Cited by 27
“A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript Discussion Numerous researchers have called for the development of valid, objective measures of mindfulness and decentering, which may be used to evaluate the benefits of many common interventions (e.g., MBCT, MBSR, ERT, DBT, ACT) (e.g., B…”
InfluentialSelf-citationCognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Newman, M. G., Zainal, N. H., & Hoyer, J. (2020) · Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Worrying · doi:10.1002/9781119189909.ch10 · Cited by 25
Mechanisms of Mindfulness: A Longitudinal Study of a Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program
Davis, K. M., Wojcik, C. M., Baillie, A. J., Foley, E., Goddard, T., Lau, M. A., & Haigh, E. A. P. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02359-w · Cited by 25
“There has also been some evidence that decentering mediates the positive effects of MBSR on anxiety symptoms in those with generalized anxiety disorder (Hoge et al., 2015).”
InfluentialWilliams, M., Honan, C., Skromanis, S., Sanderson, B., & Matthews, A. J. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04695-x · Cited by 25
Decentering From Emotions in Daily Life: Dynamic Associations With Affect, Symptoms, and Well-Being
Naragon‐Gainey, K., DeMarree, K. G., Kyron, M. J., McMahon, T. P., Park, J., & Biehler, K. M. (2023) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026221147262 · Cited by 29
The decentering component of mindfulness reduces reactions to mental imagery.
Keesman, M., Aarts, H., Häfner, M., & Papies, E. K. (2020) · Motivation Science · doi:10.1037/mot0000137 · Cited by 23
Kraemer, K. M., Luberto, C. M., Hall, D. L., Ngo, L. H., & Yeh, G. Y. (2020) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103746 · Cited by 21
Mindfulness in Borderline Personality Disorder: Decentering Mediates the Effectiveness
Schmidt, C., Soler, J., Carmona, C., Elices, M., Domínguez‐Clavé, E., Vega, D., & Pascual, J. C. (2021) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2020.437 · Cited by 29
Dolbier, C. L., Haley, E. N., Conder, L., & Guiler, W. (2021) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.06.001 · Cited by 20
Effects of a Mindfulness Intervention Among Arab Teachers Are Mediated by Decentering: A Pilot Study
Berkovich‐Ohana, A., Lavy, S., & Shanbour—Srour, K. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.542986 · Cited by 26
Veringa‐Skiba, I. K., Ziemer, K. L., de Bruin, E. I., de Bruin, E. J., & Bögels, S. M. (2022) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-022-04380-0 · Cited by 22
“Other research on mindful awareness also found that a greater mindful awareness acted as a mechanism of change for MBSR in non-pregnant populations with anxiety disorders in reducing worries [28], anxiety, and avoidance symptoms [29].”
BackgroundJu, R., Chiu, W., Zang, Y., Hofmann, S. G., & Liu, X. (2022) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-022-00831-7 · Cited by 20
“Some studies provided support for MBSR as a way to relieve psychological distress in the general population [4], such as negative emotions [5], anxiety [6] and recurrent depression [7, 8].”
BackgroundToward Greater Clarity in Defining and Understanding Nonattachment
Tremblay, L., Gordon, W. V., & Elander, J. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02378-7 · Cited by 19
Hoge, E. A., Reese, H. E., Oliva, I. A., Gabriel, C. D., Guidos, B. M., Bui, É., Simon, N. M., & Dutton, M. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00082 · Cited by 22
Self-citationTakahashi, T., Kikai, T., Sugiyama, F., Kawashima, I., Kuroda, A., Usui, K., Maeda, W., Uchida, T., Guan, S., Oguchi, M., et al. (2020) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcpsy-d-19-00015 · Cited by 15
“Studies demonstrated that decentering increased by MBCT, preventing relapse of depression (Bieling et al., 2012), and by MBSR, improving generalized anxiety disorder (Hoge et al., 2015).”
Backgroundvan Vugt, M. K., Moye, A., Pollock, J., Johnson, B., Bonn‐Miller, M. O., Gyatso, K., Thakchoe, J., Phuntsok, L., Norbu, N., Lobsang, T., et al. (2019) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.10.018 · Cited by 16
“Reasoned understanding of the decentered perspective can take substantial time to develop, in contrast to the fleeting experience of decentering that arises even during practice of beginning mindfulness meditators (Hoge et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAn integrative framework for the mechanisms underlying mindfulness-induced cognitive change
Cásedas, L., Schooler, J. W., Vadillo, M. A., & Lupiáñez, J. (2024) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-024-00374-1 · Cited by 19
Jiga, K., Kaunhoven, R. J., & Dorjee, D. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0977-1 · Cited by 15
The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based-Stress-Reduction for Military Cadets on Perceived Stress
Chen, Y.-H., Chiu, F.-C., Lin, Y.-N., & Chang, Y.-L. (2021) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941211010237 · Cited by 16
Exploring experiences of children in applying a school-based mindfulness programme to their lives
Hutchinson, J. K., Huws, J. C., & Dorjee, D. (2018) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1221-2 · Cited by 16
Effect of a Brief Meditation Intervention on Gambling Cravings and Rates of Delay Discounting
Shead, N. W., Champod, A. S., & MacDonald, A. (2019) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-019-00133-x · Cited by 19
“conceptualization of mindfulness that was also used by other researchers to target various psychological symptoms (Hendrickson and Rasmussen 2013; Hoge et al. 2014; Huijbers et al. 2012; Michalak et al. 2011).”
