Group CBT versus MBSR for social anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial.
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to investigate treatment outcome and mediators of cognitive-behavioral group therapy (CBGT) versus mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) versus waitlist (WL) in patients with generalized social anxiety disorder (SAD). METHOD: One hundred eight unmedicated patients (55.6% female; mean age = 32.7 years, SD = 8.0; 43.5% Caucasian, 39% Asian, 9.3% Hispanic, 8.3% other) were randomized to CBGT versus MBSR versus WL and completed assessments at baseline, posttreatment/WL, and at 1-year follow-up, including the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale-Self-Report (primary outcome; Liebowitz, 1987) as well as measures of treatment-related processes. RESULTS: Linear mixed model analysis showed that CBGT and MBSR both produced greater improvements on most measures compared with WL. Both treatments yielded similar improvements in social anxiety symptoms, cognitive reappraisal frequency and self-efficacy, cognitive distortions, mindfulness skills, attention focusing, and rumination. There were greater decreases in subtle avoidance behaviors following CBGT than MBSR. Mediation analyses revealed that increases in reappraisal frequency, mindfulness skills, attention focusing, and attention shifting, and decreases in subtle avoidance behaviors and cognitive distortions, mediated the impact of both CBGT and MBSR on social anxiety symptoms. However, increases in reappraisal self-efficacy and decreases in avoidance behaviors mediated the impact of CBGT (vs. MBSR) on social anxiety symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: CBGT and MBSR both appear to be efficacious for SAD. However, their effects may be a result of both shared and unique changes in underlying psychological processes.
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- Findingown data
For CBGT compared with MBSR, increases in reappraisal self-efficacy and decreases in avoidance behaviors mediated the effect on social anxiety symptoms.
“However, increases in reappraisal self-efficacy and decreases in avoidance behaviors mediated the impact of CBGT (vs. MBSR) on social anxiety symptoms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The CBGT and MBSR treatments were delivered with adequate fidelity to their respective protocols.
- Findingown data
In linear mixed models, both CBGT and MBSR led to larger improvements than waitlist on most outcome measures.
“Linear mixed model analysis showed that CBGT and MBSR both produced greater improvements on most measures compared to WL.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The CBGT and MBSR treatments were delivered with adequate fidelity to their respective protocols.
- Findingown data
Subtle avoidance behaviors decreased more after CBGT than after MBSR.
“There were greater decreases in subtle avoidance behaviors following CBGT than MBSR.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The CBGT and MBSR treatments were delivered with adequate fidelity to their respective protocols.
- Findingown data
Mediation analyses indicated that increases in reappraisal frequency, mindfulness skills, attention focusing, and attention shifting, along with decreases in subtle avoidance behaviors and cognitive distortions, mediated the effects of both CBGT and MBSR on social anxiety symptoms.
“Mediation analyses revealed that increases in reappraisal frequency, mindfulness skills, attention focusing and attention shifting, and decreases in subtle avoidance behaviors and cognitive distortions mediated the impact of both CBGT and MBSR on social anxiety symptoms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The CBGT and MBSR treatments were delivered with adequate fidelity to their respective protocols.
- Findingown data
CBGT and MBSR did not differ significantly in change in attention focusing.
“For attention focusing, LMM demonstrated greater increases (all ts > 2.21, ps < .05) for CBGT (+1.0; 4.5%; d = 0.50) and for MBSR (+1.1; 5%; d = 0.62) compared to WL (-0.8; 3.5%), with no significant CBGT vs. MBSR differences (t = 0.02, df = 63, p = .99).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingown data
The effect of CBGT versus WL on social anxiety symptoms was mediated by decreases in safety behaviors.
“As shown in Table 3, increases in reappraisal frequency, mindfulness skills, attention focusing and attention shifting, as well as decreases in safety behaviors and cognitive distortions each mediated the effect of CBGT vs. WL and MBSR vs. WL on social anxiety symptoms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Subtle avoidance behaviors decreased significantly more with CBGT than with WL.
“For subtle avoidance behaviors, LMM demonstrated significantly greater decreases (all ts > 2.59, ps < .05) for CBGT (-20.1; 24%; d = 1.27) and for MBSR (-9.8; 12%; d = 0.64) compared to WL (-1; 1%), and significantly greater decreases for CBGT vs. MBSR (t = 2.30, df = 66, p = .025).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
CBGT and MBSR did not differ significantly in change in cognitive reappraisal self-efficacy.
“For cognitive reappraisal self-efficacy, LMM demonstrated significantly greater increases (all ts > 2.24, ps < .05) for CBGT (+1.4; 40%; d = 1.05) and for MBSR (+0.8; 22%; d = 0.58) compared to WL (+0.2; 5%), with no significant CBGT vs. MBSR differences (t = 1.77, df = 56, p = .08).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The effect of CBGT versus WL on social anxiety symptoms was mediated by decreases in cognitive distortions.
“As shown in Table 3, increases in reappraisal frequency, mindfulness skills, attention focusing and attention shifting, as well as decreases in safety behaviors and cognitive distortions each mediated the effect of CBGT vs. WL and MBSR vs. WL on social anxiety symptoms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Attention focusing increased more with CBGT than with WL.
“For attention focusing, LMM demonstrated greater increases (all ts > 2.21, ps < .05) for CBGT (+1.0; 4.5%; d = 0.50) and for MBSR (+1.1; 5%; d = 0.62) compared to WL (-0.8; 3.5%), with no significant CBGT vs. MBSR differences (t = 0.02, df = 63, p = .99).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
CBGT and MBSR did not differ significantly in change in cognitive distortions.
“For cognitive distortions, LMM demonstrated significantly greater decreases (all ts > 2.40, ps < .05) for CBGT (-9.1; 32%; d = 0.59) and for MBSR (-8.3; 27.5%; d = 0.67) compared to WL (-1; 3%), with no significant CBGT vs. MBSR differences (t = 0.20, df = 59, p = .84).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The effect of MBSR versus WL on social anxiety symptoms was mediated by decreases in cognitive distortions.
“As shown in Table 3, increases in reappraisal frequency, mindfulness skills, attention focusing and attention shifting, as well as decreases in safety behaviors and cognitive distortions each mediated the effect of CBGT vs. WL and MBSR vs. WL on social anxiety symptoms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Yearly income indicated a wide range of socioeconomic status.
“However, there was a wide range of socioeconomic status as indicated by yearly income.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Compared with WL, CBGT led to a significantly larger decrease in LSAS-SR social anxiety symptoms.
“Linear mixed model (LMM) revealed significantly greater reduction (all ts > 5.36, ps < .001) of social anxiety symptoms (LSAS-SR) for CBGT (raw score change from baseline = -44; percent change from baseline level = 48%; Cohen's d = 1.56) and MBSR (-36.5; 40%; d = 1.43) compared to WL (-12.5; 14%).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
CBGT and MBSR did not differ significantly in maintaining reduced social anxiety symptoms from post-treatment to 1-year follow-up.
“LMM showed no significant differences (t = 1.63, df = 52, p = .11), suggesting similar sustained clinical improvement during the 1-year post-CBGT and MBSR period (Figure 2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The effect of MBSR versus WL on social anxiety symptoms was mediated by decreases in safety behaviors.
“As shown in Table 3, increases in reappraisal frequency, mindfulness skills, attention focusing and attention shifting, as well as decreases in safety behaviors and cognitive distortions each mediated the effect of CBGT vs. WL and MBSR vs. WL on social anxiety symptoms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Cognitive reappraisal frequency increased significantly more with CBGT than with WL.
“For cognitive reappraisal frequency, LMM demonstrated significantly greater increases (all ts > 2.60, ps < .05) for CBGT (+1.1; 30%, d = 0.59) and for MBSR (+1.2; 33%, d = 0.71) compared to WL (+0.4; 10%), with no significant CBGT vs. MBSR differences (t = 0.04, df = 59, p = .97).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The effect of CBGT versus WL on social anxiety symptoms was mediated by increases in reappraisal frequency.
“As shown in Table 3, increases in reappraisal frequency, mindfulness skills, attention focusing and attention shifting, as well as decreases in safety behaviors and cognitive distortions each mediated the effect of CBGT vs. WL and MBSR vs. WL on social anxiety symptoms.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Attention shifting did not change significantly more with MBSR than with WL.
“For attention shifting, LMM showed greater increases (t > 2.56, p = .01) for CBGT (+1.5; 6.5%; d = 0.64) and no significant difference (t = 1.90, p = .06) for MBSR (+0.5; 2%; d = 0.46) compared to WL (-0.9; 4%), with no significant CBGT vs. MBSR differences (t = 0.90, df = 64, p = .37).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
CBGT and MBSR did not differ significantly in post-treatment reduction of social anxiety symptoms.
“However, there were no significant differences for CBGT vs. MBSR (t = 1.36, df = 68, p = .18), indicating similar treatment efficacy.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The effect of CBGT versus WL on social anxiety symptoms was mediated by increases in attention shifting.
“As shown in Table 3, increases in reappraisal frequency, mindfulness skills, attention focusing and attention shifting, as well as decreases in safety behaviors and cognitive distortions each mediated the effect of CBGT vs. WL and MBSR vs. WL on social anxiety symptoms.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The effect of CBGT versus WL on social anxiety symptoms was mediated by increases in attention focusing.
