Facets of Mindfulness in Adults with Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Impact of Co-occurring Depression
Open accessAbstract
Anxiety and depressive symptoms are associated with lower levels of mindfulness, yet few studies to date have examined facets of mindfulness in adults with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD). In this study, we examined differences in mindfulness between individuals with GAD with and without concurrent Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and/or Dysthymic Disorder (DD). We also examined the associations of anxiety and depressive symptoms with facets (subscales) of mindfulness. We hypothesized that individuals with primary GAD and co-occurring MDD/DD would exhibit lower mindfulness than those without a concurrent depressive disorder. We also hypothesized that mindfulness would be negatively correlated with worry and depressive symptom severity. Subjects were 140 adults (M (SD) age = 33.4 (12.9); 73% female) with a primary diagnosis of GAD; 30.8% (n = 43) also met criteria for current MDD/DD as determined by a structured clinical interview for DSM-IV. Current worry and depressive symptoms were assessed using self-report measures at baseline of a 12-week treatment study. Individuals with GAD and co-occurring MDD/DD exhibited significantly lower mindfulness than those without a depressive disorder diagnosis and specifically lower scores on the Awareness sub-scale compared to individuals with primary GAD and no comorbid depression. In terms of the dimensional impact of worry and depression ratings, depression symptoms independently predicted lower Awareness scores and worry independently predicted lower levels of Nonreacting and Nonjudging sub-scales. This may have direct treatment implications.
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- Findingown data
Adults with primary GAD plus current MDD/DD scored lower on the Awareness facet than adults with GAD alone.
“and specifically lower scores on the Awareness sub-scale compared to individuals with primary GAD and no comorbid depression.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The data were approximately normally distributed.
- Findingown data
Adults with primary GAD plus current MDD/DD showed lower overall mindfulness than adults with GAD alone.
“Individuals with GAD and co-occurring MDD/DD exhibited significantly lower mindfulness than those without a depressive disorder diagnosis”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The data were approximately normally distributed.
- Findingown data
Worry severity independently predicted lower Nonjudging facet scores.
“worry independently predicted lower levels of Nonreacting and Nonjudging sub-scales.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The data were approximately normally distributed.
- Findingown data
Depressive symptom severity independently predicted lower Awareness facet scores.
“depression symptoms independently predicted lower Awareness scores”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The data were approximately normally distributed.
- Findingown data
PSWQ scores were not significantly correlated with the Describing subscale of the FFMQ.
“there was no significant correlation between PSWQ scores and the Describing sub-scale of the FFMQ”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingown data
Worry symptoms on the PSWQ-PW were more severe in participants with concurrent MDD/DD than in those without (d=0.80).
“participants with concurrent MDD/DD did demonstrate more severe worry symptoms on the PSWQ-PW (d=0.80), more severe depression symptoms (d=1.35), and greater clinical severity (d=0.81) than participants without concurrent MDD/DD (Table 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Clinical severity was greater in participants with concurrent MDD/DD than in those without (d=0.81).
“participants with concurrent MDD/DD did demonstrate more severe worry symptoms on the PSWQ-PW (d=0.80), more severe depression symptoms (d=1.35), and greater clinical severity (d=0.81) than participants without concurrent MDD/DD (Table 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The multiple regression model for the Observing subscale was nonsignificant (p = .89).
“The multiple regression model for Observing was nonsignificant (p = .89, adj. p = .89).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Among participants with current GAD but no current MDD/DD, those with no lifetime history of MDD/DD and those with past but not current MDD/DD did not differ in any aspect of mindfulness (FFMQ total or subscales).
“These two groups of participants with current GAD but no current MDD/DD did not differ from each other in any aspect of mindfulness: FFMQ 4-factor total scores (no depression: 91.0 ± 15.7 vs. lifetime history of depression: 95.7 ± 17.6; F(1,94) = 0.41, d = .12, p = .53, adj. p = .95), Observing (no depression: 23.7 ± 5.2 vs. lifetime history of depression: 24.6 ± 7.1; F(1,94) = 2.06, d = .14, p =”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Higher PSWQ scores (β = −.24) were associated with lower mindfulness after adjustment for BDI-II scores in the same model.
“Higher BDI-II (β = −.31, p=.0003, adj. p = .001) and PSWQ scores (β = −.24, p = .0041, adj. p = .02) were each associated with lower mindfulness, even after adjustment for each other in the same model.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
BDI-II scores were weakly to moderately negatively correlated (r = −.25 to −.42) with the Awareness, Nonjudging, and Describing subscales.
“BDI-II scores were weakly to moderately negatively correlated (r = −.25 to −.42) with the Awareness, Nonjudging, and Describing sub-scales, as hypothesized.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
BDI-II scores were not significantly correlated with the Nonreacting subscale.
“However, contrary to our hypothesis, BDI-II scores were not significantly correlated with the Nonreacting subscale”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
On the FFMQ Awareness subscale, individuals with a current depressive disorder scored significantly lower than those without.
“Amongst the mindfulness subscales, however, the Awareness sub-scale differed by presence of co-occurring depression, with those with a current depressive disorder scoring significantly lower (20.9 ± 5.7) than those without (24.5 ± 5.8; F(1,137) = 10.20, d = .63, p = .0017, adj. p = .01).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
FFMQ 4-factor total scores were moderately negatively correlated with depression severity on the BDI-II.