BackgroundMethodReimagining Education: The International Science and Evidence Based Education (ISEE) Assessment
Duraiappah, A. K., van Atteveldt, N., Buil, J. M., Singh, K., & Wu, R. (2022) · doi:10.56383/jofk3902 · Cited by 15
Duncan, N. S., Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J., Gardner, A. A., & Modecki, K. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110932 · Cited by 14
Hayes-Skelton, S. A., & Lee, C. S. (2020) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445519850744 · Cited by 13
The effects of a mindfulness-based program on higher education students
Serrão, C., Rodrigues, A. R., & Ferreira, T. B. (2022) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2022.985204 · Cited by 22
“In addition, although MIBs are effective in decreasing symptoms in a variety of disorders, the psychological mechanisms are not entirely understood, particularly amongst individuals with generalized anxiety symptoms (e.g., Hoge et al., 2015).”
BackgroundOliveira, P. D., Juneau, C., Stinus, C., Corman, M., Micheli, N., Pellerin, N., Shankland, R., & Dambrun, M. (2024) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941241246469 · Cited by 17
“…that the reduction in anxiety or depressive-related thoughts resulting from mindfulness training can be attributed to an increase in the decentered perspective (Bieling et al., 2012; Farb et al., 2018; Hargus et al., 2010; Hoge et al., 2015; O ’ Toole et al., 2019; Teasdale et al., 2002).”
Mindfulness as a Promoter of Adaptive Development in Adolescence
Amada, N. M., & Shane, J. (2018) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-018-0096-1 · Cited by 21
Yun, J., Choi, Y., Kwon, Y., Lee, H. Y., Choi, S., & Jang, J. H. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-18189-x · Cited by 14
The associations and effects of mindfulness on anger and aggression: A meta-analytic review
O’Dean, S., Summerell, E., Harmon‐Jones, E., Creswell, J. D., & Denson, T. F. (2025) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2025.102584 · Cited by 28
Guo, L. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02395-6 · Cited by 21
Wu, J., Hamilton, J. L., Fresco, D. M., Alloy, L. B., & Stange, J. P. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2021.104017 · Cited by 15
Self-citationRosencrans, P. L., Bui, E., Rogers, A. H., Simon, N. M., & Baker, A. W. (2017) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2017.10.4.283 · Cited by 12
Self-citationSeah, T. H. S., Matt, L. M., & Coifman, K. G. (2020) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702620953636 · Cited by 12
Does Using a Mindfulness App Reduce Anxiety and Worry? A Randomized-Controlled Trial
Abbott, D., Lack, C. W., & Anderson, P. L. (2023) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/jcpsy-d-20-00058 · Cited by 15
TANGAEON: Tangible Interaction to Support People in a Mindfulness Practice
Vianello, A., Chittaro, L., & Matassa, A. (2018) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2018.1509540 · Cited by 12
“…experience with meditation, consistently with the research literature on meditation, see e.g. Moore and Malinowski, (2009), Soler et al. (2014), and Thompson and Waltz (2007). negative emotional states such as anxiety, worry, and ruminative thinking (Hoge et al., 2015; Querstret & Cropley, 2013).”
BackgroundBaer, R., Caldera, C. A., & Nagy, L. M. (2020) · The Wiley Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_820 · Cited by 2
Baker, A. W., Frumkin, M. R., Hoeppner, S. S., LeBlanc, N. J., Bui, E., Hofmann, S. G., & Simon, N. M. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1059-0 · Cited by 9
Self-citationMindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
Wharton, E., & Kanas, N. (2019) · International Journal of Group Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/00207284.2019.1599289 · Cited by 9
“The mediator analysis in the Hoge et al. (2015) study suggested that both mindfulness and decentering significantly mediated the effect of MBSR on self-reported symptoms, but there were differences in the symptoms that were affected.”
BackgroundMethod
Metadata
- Authors
- Hoge, E. A., Bui, E., Goetter, E., Robinaugh, D. J., Ojserkis, R. A., Fresco, D. M., & Simon, N. M.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Kent State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hoge, Elizabeth A.
- Venue
- Cognitive Therapy and Research
- Published
- 2014-10-14
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 228-235
- ISSN
- 0147-5916 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2819
- PMC
- PMC5354303
- OpenAlex
- W1988619037
- Cited by
- 188
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 16.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Cognitive Therapy and Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Highland Street Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (K23AT004432)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- decentering, mindfulness, mindfulness-based stress reduction, generalized anxiety disorder, anxiety reduction, therapeutic mechanisms, worry, non-reactivity, awareness, mediation analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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