“As shown in Table 3, increases in reappraisal frequency, mindfulness skills, attention focusing and attention shifting, as well as decreases in safety behaviors and cognitive distortions each mediated the effect of CBGT vs. WL and MBSR vs. WL on social anxiety symptoms.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The effect of MBSR versus WL on social anxiety symptoms was mediated by increases in reappraisal frequency.
“As shown in Table 3, increases in reappraisal frequency, mindfulness skills, attention focusing and attention shifting, as well as decreases in safety behaviors and cognitive distortions each mediated the effect of CBGT vs. WL and MBSR vs. WL on social anxiety symptoms.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The effect of MBSR versus WL on social anxiety symptoms was mediated by increases in mindfulness skills.
“As shown in Table 3, increases in reappraisal frequency, mindfulness skills, attention focusing and attention shifting, as well as decreases in safety behaviors and cognitive distortions each mediated the effect of CBGT vs. WL and MBSR vs. WL on social anxiety symptoms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The effect of MBSR versus WL on social anxiety symptoms was mediated by increases in attention shifting.
“As shown in Table 3, increases in reappraisal frequency, mindfulness skills, attention focusing and attention shifting, as well as decreases in safety behaviors and cognitive distortions each mediated the effect of CBGT vs. WL and MBSR vs. WL on social anxiety symptoms.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Attention shifting increased more with CBGT than with WL.
“For attention shifting, LMM showed greater increases (t > 2.56, p = .01) for CBGT (+1.5; 6.5%; d = 0.64) and no significant difference (t = 1.90, p = .06) for MBSR (+0.5; 2%; d = 0.46) compared to WL (-0.9; 4%), with no significant CBGT vs. MBSR differences (t = 0.90, df = 64, p = .37).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
CBGT and MBSR did not differ significantly in change in mindfulness skills.
“For mindfulness skills, LMM demonstrated significantly greater increases (all ts > 5.79, ps < .001) for CBGT (+14.4; 13%; d = 1.67) and for MBSR (+17.6; 17%; d = 1.44) compared to WL (-5.6, 5%), with no significant CBGT vs. MBSR differences (t = 0.78, df = 61, p = .44).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
CBGT and MBSR did not differ significantly in change in attention shifting.
“For attention shifting, LMM showed greater increases (t > 2.56, p = .01) for CBGT (+1.5; 6.5%; d = 0.64) and no significant difference (t = 1.90, p = .06) for MBSR (+0.5; 2%; d = 0.46) compared to WL (-0.9; 4%), with no significant CBGT vs. MBSR differences (t = 0.90, df = 64, p = .37).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Increases in reappraisal self-efficacy did not mediate the effect of MBSR versus WL on social anxiety symptoms.
“Increases in reappraisal self-efficacy and decreases in rumination mediated the effect of CBGT vs. WL, but not MBSR vs. WL.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The effect of MBSR versus WL on social anxiety symptoms was mediated by increases in attention focusing.
“As shown in Table 3, increases in reappraisal frequency, mindfulness skills, attention focusing and attention shifting, as well as decreases in safety behaviors and cognitive distortions each mediated the effect of CBGT vs. WL and MBSR vs. WL on social anxiety symptoms.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Rumination decreased significantly more with CBGT than with WL.
“For rumination, LMM revealed significantly greater decreases (all ts > 2.01, ps < .05) for CBGT (-2.9; 22%; d = 0.94) and for MBSR (-1.5; 11%; d = 0.46) compared to WL (+0.3; 2%), with no significant CBGT vs. MBSR differences (t = 1.27, df = 67, p = .21).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The effect of CBGT versus MBSR on social anxiety symptom reduction was mediated by increases in reappraisal self-efficacy.
“For the contrast of the two interventions, there was evidence that increases in reappraisal self-efficacy and decreases in safety behaviors mediated the effect of CBGT (vs. MBSR) on social anxiety symptom reduction.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Immediately after treatment, MBSR produced a higher rate of clinically significant improvement than WL.
“Immediately post-treatment/WL, compared to WL (11.1%), CBGT (44.4%; χ2(1, N = 72) = 9.97, p = .002, Φ = .37) and MBSR (38.9%; χ2(1, N = 72) = 7.41, p = .006, Φ = .32) yielded higher rates of clinically significant improvement, but did not differ significantly from each other, χ2(1, N = 72) = 0.23, p = .63, Φ = .06.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
CBGT and MBSR did not differ significantly in change in cognitive reappraisal frequency.
“For cognitive reappraisal frequency, LMM demonstrated significantly greater increases (all ts > 2.60, ps < .05) for CBGT (+1.1; 30%, d = 0.59) and for MBSR (+1.2; 33%, d = 0.71) compared to WL (+0.4; 10%), with no significant CBGT vs. MBSR differences (t = 0.04, df = 59, p = .97).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Decreases in rumination did not mediate the effect of MBSR versus WL on social anxiety symptoms.
“Increases in reappraisal self-efficacy and decreases in rumination mediated the effect of CBGT vs. WL, but not MBSR vs. WL.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
African Americans were underrepresented in this sample.
“Although there was significant ethnic diversity, there was underrepresentation of African-Americans in this sample.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The effect of CBGT versus MBSR on social anxiety symptom reduction was mediated by decreases in safety behaviors.
“For the contrast of the two interventions, there was evidence that increases in reappraisal self-efficacy and decreases in safety behaviors mediated the effect of CBGT (vs. MBSR) on social anxiety symptom reduction.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
CBGT and MBSR did not differ significantly in change in rumination.
“For rumination, LMM revealed significantly greater decreases (all ts > 2.01, ps < .05) for CBGT (-2.9; 22%; d = 0.94) and for MBSR (-1.5; 11%; d = 0.46) compared to WL (+0.3; 2%), with no significant CBGT vs. MBSR differences (t = 1.27, df = 67, p = .21).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The rates of clinically significant improvement did not differ significantly between CBGT and MBSR.
“Immediately post-treatment/WL, compared to WL (11.1%), CBGT (44.4%; χ2(1, N = 72) = 9.97, p = .002, Φ = .37) and MBSR (38.9%; χ2(1, N = 72) = 7.41, p = .006, Φ = .32) yielded higher rates of clinically significant improvement, but did not differ significantly from each other, χ2(1, N = 72) = 0.23, p = .63, Φ = .06.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Subtle avoidance behaviors decreased significantly more with CBGT than with MBSR.
“For subtle avoidance behaviors, LMM demonstrated significantly greater decreases (all ts > 2.59, ps < .05) for CBGT (-20.1; 24%; d = 1.27) and for MBSR (-9.8; 12%; d = 0.64) compared to WL (-1; 1%), and significantly greater decreases for CBGT vs. MBSR (t = 2.30, df = 66, p = .025).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Cognitive reappraisal self-efficacy increased significantly more with CBGT than with WL.
“For cognitive reappraisal self-efficacy, LMM demonstrated significantly greater increases (all ts > 2.24, ps < .05) for CBGT (+1.4; 40%; d = 1.05) and for MBSR (+0.8; 22%; d = 0.58) compared to WL (+0.2; 5%), with no significant CBGT vs. MBSR differences (t = 1.77, df = 56, p = .08).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The effect of CBGT versus WL on social anxiety symptoms was mediated by increases in reappraisal self-efficacy.
“Increases in reappraisal self-efficacy and decreases in rumination mediated the effect of CBGT vs. WL, but not MBSR vs. WL.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Cognitive distortions decreased significantly more with CBGT than with WL.
“For cognitive distortions, LMM demonstrated significantly greater decreases (all ts > 2.40, ps < .05) for CBGT (-9.1; 32%; d = 0.59) and for MBSR (-8.3; 27.5%; d = 0.67) compared to WL (-1; 3%), with no significant CBGT vs. MBSR differences (t = 0.20, df = 59, p = .84).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Immediately after treatment, CBGT produced a higher rate of clinically significant improvement than WL.
“Immediately post-treatment/WL, compared to WL (11.1%), CBGT (44.4%; χ2(1, N = 72) = 9.97, p = .002, Φ = .37) and MBSR (38.9%; χ2(1, N = 72) = 7.41, p = .006, Φ = .32) yielded higher rates of clinically significant improvement, but did not differ significantly from each other, χ2(1, N = 72) = 0.23, p = .63, Φ = .06.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The effect of CBGT versus WL on social anxiety symptoms was mediated by increases in mindfulness skills.
“As shown in Table 3, increases in reappraisal frequency, mindfulness skills, attention focusing and attention shifting, as well as decreases in safety behaviors and cognitive distortions each mediated the effect of CBGT vs. WL and MBSR vs. WL on social anxiety symptoms.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The effect of CBGT versus WL on social anxiety symptoms was mediated by decreases in rumination.
“Increases in reappraisal self-efficacy and decreases in rumination mediated the effect of CBGT vs. WL, but not MBSR vs. WL.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Compared with WL, MBSR led to a significantly larger decrease in LSAS-SR social anxiety symptoms.
“Linear mixed model (LMM) revealed significantly greater reduction (all ts > 5.36, ps < .001) of social anxiety symptoms (LSAS-SR) for CBGT (raw score change from baseline = -44; percent change from baseline level = 48%; Cohen's d = 1.56) and MBSR (-36.5; 40%; d = 1.43) compared to WL (-12.5; 14%).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Mindfulness skills increased significantly more with CBGT than with WL.
“For mindfulness skills, LMM demonstrated significantly greater increases (all ts > 5.79, ps < .001) for CBGT (+14.4; 13%; d = 1.67) and for MBSR (+17.6; 17%; d = 1.44) compared to WL (-5.6, 5%), with no significant CBGT vs. MBSR differences (t = 0.78, df = 61, p = .44).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Cognitive and behavioral therapies for social anxiety disorder reliably lower social anxiety symptoms compared with control conditions.
“a recent meta-analysis of 32 randomized controlled trials (RCT) of cognitive and/or behavioral interventions for SAD (N = 1,479) showed superior effects on social anxiety symptoms relative to waitlist (Cohen's d = 0.86), psychological placebo (d = 0.34), and pill-placebo (d = 0.36)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Powers, Sigmarsson, & Emmelkamp, 2008 source
- Premisenone given
Much less is understood about how CBT and MBSR produce their effects.
“Far less is known about the mechanisms of action of CBT and MBSR.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Only a small number of studies have directly compared the efficacy of CBT and MBSR (or similar treatments) for social anxiety disorder.
“To date, few studies have directly addressed whether CBT and MBSR (or similar treatments) have comparable efficacy for treatment of SAD.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationown data
The treatments' effects might stem from both common and distinct changes in underlying psychological processes.
“However, their effects may be a result of both shared and unique changes in underlying psychological processes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The CBGT and MBSR treatments were delivered with adequate fidelity to their respective protocols.
- Interpretationreasoning
The findings are highly generalizable.
“Thus, these results are highly generalizable.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The demographic diversity of the sample is enough to make the results highly generalizable to adults with SAD.
- Interpretationreasoning
More refined methods in this trial-matching treatment dose, excluding concurrent psychotropic medication, and confirming protocol adherence-may explain why CBGT and MBSR were equally effective.
“The use of more refined methods in our RCT, including matching CBGT and MBSR dose, excluding concurrent psychotropic medication use, and confirming protocol adherence, may have contributed to the equivalent efficacy of the two treatments.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Our results disagree with an earlier finding that CBGT reduced social anxiety symptoms more than MBSR.
“These results converge with the results of a study reporting equivalent impact of CBGT vs. MAGT on social anxiety and secondary outcomes (Kocovski et al., 2013), but diverge from a prior finding of greater reduction in social anxiety symptoms for CBGT vs. MBSR (Koszycki et al., 2007).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Koszycki et al., 2007 source
- Interpretationreasoning
Improved attention regulation may be a shared mechanism through which CBT and MBSR help adults with SAD modify overlearned attentional biases and shift flexibly between threat and non-threat stimuli.
“Enhanced attention regulation may be one shared mechanism by which both CBT and MBSR helps adults with SAD to modify overlearned attentional biases and flexibly shift between threat and non-threat stimuli.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
This finding agrees with an earlier RCT in which reappraisal self-efficacy increases mediated the effect of individual CBT for SAD on social anxiety symptoms.
“This result converges with a prior RCT study in which increases in reappraisal self-efficacy mediated the effect of individual CBT for SAD on social anxiety symptoms (Goldin et al., 2012).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Goldin et al., 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
CBT offers challenging yet safe chances to confront longstanding social fears through in-session and in-vivo exposures.
“One explanation of this mediation result is that CBT provides challenging but safe opportunities to face long-held social fears in the context of in-session and in-vivo exposures.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: CBT openly addresses avoidance and trains patients to confront feared situations through exposures.
- Interpretationown data
Both CBT and MBSR appear to share several psychological mechanisms of change across attention, cognitive, and behavioral processes.
“These suggest multiple shared psychological mechanisms of change for both CBT and MBSR that span attention, cognitive and behavioral processes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
A key MBSR component that may explain reduced avoidance behaviors is its emphasis on radical acceptance of experience.
“One key component of MBSR training which may account for the reduction in avoidance behaviors is the emphasis on radical acceptance of experience.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: MBSR does not directly target safety behaviors or avoidance behaviors.
- Interpretationcitation
Our results agree with a study that found equivalent effects of CBGT and MAGT on social anxiety and secondary outcomes.
“These results converge with the results of a study reporting equivalent impact of CBGT vs. MAGT on social anxiety and secondary outcomes (Kocovski et al., 2013), but diverge from a prior finding of greater reduction in social anxiety symptoms for CBGT vs. MBSR (Koszycki et al., 2007).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kocovski et al., 2013 source
- Study design and conductown data
Inter-rater agreement for the principal SAD diagnosis on the ADIS-IV-L was 100% (κ = 1.0).
“There was 100% agreement with the original principal diagnosis of SAD (κ = 1.0).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Safety behaviors are thought to maintain social anxiety in people with SAD.
“Safety behaviors are considered to maintain social anxiety in persons with SAD (Piccirillo, Dryman, & Heimberg, in press).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Piccirillo, Dryman, & Heimberg, in press
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Prior work has shown that safety behaviors decrease more after CBT than after a stress management control.
“The frequency of safety behaviors has previously been shown to decrease more following CBT compared to a stress management control (Cuming et al., 2009).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cuming et al., 2009 source
- Interpretationown data
Additional evidence for similar effects of CBGT and MBSR came from measures of treatment-related psychological processes.
“Measures of treatment-related psychological processes provided additional evidence for similar effects of CBGT and MBSR, specifically, decreasing cognitive distortions and rumination, and increasing reappraisal frequency and self-efficacy, mindfulness skills, and attention focusing and shifting.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The pattern of changes in this study points more to similarities than differences in how CBGT and MBSR affect adults with SAD.
“Overall, the pattern of changes found in this study suggests more similarity then differences for the impact of CBGT and MBSR in adults with SAD.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The present findings apply only to group therapy.
“Similarly, the current results apply only to group therapy and future research should examine whether the results replicate in the context of individual CBT and MBSR, particularly given that mechanisms may differ between individual and group formats (Hedman et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hedman et al., 2013 source
- May combine two claims. 31
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 30
- The quote only partly states this claim. 5
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationMindfulness-based interventions consistently reduce anxiety symptoms in various psychiatric and medical groups, with larger effects in those with anxiety and mood disorders.
“a recent meta-analysis (Hofmann, Sawyer, Witt, & Oh, 2010) showed that mindfulness-based interventions reliably reduced anxiety symptoms across a variety of psychiatric and medical populations (Hedges's g = 0.63), and even more so in the subgroup of patients with anxiety and mood disorders (g = 0.97).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Hofmann, Sawyer, Witt, & Oh, 2010 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe FFMQ generally has good internal consistency.
“The instrument has good internal consistency in general (Baer et al., 2006)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Baer et al., 2006 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe brooding subscale has shown good reliability in other studies (α = .77).
“The brooding subscale has been shown to have good reliability in other studies (α = .77; Treynor et al., 2003)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Treynor et al., 2003 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe LSAS-SR has good reliability and construct validity.
“The LSAS-SR has good reliability and construct validity (Rytwinski et al., 2009)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Rytwinski et al., 2009 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationMindfulness changes have been found to mediate MBSR and MBCT across clinical samples and in patients with generalized anxiety disorder.
“Changes in mindfulness have been found to be a mediator of MBSR and MBCT across clinical samples (Gu et al., 2015), and specifically in patients with generalized anxiety disorder (Hoge et al., 2015).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites Gu et al., 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Hoge et al., 2015 source
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataCBGT and MBSR did not differ in their improvements on social anxiety symptoms, cognitive reappraisal frequency and self-efficacy, cognitive distortions, mindfulness skills, attention focusing, or rumination.
“Both treatments yielded similar improvements in social anxiety symptoms, cognitive reappraisal frequency and self-efficacy, cognitive distortions, mindfulness skills, attention focusing and rumination.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The CBGT and MBSR treatments were delivered with adequate fidelity to their respective protocols.
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataNon-white patients made up 56.5% of the sample: 39% Asian American, 9% Latino American, 6.5% multiple ethnicities, 1% African American, and 1% Native American.
“It is important to note that the 56.5% of the patient sample were non-white (39% Asian American, 9% Latino American, 6.5% multiple ethnicities, 1% African American, 1% Native American).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataCognitive reappraisal self-efficacy increased significantly more with MBSR than with WL.
“For cognitive reappraisal self-efficacy, LMM demonstrated significantly greater increases (all ts > 2.24, ps < .05) for CBGT (+1.4; 40%; d = 1.05) and for MBSR (+0.8; 22%; d = 0.58) compared to WL (+0.2; 5%), with no significant CBGT vs. MBSR differences (t = 1.77, df = 56, p = .08).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataAttention focusing increased more with MBSR than with WL.
“For attention focusing, LMM demonstrated greater increases (all ts > 2.21, ps < .05) for CBGT (+1.0; 4.5%; d = 0.50) and for MBSR (+1.1; 5%; d = 0.62) compared to WL (-0.8; 3.5%), with no significant CBGT vs. MBSR differences (t = 0.02, df = 63, p = .99).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataCognitive distortions decreased significantly more with MBSR than with WL.
“For cognitive distortions, LMM demonstrated significantly greater decreases (all ts > 2.40, ps < .05) for CBGT (-9.1; 32%; d = 0.59) and for MBSR (-8.3; 27.5%; d = 0.67) compared to WL (-1; 3%), with no significant CBGT vs. MBSR differences (t = 0.20, df = 59, p = .84).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataSubtle avoidance behaviors decreased significantly more with MBSR than with WL.
“For subtle avoidance behaviors, LMM demonstrated significantly greater decreases (all ts > 2.59, ps < .05) for CBGT (-20.1; 24%; d = 1.27) and for MBSR (-9.8; 12%; d = 0.64) compared to WL (-1; 1%), and significantly greater decreases for CBGT vs. MBSR (t = 2.30, df = 66, p = .025).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Findingown dataRumination decreased significantly more with MBSR than with WL.
“For rumination, LMM revealed significantly greater decreases (all ts > 2.01, ps < .05) for CBGT (-2.9; 22%; d = 0.94) and for MBSR (-1.5; 11%; d = 0.46) compared to WL (+0.3; 2%), with no significant CBGT vs. MBSR differences (t = 1.27, df = 67, p = .21).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataMindfulness skills increased significantly more with MBSR than with WL.
“For mindfulness skills, LMM demonstrated significantly greater increases (all ts > 5.79, ps < .001) for CBGT (+14.4; 13%; d = 1.67) and for MBSR (+17.6; 17%; d = 1.44) compared to WL (-5.6, 5%), with no significant CBGT vs. MBSR differences (t = 0.78, df = 61, p = .44).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Findingown dataCognitive reappraisal frequency increased significantly more with MBSR than with WL.
“For cognitive reappraisal frequency, LMM demonstrated significantly greater increases (all ts > 2.60, ps < .05) for CBGT (+1.1; 30%, d = 0.59) and for MBSR (+1.2; 33%, d = 0.71) compared to WL (+0.4; 10%), with no significant CBGT vs. MBSR differences (t = 0.04, df = 59, p = .97).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationAnother randomized trial found individual CBT and ACT both more effective than waitlist, with no difference between treatments on multiple measures of social anxiety.
“A different RCT compared individual CBT (n = 40) to individual ACT (n = 34) and to a waitlist control group (n = 26) and found a similar pattern of greater efficacy for both treatments than waitlist and no differential treatment effect on multiple indices of social anxiety (Craske et al., 2015).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Craske et al., 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisereasoningThat trial had potential confounds, including allowing concurrent psychotropic medications and alternative psychotherapies.
“However, potential confounds include permitting participants with concurrent use of psychotropic medications and alternative (i.e., non-cognitive or behavioral) psychotherapies.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisereasoningThat study's conclusions are limited by methodological problems such as lacking a control group, not measuring treatment adherence or follow-up outcomes, including patients taking psychotropic medications, and unequal treatment lengths.
“However, inferences from this study are somewhat constrained due to methodological issues, including no control group, inclusion of measurement of treatment adherence, or measurement of follow-up outcomes, and inclusion of patients with concurrent use of psychotropic medications, and unequal duration of treatment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataBoth CBGT and MBSR seem effective for social anxiety disorder.
“CBGT and MBSR both appear to be efficacious for SAD.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The sample of patients with generalized SAD is representative of the broader SAD population.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationA meta-analysis of meditation studies found strong evidence for cognitive and emotional reactivity, moderate evidence for mindfulness, rumination, and worry, and preliminary but insufficient evidence for self-compassion and psychological flexibility as mediators.
“This analysis found strong evidence for cognitive and emotional reactivity (stress reactivation of negative thinking and emotional patterns), moderate evidence for mindfulness, rumination, and worry, and preliminary but insufficient evidence for self-compassion and psychological flexibility as mediators of outcome.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Gu, Strauss, Bond, & Cavanagh, 2015 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe ADIS has shown excellent inter-rater reliability.
“The ADIS has demonstrated excellent inter-rater reliability (Brown, Di Nardo, Lehman, & Campbell, 2001)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Brown, Di Nardo, Lehman, & Campbell, 2001
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationA previous study found CBGT and MBSR similar in improving mood, functioning, and quality of life, but CBGT led to greater improvement in social anxiety symptoms and higher response and remission rates.
“CBGT and MBSR were comparable in improving mood, functioning, and quality of life, but CBGT produced significantly greater improvement in social anxiety symptoms, as well as greater response and remission rates (Koszycki et al., 2007).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Koszycki et al., 2007 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe CD-Quest has good internal consistency (αs = .83-.86) and convergent validity with self-report measures of depression, anxiety, and automatic thoughts (rs = .51-.65).
“The CD-Quest has shown good internal consistency (αs = .83 - .86) and convergent validity with self-report measures of depression, anxiety, and automatic thoughts (rs = .51 - .65; De Oliveira, 2015; Morrison et al., 2015).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites De Oliveira, 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Morrison et al., 2015 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationMost reviewed studies of mediators for MBSR and MBCT had important methodological weaknesses, underscoring the need for more rigorous research.
“However, the authors state that most of the reviewed studies had key methodological shortcomings and highlight the need for more rigorous investigation of mediators of MBSR and MBCT”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Gu, Strauss, Bond, & Cavanagh, 2015 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationRumination, particularly the brooding subtype, predicts changes in social anxiety during CBT for social anxiety disorder.
“Other research has implicated rumination, specifically the brooding subtype, as an important predictor of changes in social anxiety during CBT for SAD (Brozovich et al., 2015).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Brozovich et al., 2015 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe ACS focusing subscale has good internal consistency (α = .82), and the shifting subscale has acceptable internal consistency (α = .68).
“Internal consistency is good for the focusing subscale (α = .82) and acceptable for the shifting subscale (α = .68; Olafsson et al., 2011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Olafsson et al., 2011 source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationA review found that mindfulness and acceptance-based treatments significantly reduce social anxiety symptoms, yet methodological weaknesses restrict inferences and comparisons with CBT.
“A recent review (Norton, Abbott, Norberg, & Hunt, 2015) concluded that mindfulness and acceptance-based treatments significantly reduce social anxiety symptoms, but that methodological weaknesses strongly limit inferences and comparisons to gold-standard psychosocial interventions for SAD such as CBT.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Norton, Abbott, Norberg, & Hunt, 2015 source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationA recent randomized trial found CBGT and MAGT both more effective than waitlist, but not different from each other in reducing social anxiety symptoms or most secondary outcomes.
“Both interventions were more efficacious than waitlist, but not different from each other in reducing social anxiety symptoms or scores on most of the secondary outcome variables.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kocovski, Fleming, Hawley, Huta, & Antony, 2013 source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAmong adults with social anxiety disorder, MBSR has been shown to improve mood, functioning, social anxiety, quality of life, self-esteem, negative self-views, trait anxiety, negative emotional reactivity, and depression.
“In adults with SAD, MBSR has demonstrated improvement in mood, functioning, social anxiety, and quality of life (Koszycki, Benger, Shlik, & Bradwejn, 2007), self-esteem, negative self-views, trait anxiety, negative emotional reactivity, and depression (Goldin, Ziv, Jazaieri, & Gross, 2012; Goldin, Ziv, Jazaieri, Hahn, & Gross, 2013; Goldin & Gross, 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Koszycki et al., 2007 source
- cites Goldin et al., 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Goldin et al., 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe SAFE has good discriminant and construct validity in patients with social anxiety disorder.
“It has good discriminant and construct validity in patients with SAD”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Cuming et al., 2009 source
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataMBSR may be just as effective as CBGT in reducing social anxiety symptoms and sustaining those gains.
“This pattern of results suggests that MBSR may be as efficacious as CBGT at reducing social anxiety symptoms and maintaining treatment gains.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningBoth CBT and MBSR may enhance the executive ability to direct attention, though through different training methods.
“This suggests that both CBT and MBSR may increases executive ability to direct attention albeit via different types of training methods.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenAn intention-to-treat approach, using original treatment assignments, was used for all analyses.
“All results were analyzed using an intention-to-treat approach based on treatment assignments.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataIn this study, internal consistency was good for both ACS subscales (focusing α = .85; shifting α = .74).
“In this study, internal consistency was good for both subscales (focusing α = .85; shifting α = .74).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataTreatment dropout was low and similar across CBGT, MBSR, and waitlist.
“Dropout from treatment was low and did not differ (χ2(2, N = 108) = 1.05, p = .59) across CBGT (n = 2; 6%), MBSR (n = 3; 8%) and WL (n = 1; 3%).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataIn this study, the LSAS-SR showed excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α = .92).
“its internal consistency was excellent in this study (Cronbach's α = .92).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataRatings showed that both the CBGT therapists and the MBSR instructor stayed within protocol (above 4 of 5 each session), with no difference between groups.
“Adherence ratings indicated that the CBGT therapists and MBSR instructor were “in protocol” (rating > 4 of 5 for each session) with no between-group differences, t(11) = 0.83, p = .43, in adherence for CBGT, Mean ± SD: 4.92 ± 0.27, versus MBSR, 4.81 ± 0.17.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataAt baseline, internal consistency was good for CR-F (α = .89) and CR-SE (α = .93).
“Internal consistency for CR-F (α = .89) and CR-SE (α = .93) were good at baseline.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductown dataParticipants were randomly assigned to CBGT, MBSR, or waitlist.
“the remaining 108 patients were randomly assigned to CBGT (n = 36), MBSR (n = 36), or WL (n = 36).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningA shift in metacognition-specifically, belief in one's ability to use reappraisal-is a core lesson in CBT and probably helps reduce social anxiety symptoms.
“The shift in metacognition, namely, awareness of and belief in one's ability to use reappraisal effectively when needed (i.e., reappraisal self-efficacy) is a fundamental learning lesson in CBT and likely contributes to social anxiety symptom reduction.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataAt baseline, the three groups were comparable on demographic and clinical variables, with no significant differences.
“The three groups did not differ significantly (all ps > .05) in gender, age, education, ethnicity, marital status, income, current or past Axis I comorbidity, past psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy, age at SAD symptom onset, and years since symptom onset (Table 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataWith completion defined as attending at least 9 of 12 sessions, 33 patients (92%) finished CBGT and 33 (92%) finished MBSR.
“Based on a criterion of 9 of 12 sessions attended for treatment completer status, 33 (92%) patients completed CBGT and 33 (92%) completed MBSR.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataIn this study, the FFMQ had excellent internal consistency at baseline (α = .91).
“it was excellent in this study at baseline (α = .91).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataBoth CBT and MBSR are effective treatments for adults with SAD.
“The clinical implications of this study are that both CBT and MBSR are efficacious treatments for adults with SAD.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThese results point to many shared psychological processes altered by CBT and MBSR, which may explain why both are equally effective for SAD.
“These results highlight the many shared underlying psychological processes that are modulated during CBT and MBSR and may help explain why both are equivalently effective for SAD.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataIn the current study, the brooding subscale had good internal consistency (α = .76).
“as well as in the current study (α = .76).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataIn this study, the SAFE had good internal consistency at baseline (α = .91).
“internal consistency was good in this study at baseline (α = .91).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataIn this study, the CD-Quest had excellent internal consistency at baseline (α = .91).
“Internal consistency was excellent in this study at baseline (α = .91).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationPreliminary evidence from mindfulness meditation studies suggests improvements in cognitive distortions, increases in mindfulness and emotion regulation, and decreases in avoidance of emotional experience.
“Across studies of mindfulness meditation, there is preliminary evidence for improvement in cognitive distortions (Sears & Kraus, 2009), and increases in mindfulness and emotion regulation, as well as decreases in avoidance of emotional experience (Chiesa, Anselmi, & Serretti, 2014).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe two treatments produce both shared and unique changes in psychological processes that mediate or predict outcome.
“They have both shared and unique changes in underlying psychological processes that mediate or predict treatment outcome.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataAdherence was rated in real time by a trained rater who attended every CBGT and MBSR session, using scales developed for each treatment.
“To assure treatment adherence, a trained rater was present in every CBGT and MBSR session to conduct real-time rating of adherence using adherence scales developed for CBGT and for MBSR.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationAvoidance and cognitive distortions have been identified as mediators of CBT for SAD, consistent with cognitive behavioral models of SAD.
“Avoidance and cognitive distortions have been found to be mediators of CBT for SAD (Hedman et al., 2013; Smits et al., 2006) and accords with cognitive behavioral models of SAD.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationOne study provides evidence that cognitive distortions mediate mindfulness-based interventions.
“While there is one study showing evidence for cognitive distortions as a mediator of mindfulness-based interventions (Gu et al., 2015), it is not yet clear whether CBT and MBSR arrive at reduction in cognitive distortions via different underlying mechanisms.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Gu et al., 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe average number of sessions attended was similar for CBGT and MBSR, with no significant difference.
“Mean number of sessions attended for CBGT (Mean ± SD = 10.47 ± 1.56) and MBSR (10.37 ± 2.09) were not significantly different, t(71) = 0.22, p = .82.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The CBGT and MBSR treatments were delivered with adequate fidelity to their respective protocols.
“Cognitive behavioral group therapy (CBGT) was delivered by two Ph.D. clinical psychologists trained by Dr. Richard Heimberg to implement his CBGT for SAD protocol (Heimberg & Becker, 2002).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The sample of patients with generalized SAD is representative of the broader SAD population.
“108 unmedicated patients (55.6% female; mean age = 32.7, SD = 8.0; 43.5% Caucasian, 39% Asian, 9.3% Hispanic, 8.3% other) were randomized to CBGT vs. MBSR vs. WL”
The paper relies on this without support.
CBT openly addresses avoidance and trains patients to confront feared situations through exposures.
“CBT explicitly discusses the role of avoidance, as well as trains patients to counter avoidance by engaging in and vicariously learning from multiple exposures to feared situations.”
The paper relies on this without support.
MBSR does not directly target safety behaviors or avoidance behaviors.
“Unlike CBT, MBSR does not explicitly address safety behaviors and specifically avoidance behaviors.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Community MBSR groups tend to be larger and include people with a wider range of presenting problems.
“Furthermore, community-based MBSR groups are typically larger and include individuals with a more diverse set of presenting problems.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The demographic diversity of the sample is enough to make the results highly generalizable to adults with SAD.
“Thus, these results are highly generalizable.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Comparisons of CBGT and MBSR have demonstrated decreased frequency of subtle avoidance behaviors during CBGT but not during MBSR.
“Comparisons of CBGT and MBSR have demonstrated decreased frequency of subtle avoidance behaviors during CBGT but not during MBSR 13 as one point of difference in mechanism.”
From Evaluation of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy vs Mindfulness Meditation in Brain Changes During Reappraisal and Acceptance Among Patients With Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
The Results section (page not supplied) reports significant decreases in subtle avoidance behaviors for both CBGT and MBSR compared with the waitlist, though the decrease was greater for CBGT. This contradicts the claim that avoidance decreased during CBGT but not during MBSR. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWhen negative affect does not kick off suppression and avoidance, the capacity to notice and describe negative emotional experiences can predict positive clinical trajectories even in the presence of stressful emotions as defined by their mere form.
“When it does not, the capacity to notice and describe negative emotional experiences can predict positive clinical trajectories even in the presence of stressful emotions as defined by their mere form 92 .”
From “Third-wave” cognitive and behavioral therapies and the emergence of a process-based approach to intervention in psychiatry (2021) · cites this paper as [92]
The Results (Mediators of CBGT and MBSR Effects; page not provided) report that increased mindfulness skills and decreased safety behaviors each mediated reductions in social anxiety symptoms. The Methods (Measures; page not provided) include observing and describing among the mindfulness skills measured, but the paper does not establish that those particular skills predict improvement when negative affect does not trigger suppression or avoidance, or despite stressful emotions. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAs previously reported using self-rated negative emotion data, CBGT and MBSR both increased reappraisal and mindfulness skills, including acceptance.
“Alternatively, as previously reported using self-rated negative emotion data, 13,16 CBGT and MBSR both increased reappraisal and mindfulness skills, including acceptance, and the brain results in this study may reflect greater recruitment of a core domain-general cognitive control network that supports implementation of both emotion-regulation strategies.”
From Evaluation of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy vs Mindfulness Meditation in Brain Changes During Reappraisal and Acceptance Among Patients With Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
The Results (CBGT and MBSR Related Psychological Processes; page unavailable) report increased reappraisal frequency and mindfulness skills with both treatments. The Methods (Measures; page unavailable) describe self-report questionnaires, including mindfulness facets related to acceptance, but the copy does not establish a separate increase in acceptance or that these findings came from self-rated negative-emotion data. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRigorous RCTs comparing mindfulness-based interventions and CBT have failed to show differential treatment effects on a whole range of mechanisms, including dispositional mindfulness, reappraisal, self-efficacy, acceptance, catastrophizing, and positive and negative affect.
“Rigorous RCTs comparing mindfulness-based interventions and CBT have failed to show differential treatment effects on a whole range of mechanisms, including dispositional mindfulness, reappraisal, self-efficacy, acceptance, catastrophizing, and positive and negative affect [11,73,74].”
From Testing the mindfulness-to-meaning theory: Evidence for mindful positive emotion regulation from a reanalysis of longitudinal data (2017) · cites this paper as [11]
The Results (CBGT and MBSR Related Psychological Processes; page not provided) report no significant between-treatment differences in mindfulness skills, reappraisal frequency, or reappraisal self-efficacy. This paper does not establish that finding for acceptance, catastrophizing, or positive and negative affect. Its Results (Mediators of CBGT and MBSR Effects) also report differential mediation by reappraisal self-efficacy, a distinction the broad claim obscures. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA randomized controlled trial of CBGT versus MBSR in patients with SAD found similar improvements in social anxiety symptoms.
“A recent randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral group therapy (CBGT) versus MBSR in patients with SAD found similar improvements in social anxiety symptoms (Goldin et al., 2016).”
From Trajectories of social anxiety, cognitive reappraisal, and mindfulness during an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for social anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Goldin et al., 2016
Formal mediation analyses support that changes in specific cognitive and behavioral variables, including cognitive reappraisal frequency and self-efficacy, mediate the impact of CBT for SAD on social anxiety symptoms.
“Thus, there is evidence that changes in specific cognitive and behavioral variables mediate the impact of CBT for SAD on social anxiety symptoms.”
From Trajectories of social anxiety, cognitive reappraisal, and mindfulness during an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for social anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Goldin et al., 2016
If MBSR reliably enhances emotion regulation ability, this may help explain the similar immediate and 1-year social anxiety decreases and maintenance after CBT and MBSR in this SAD sample.
“If enhancement of emotion regulation ability is a reliable result of MBSR, then this may help explain the similar decrease and maintenance of social anxiety immediately and 1-year post-CBT and post-MBSR in this sample of patients with SAD (Goldin et al., 2016).”
From Trajectories of social anxiety, cognitive reappraisal, and mindfulness during an RCT of CBGT versus MBSR for social anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Goldin et al., 2016
CBGT and MBSR were associated with a similar reduction of social anxiety symptoms from baseline to immediately posttreatment and 1 year posttreatment.
“CBGT and MBSR were associated with a similar reduction of social anxiety symp- toms from baseline to immediately posttreatment and 1 year posttreatment (eFigure 3 in Supplement 3)”
CBGT, MBSR, and waitlist groups did not differ significantly in demographic and clinical characteristics at baseline.
“As reported previously, 13 CBGT, MBSR, and WL groups did not differ significantly in demographic and clinical characteristics (eTables 1 and 2 in Supplement 3).”
Research has demonstrated the efficacy of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) in treating social anxiety disorder.
“Research has also demonstrated the efficacy of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) 12 in treating SAD. 13”
MBSR significantly increases reappraisal without providing explicit reappraisal training.
“The finding that MBSR significantly increases reappraisal (without providing explicit reappraisal training) provides the strongest and most direct support for the mindful reappraisal hypothesis of MMT yet.”
From Testing the mindfulness-to-meaning theory: Evidence for mindful positive emotion regulation from a reanalysis of longitudinal data (2017) · cites this paper as [11]
Mindfulness may support reappraisal.
“Evidence from a number of correlational [57], quasi-experimental [58,59], and experimental studies [11,60,61] suggests that mindfulness may support reappraisal.”
From Testing the mindfulness-to-meaning theory: Evidence for mindful positive emotion regulation from a reanalysis of longitudinal data (2017) · cites this paper as [11]
In the Goldin et al. trial, relative to a wait-list control, both CBT and MBSR significantly improved anxiety while increasing mindfulness and reappraisal.
“In the Goldin et al. trial [11], relative to a wait-list control, both CBT and MBSR significantly improved anxiety while increasing mindfulness and reappraisal”
From Testing the mindfulness-to-meaning theory: Evidence for mindful positive emotion regulation from a reanalysis of longitudinal data (2017) · cites this paper as [11]
In the Goldin et al. trial, increases in mindfulness and reappraisal did not significantly differ between CBT and MBSR.
“and increases in mindfulness and reappraisal did not significantly differ between these two active interventions.”
From Testing the mindfulness-to-meaning theory: Evidence for mindful positive emotion regulation from a reanalysis of longitudinal data (2017) · cites this paper as [11]
The capacity for metacognitive awareness, reflected by enhanced attentional control coupled with a decentered stance towards the objects of attention, may reflect a central change mechanism encouraged by both CBT and MBSR.
“Goldin et al. [11] contend that the capacity for metacognitive awareness, reflected by enhanced attentional control coupled with a decentered stance towards the objects of attention, may reflect a central change mechanism encouraged by both CBT and MBSR–a contention supported by results from this study.”
From Testing the mindfulness-to-meaning theory: Evidence for mindful positive emotion regulation from a reanalysis of longitudinal data (2017) · cites this paper as [11]
Studies point to a lack of specificity across several trials, finding similar mediating effects of mediators assumed to be specific to acceptance and mindfulness-based therapies in both contemporary acceptance and mindfulness-based therapies and traditional CBTs.
“Empirically, studies point to a lack of specificity across several trials, finding similar mediating effects of mediators assumed to be specific to acceptance and mindfulness-based therapies in both contemporary acceptance and mindfulness-based therapies and traditional CBTs (e.g., Goldin et al., 2016; Hayes-Skelton et al., 2015; Kocovski et al., 2015).”
From Mediators of acceptance and mindfulness-based therapies for anxiety and depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Goldin et al., 2016
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentχ²(2) = 1.05reported p = .59 · recomputed p = .592
“χ2(2, N = 108) = 1.05, p = .59”
- Consistentt(11) = 0.83reported p = .43 · recomputed p = .424
“t(11) = 0.83, p = .43”
- Consistentt(71) = 0.22reported p = .82 · recomputed p = .827
“t(71) = 0.22, p = .82”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 9.97reported p = .002 · recomputed p = .002
“χ2(1, N = 72) = 9.97, p = .002”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 7.41reported p = .006 · recomputed p = .006
“χ2(1, N = 72) = 7.41, p = .006”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 0.23reported p = .63 · recomputed p = .632
“χ2(1, N = 72) = 0.23, p = .63”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Session-attendance test has too many degrees of freedom
MinorThe comparison includes at most 36 CBGT and 36 MBSR patients. An independent-groups t-test of their attendance could have at most 70 degrees of freedom, not 71.
“Mean number of sessions attended for CBGT (Mean ± SD = 10.47 ± 1.56) and MBSR (10.37 ± 2.09) were not significantly different, t(71) = 0.22, p = .82.”
“the remaining 108 patients were randomly assigned to CBGT (n = 36), MBSR (n = 36), or WL (n = 36).”
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“Moreover, Goldin et al. (2016) found that mindfulness-based stress reduction increased reappraisal to the same extent as cognitive behavioral therapy.”
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“…beliefs (Boden et al., 2012), negative cognitions (Niles et al., 2014), subtle avoidance behaviors (Goldin et al., 2016), cognitive distortions (Goldin et al., 2016), and perceived social costs (Hofmann, 2004), as well as increases in positive self-views (Goldin et al., 2013a), cognitive…”
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Mindfulness-based interventions for social anxiety disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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Efficacy of group psychotherapy for anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis
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Empathy for positive and negative emotions in social anxiety disorder
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“…generalized SAD and 32 HCs matched on gender, education level, and ± 3 years of age.1 Participants with SAD were part of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), and a waitlist control condition (Goldin et al., 2016).”
MethodSelf-citationde Abreu Costa, M., D’Alò de Oliveira, G. S., Tatton-Ramos, T., Manfro, G. G., & Salum, G. A. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1058-1 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“Of those, 6 compared MBI with control interventions (Goldin et al. 2012; Hoge et al. 2013; Jazaieri et al. 2012; Kim et al. 2009; Polusny et al. 2015; Vollestad et al. 2011) and 4 compared MBI with CBT (Arch et al. 2013; Goldin et al. 2016; Koszycki et al. 2007; Piet et al. 2010).”
MethodMindfulness practice for protecting mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic
Zhu, J. L., Schülke, R., Vatansever, D., Xi, D., Yan, J., Zhao, H., Xie, X., Feng, J., Chen, M. Y., Sahakian, B. J., et al. (2021) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-021-01459-8 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Spears, C. A., Hedeker, D., Li, L., Wu, C., Anderson, N. K., Houchins, S. C., Vinci, C., Hoover, D. S., Vidrine, J. I., Cinciripini, P. M., et al. (2017) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000229 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Emotion Regulation in Social Anxiety Disorder: Reappraisal and Acceptance of Negative Self-beliefs
Dixon, M. L., Moodie, C. A., Goldin, P. R., Farb, N. A. S., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.07.009 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationRichey, J. A., Brewer, J. A., Sullivan-Toole, H., Strege, M. V., Kim-Spoon, J., White, S. W., & Ollendick, T. H. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101756 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Goldin, P. R., Thurston, M., Allende, S., Moodie, C., Dixon, M. L., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2021) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.1862 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationBaer, R., Gu, J., Cavanagh, K., & Strauss, C. (2019) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000744 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“…for the FFMQ, the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Gross & John, 2003), and the Cognitive Distortions Questionnaire (Morrison et al., 2015), Goldin et al. (2016) concluded that CBT and MBSR share more underlying psychological processes than is commonly recognized and that, in both…”
BackgroundMaddock, A., & Blair, C. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02082-y · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“People with Remitted Depression with at Least 3 Prior Episodes of Depression – MBCT Kuyken et al. (2010) in a mediation and moderation analysis of MBCT (with discontinuation of anti-depressant medication) versus maintenance anti-depressant medication in patients with recurrent depression found that MBCT improved mindf…”
MethodInfluentialKindred, R., Bates, G. W., & McBride, N. L. (2022) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102640 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Mao, L., Li, P., Wu, Y., Luo, L., & Hu, M. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.10.022 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Biobehavioral Mechanisms of Mindfulness as a Treatment for Chronic Stress: An RDoC Perspective
Garland, E. L., Hanley, A. W., Baker, A. K., & Howard, M. O. (2017) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/2470547017711912 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Li, J., Cai, Z., Li, X., Du, R., Shi, Z., Hua, Q., Zhang, M., Zhu, C., Zhang, L., & Zhan, X. (2021) · Annals of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.21037/apm-21-1212 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“One of the studies could only extract the anxiety outcome (39).”
BackgroundInfluentialHanley, A. W., de Vibe, M., Solhaug, I., Farb, N., Goldin, P. R., Gross, J. J., & Garland, E. L. (2021) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.3035 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationRoberts, R. L., Ledermann, K., & Garland, E. L. (2022) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2021.110677 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-views in social anxiety disorder: The impact of CBT versus MBSR
Thurston, M. D., Goldin, P. R., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.01.001 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationSleep quality and treatment of social anxiety disorder
Horenstein, A., Morrison, A. S., Goldin, P., ten Brink, M., Gross, J. J., & Heimberg, R. G. (2019) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2019.1617854 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Participants completed measures of social anxiety and perceived sleep quality, among other measures not considered here (for details, see Goldin et al., 2016).”
InfluentialSelf-citationSocial Anxiety, Loneliness, and the Moderating Role of Emotion Regulation
O'Day, E. B., Morrison, A. S., Goldin, P. R., Gross, J. J., & Heimberg, R. G. (2019) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2019.38.9.751 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationManaging Social Anxiety, Therapist Guide
Hope, D. A., Heimberg, R. G., & Turk, C. L. (2019) · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780190247591.001.0001 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationKaplan, S. C., Morrison, A. S., Goldin, P. R., Olino, T. M., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2017) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-017-9838-9 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“One hundred eight of these patients took part in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) comparing cognitive-behavioral group therapy (CBGT), mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and a waitlist control (WL) (Goldin et al. 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationButler, R. M., Boden, M. T., Olino, T. M., Morrison, A. S., Goldin, P. R., Gross, J. J., & Heimberg, R. G. (2018) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.03.003 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Rates of Axis I comorbidity in the sample are reported in Goldin et al. (2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationNinomiya, A., Sado, M., Park, S., Fujisawa, D., Kosugi, T., Nakagawa, A., Shirahase, J., & Mimura, M. (2020) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12960 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Morrison, A. S., Mateen, M. A., Brozovich, F. A., Zaki, J., Goldin, P. R., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2019) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2019.05.005 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationHarley, J. (2018) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2018_ajslp-odc11-17-0196 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
O’Day, E. B., Butler, R. M., Morrison, A. S., Goldin, P. R., Gross, J. J., & Heimberg, R. G. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102362 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“To more directly test these ideas, what is needed is more rigorous treatment outcome research, such as randomized controlled trials (RCTs), to compare interventions to reduce loneliness, especially among at-risk clinical populations.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationSelf and identity in social anxiety disorder
Gilboa‐Schechtman, E., Keshet, H., Peschard, V., & Azoulay, R. (2020) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12455 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Deng, X., Yang, M., & An, S. (2020) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107990 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Strege, M. V., Swain, D., Bochicchio, L., Valdespino, A., & Richey, J. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00866 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Although we did not specifically measure these variables, our study suggests that significant symptom change in MBCT may also be due to enhancement of positive, approach related affect, which is theoretically and conceptually distinct from the findings of Goldin and Gross (2010), which highlight mechanisms of action t…”
ResultInfluentialAn open trial of mindfulness-based stress reduction for young adults with social anxiety disorder.
Hjeltnes, A., Molde, H., Schanche, E., Vøllestad, J., Lillebostad Svendsen, J., Moltu, C., & Binder, P. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12342 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Domhardt, M., Nowak, H., Engler, S., Baumel, A., Grund, S., Mayer, A., Terhorst, Y., & Baumeister, H. (2021) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102084 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Singh, S. K., & Gorey, K. M. (2018) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15332985.2017.1373266 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Mansell, W., & McEvoy, P. M. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.06.008 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Ardi, Z., Golland, Y., Shafir, R., Sheppes, G., & Levit‐Binnun, N. (2021) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000994 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“This prediction is based on recent theoretical accounts and several empirical findings, suggesting thatMBIs may facilitate flexibility into the creation of autobiographical meaning, fostering the ability to create novel and more positive reappraisals of negative situations (21,26,31,33,35,37,39,78).”
MethodMindfulness programming for parents and teachers of children with ADHD
Miller, C. J., & Brooker, B. A. (2017) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2017.05.015 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Scholten, W., Seldenrijk, A., Hoogendoorn, A. W., Bosman, R. C., Muntingh, A., Karyotaki, E., Andersson, G., Berger, T., Carlbring, P., Furmark, T., et al. (2023) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.1291 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationRiquino, M. R., Priddy, S. E., Howard, M. O., & Garland, E. L. (2018) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-018-0088-6 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“According to recent theorizing, reappraisal may also be strengthened by mindfulness practice [92]—a claim supported by empirical evidence [93, 94].”
BackgroundSchaeuffele, C., Bär, J., Buengener, I., Grafiadeli, R., Heuthaler, E., Strieder, J., Ziehn, P., Knaevelsrud, C., Renneberg, B., & Boettcher, J. (2022) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-021-10272-y · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Positive valence systems in youth anxiety development: A scoping review
Sequeira, S. L., Forbes, E. E., Hanson, J. L., & Silk, J. S. (2022) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102588 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Adolescent Social Anxiety: A Unique Convergence of Factors
Carlton, C. N., Sullivan-Toole, H., Strege, M. V., Ollendick, T., & Richey, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01783 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Koszycki, D., Guérin, E., DiMillo, J., & Bradwejn, J. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2502 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
How Therapeutic Tapping Can Alter Neural Correlates of Emotional Prosody Processing in Anxiety
König, N., Steber, S., Seebacher, J., von Prittwitz, Q., Bliem, H. R., & Rossi, S. (2019) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci9080206 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Hjeltnes, A., Moltu, C., Schanche, E., Jansen, Y., & Binder, P.-E. (2018) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2016.1169330 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“A recent randomized controlled trial by Goldin et al. (2016) compared MBSR vs. CBGT and a waiting list (WL) condition for 108 patients with generalized SAD, reporting that both MBSR and CBGT produced greater improvements than the WL condition, and that both treatments yielded similar improvements…”
MethodNoda, S., Shirotsuki, K., & Sasagawa, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.942801 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“In recent years, mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) and mindfulness and acceptance-based group therapy (MAGT) have demonstrated efficacy in improving social anxiety and its maintaining factors (Koszycki et al., 2007; Piet et al., 2010; Kocovski et al., 2013; Goldin et al., 2016; Desnoyers et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialGuendelman, S., Bayer, M., Prehn, K., & Dziobek, I. (2022) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119059 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Those behavioral effects are in line with previous research that has shown cognitive reappraisal gains after MBIs (22,24,25,73).”
BackgroundResultMorrison, A. S., Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2024) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2024.102874 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationKuo, J. R., Zeifman, R. J., Morrison, A. S., Heimberg, R. G., Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.022 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationBenbow, A., & Anderson, P. L. (2018) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-018-9947-0 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
For Body and Mind: Practicing Yoga and Emotion Regulation
Kobylińska, D., Lewczuk, K., Marchlewska, M., & Pietraszek, A. (2018) · Social Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.5964/spb.v13i1.25502 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Moreover, mindfulness meditation was found to be more effective then aerobic exercise in decreasing negative emotions and social anxiety symptom severity in patients with social anxiety disorder (Goldin, Ziv, Jazaieri, Hahn, & Gross, 2013; Goldin et al., 2016), depression (Ramel, Goldin, Carmona, & McQuaid, 2004) and…”
BackgroundNwadi, C. L., Edeh, N. I., Ugwunwoti, E. P., Nwokike, F. O., Nneji, S. O., Anamezie, R. C., Uguru, T. O., Onubuleze, F. K., Chukwu, P. N., Eya, G. M., et al. (2025) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-025-07130-w · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The efficacy of psychotherapy for social anxiety disorder, a systematic review and meta-analysis
de Ponti, N., Matbouriahi, M., Franco, P., Harrer, M., Miguel, C., Papola, D., Sicimoğlu, A., Cuijpers, P. J., & Karyotaki, E. (2024) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2024.102881 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Weitlauf, A. S., Broderick, N. A., Stainbrook, J. A., Slaughter, J. C., Taylor, J. L., Herrington, C. G., Nicholson, A. G., Santulli, M., Dorris, K., Garrett, L. J., et al. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05399-6 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Does cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders improve threat reappraisal?: A meta-analysis
Draheim, A. A., & Anderson, P. L. (2021) · Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.jbct.2020.12.004 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Tement, S., Zorjan, S., Lavrič, M., Poštuvan, V., & Plohl, N. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09691-5 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The Role of Working Alliance in CBT and MBSR for Social Anxiety Disorder
Jazaieri, H., Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0877-9 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationCurreri, A. J., Farchione, T. J., Sauer-Zavala, S., & Barlow, D. H. (2022) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445520947662 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Indeed, randomized controlled trials of cognitive-behavioral versus mindfulness-based treatments for social anxiety have found increases in self-reported mindfulness in both treatments, despite an absence of explicit mindfulness content in the CBT conditions (Goldin et al., 2016; Kocovski, Fleming, Hawley, Ho, & Anton…”
BackgroundButler, R. M., O'Day, E. B., Kaplan, S. C., Swee, M. B., Horenstein, A., Morrison, A. S., Goldin, P. R., Gross, J. J., & Heimberg, R. G. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.103453 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“The full CONSORT figure is available in Goldin et al. (2012). Participants (N = 68) were included in the current study if they had weekly ratings for at least 4 of the 16 therapy sessions, as that is the minimum number of sessions required to calculate a sudden gain.”
MethodSelf-citationVargas-Nieto, J. C., Zambrano, D., Montorio, I., & Pineda, L. M. S. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02321-w · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“These apps often include psychoeducation strategies, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), problem-solving therapy, relaxation, and mindfulness among others (Lüdtke et al., 2018).”
InfluentialBarrio‐Martínez, S., González‐Blanch, C., Priede, A., Muñoz‐Navarro, R., Medrano, L. A., Moriana, J. A., Carpallo-González, M., Ventura, L., Ruiz‐Rodríguez, P., & Vindel, A. C. (2022) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2022.01.007 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Feurer, C., Francis, J., Ajilore, O., Craske, M. G., Phan, K. L., & Klumpp, H. (2021) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-021-10222-8 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“This finding is partially supported by previous research as prior studies have found that decreases in rumination correspond to symptom improvement (Goldin et al., 2016; Manicavasagar et al., 2012).”
BackgroundResultThe Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based-Stress-Reduction for Military Cadets on Perceived Stress
Chen, Y.-H., Chiu, F.-C., Lin, Y.-N., & Chang, Y.-L. (2021) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941211010237 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“The implementation of such programs also yielded the same anxiety reduction effect in patients with social anxiety disorder (Goldin et al., 2016).”
BackgroundWeeks, J. W., Beltzer, M., Schmidt, K. M., Olino, T. M., Goldin, P. R., Gross, J. J., Heimberg, R. G., & Zoccola, P. M. (2024) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2024.102879 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationLow-Intensity Mindfulness and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Social Anxiety Disorder: Pilot Study
Noda, S., Honda, Y., Komatsu, C., Hasegawa, Y., Hasegawa, A., Minami, F., Shirotsuki, K., Nakao, M., & Kaiya, H. (2023) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-023-00173-1 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“MBIs have been effective in improving social anxiety and its influencing factors (Desnoyers et al., 2017; Goldin et al., 2016; Kocovski et al., 2013; Koszycki et al., 2007; Piet et al., 2010).”
Noda, S., Nishiuchi, M., & Shirotsuki, K. (2023) · Japanese Psychological Research · doi:10.1111/jpr.12446 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Optimized short-forms of the Cognitive Distortions Questionnaire
Morrison, A. S., Ustun, B., Horenstein, A., Kaplan, S. C., de Oliveira, I. R., Batmaz, S., Gross, J. J., Sadikova, E., Hemanny, C., Pires, P. P., et al. (2022) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102624 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationTalmon, A., Dixon, M. L., Goldin, P. R., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2021) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026211004452 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Although both cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and mindfulness/acceptance-based approaches are effective in reducing SAD symptoms and improving quality of life (Goldin et al., 2016; Goldin & Gross, 2010; Koszycki et al., 2007), it is also possible that different patients may benefit more from one treatment or the ot…”
BackgroundSelf-citationBrain Network Organization During Mindful Acceptance of EmotionsPreprint
Dixon, M. L., Girn, M., & Kalina Christoff, A. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.03.31.018697 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“…aimed at boosting psychological well-being and treating affective disorders (Britton, Shahar, Szepsenwol, & Jacobs, 2012; Farb, et al., 2012a; Goldin et al., 2016; Hayes, et al., 2006; Hofmann, Sawyer, Witt, & Oh, 2010; Kabat-Zinn, 1994; Kuyken et al., 2015; Linehan, 1993; Segal, Williams, &…”
Santoft, F., Salomonsson, S., Hesser, H., Lindsäter, E., Ljótsson, B., Lekander, M., Kecklund, G., Öst, L., & Hedman‐Lagerlöf, E. (2019) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.102118 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Zhong, M., Goh, P. H., Li, D., Bao, J., & Xu, W. (2020) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105317736576 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“…moderation of dispositional mindfulness on the relationship between perceived stress and various psychological symptoms parallel previous findings on the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) training or techniques among individuals with anxiety disorders (Goldin et al., 2016).”
ResultSun, L., Dai, X., Zhu, S., Liu, Z., & Zhongming, Z. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.02.092 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Garke, M. Å., Isacsson, N. H., Kolbeinsson, Ö., Hesser, H., & Månsson, K. N. T. (2024) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2024.2373784 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“CBT for SAD can effectively reduce social anxiety symptoms, decrease the use of putatively maladaptive emotion regulation strategies, and increase the use of adaptive strategies in the short term (Goldin et al., 2014, 2016).”
Noda, S., Shirotsuki, K., & Nakao, M. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-05651-0 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“These techniques are effective in the treatment of negative cognitions and social anxiety symptoms in patients with SAD [16, 18, 25, 26].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialOn the road to resilience: Epigenetic effects of meditation
Verdone, L., Caserta, M., Ben‐Soussan, T. D., & Venditti, S. (2023) · Vitamins and hormones · doi:10.1016/bs.vh.2022.12.009 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Rodebaugh, T. L., Tonge, N., Piccirillo, M. L., Fried, E. I., Horenstein, A., Morrison, A. S., Goldin, P. R., Gross, J. J., Lim, M. H., Fernandez, K. C., et al. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/kx6y8 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationCohen, J. N., Drabick, D. A. G., Blanco, C., Schneier, F. R., Liebowitz, M. R., & Heimberg, R. G. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.10.004 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Although no study has examined mechanisms of change in pharmacotherapy for SAD, recent studies (e.g., Goldin et al., 2016; Gu, Strauss, Bond & Cavanagh, 2015) have explored mechanisms of change in CBT and acceptance-based interventions.”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Clinical Value, Principle, and Basic Practical Technique of Mindfulness Intervention.
Zou, T., Chenghan, W., & Fan, X. (2016) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.11919/j.issn.1002-0829.216060 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“[35] Some research believes MBSR is more effective on patients with moderate anxiety whereas CBT is more suitable for patients with mild anxiety.”
BackgroundAttentional blink impairment in social anxiety disorder: Depression comorbidity matters
Morrison, A. S., Brozovich, F. A., Lakhan-Pal, S., Jazaieri, H., Goldin, P. R., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.08.006 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationHall, M., Luo, A., Bhullar, N., Moses, K., & Wootton, B. M. (2024) · Australian psychologist · doi:10.1080/00050067.2024.2356804 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Beyond Pharmacology: A Narrative Review of Alternative Therapies for Anxiety Disorders
Antos, Z., Zackiewicz, K., Tomaszek, N., Modzelewski, S., & Waszkiewicz, N. (2024) · Diseases · doi:10.3390/diseases12090216 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“In contrast, Goldin et al. find no notable differences in the anxiolytic effects between CBT and MBSR [95].”
BackgroundMindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
Wharton, E., & Kanas, N. (2019) · International Journal of Group Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/00207284.2019.1599289 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Goldin et al. (2016) conducted a randomized controlled trial comparing CBGT and MBSR in the treatment of social anxiety disorder (SAD).”
BackgroundLi, X., Chen, X., Ya, Z., & Shi, X. (2024) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-024-01300-5 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Numerous intervention studies have confirmed that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can be a feasible approach for treating social anxiety (Goldin et al., 2016; Heimberg, 2002; Rodebaugh et al., 2004).”
Zimmerman, J. A., & Marcus, D. K. (2024) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2974 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Pan, M., Zhang, S.-Y., Chen, C.-L., Qiu, S., Liu, L., Li, H., Zhao, M., Dong, M., Si, F., Wang, Y., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1200522 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
- Authors
- Goldin, P. R., Morrison, A., Jazaieri, H., Brozovich, F., Heimberg, R., & Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Temple University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Goldin, Philippe R.
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 2016-05
- Volume
- 84
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 427-437
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- PMC
- PMC4837056
- OpenAlex
- W2315453641
- Semantic Scholar
- fe5551ec11a29c4d5c791a5c7922e55c6f1fa0de
- Cited by
- 202
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 38.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- MindRxiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH076074)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- social anxiety disorder, group cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based stress reduction, treatment outcomes, mediation analysis, cognitive reappraisal, self-efficacy, cognitive distortions, mindfulness skills, attentional focus, rumination, avoidance behavior, unmedicated patients
- MeSH terms
- Phobia, Social, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychotherapy, Group, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome, Self Efficacy, Mindfulness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-09-28.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-09-28.
Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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