“moderately negatively correlated (−.35 ≥ r > −.45) with the severity of worry symptoms, as measured by the PSWQ, and depression severity, as measured by the BDI-II (see Table 2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Overall clinical severity on the CGI showed a weak negative correlation (r = −.16) with FFMQ 4-factor total scores.
“FFMQ 4-factor total scores were weakly negatively correlated (r = −.16) with overall clinical severity, as measured by the CGI”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
FFMQ 4-factor total scores were moderately negatively correlated with worry symptom severity on the PSWQ.
“moderately negatively correlated (−.35 ≥ r > −.45) with the severity of worry symptoms, as measured by the PSWQ, and depression severity, as measured by the BDI-II (see Table 2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Neither worry nor depression severity was significantly associated with lower Describing subscale scores after adjustment to preserve the family-wise error rate.
“Neither worry nor depression severity were significantly associated with lower scores on the Describing sub-scale after adjustment to preserve the family-wise error rate”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The Observing, Describing, Nonjudging, and Nonreacting subscales did not differ significantly between participants with and without current MDD/DD.
“There was no significant difference between those with and without MDD/DD on the Observing (25.3 ± 6.4 vs. 24.0 ± 5.7; F(1,137) = 1.24, d = .22, p = .27, adj. p = .80), Describing (25.0 ± 7.3 vs. 25.9 ± 6.7; F(1,137) < 0.01, d = .13, p = .96, adj. p = .96), Nonjudging (22.1 ± 7.8 vs. 24.8 ± 7.6; F(1,137) = 2.78, d = .13, p = .10, adj. p = .39) or Nonreacting (16.5 ± 4.2 vs. 17.1 ± 4.7; F(1,137) =”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Depression symptoms were more severe in participants with concurrent MDD/DD than in those without (d=1.35).
“participants with concurrent MDD/DD did demonstrate more severe worry symptoms on the PSWQ-PW (d=0.80), more severe depression symptoms (d=1.35), and greater clinical severity (d=0.81) than participants without concurrent MDD/DD (Table 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
After adjustment for multiple comparisons, overall mindfulness on the FFMQ-4 factor total did not differ significantly between individuals with GAD and current MDD/DD and those without a current depressive disorder.
“Contrary to our hypothesis, individuals with GAD and a current diagnosis of MDD/DD did not score significantly lower on overall mindfulness (FFMQ-4 factor total: 84.5 ± 16.4) than those without a current depressive disorder diagnosis after adjustment for multiple comparisons (92.3 ± 16.3; F(1,137) = 4.45, d = .48, p = .04, adj. p = .18).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Higher BDI-II scores (β = −.31) were associated with lower mindfulness after adjustment for PSWQ scores in the same model.
“Higher BDI-II (β = −.31, p=.0003, adj. p = .001) and PSWQ scores (β = −.24, p = .0041, adj. p = .02) were each associated with lower mindfulness, even after adjustment for each other in the same model.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
PSWQ scores were negatively correlated with the Awareness, Nonjudging, and Nonreacting subscales of the FFMQ, with relatively weak correlations (r = −.27 to −.35).
“As hypothesized, PSWQ scores were negatively correlated with the Awareness, Nonjudging, and Nonreacting sub-scales of the FFMQ, though the correlations were relatively weak (r = −.27 to −.35)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Mindfulness-based interventions appear effective at reducing acute anxiety and depression symptoms across various populations.
“Such mindfulness-based interventions appear efficacious for reducing acute symptoms of anxiety and depression in a variety of populations (Hofmann, Sawyer, Witt, & Oh, 2010).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hofmann, Sawyer, Witt, & Oh, 2010 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
People diagnosed with GAD have lower mindfulness than non-anxious controls.
“researchers have found lower levels of mindfulness in individuals diagnosed with GAD, when compared to a non-anxious controls (Roemer et al., 2009).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Roemer et al., 2009 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In that sample, Nonreacting negatively predicted anxious arousal.
“In the final path model, they found that Nonreacting negatively predicted general distress – anxiety; Describing and Nonreacting negatively predicted anxious arousal and Observing positively predicted anxious arousal; Nonreacting and Nonjudging negatively predicted anhedonic depression; and Nonreacting and Nonjudging negatively predicted general distress – depression (Desrosiers, Klemanski, et al.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Desrosiers, Klemanski, et al., 2013
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Preliminary evidence supports the efficacy of MBCT and Acceptance-Based Behavior Therapy for GAD.
“researchers have found preliminary evidence for the efficacy of MBCT and Acceptance-Based Behavior Therapy (AABT; Roemer & Orsillo, 2005) for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD; Craigie, Rees, Marsh, & Nathan, 2008; Evans et al., 2008; Treanor, Erisman, Salters-Pedneault, Roemer, & Orsillo, 2011).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
In a large RCT of MBSR versus attention control for GAD, clinician-rated anxiety symptom severity reductions did not differ significantly between groups.
“In a large randomized control trial of MBSR compared to an attention control for GAD, Hoge et al. (2013) found no significant differences in clinician-rated anxiety symptom severity reductions between groups”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hoge et al., 2013 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In nonclinical samples, Awareness, Nonjudging, and Nonreacting each had significant negative relationships with anxiety and depression measures.
“For instance, Awareness, Nonjudging, and Nonreacting have shown significant negative relationships with measures of anxiety and depression in nonclinical samples (Barnes & Lynn, 2010; Fisak & Von Lehe, 2012).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
In that sample, Observing positively predicted anxious arousal.
“In the final path model, they found that Nonreacting negatively predicted general distress – anxiety; Describing and Nonreacting negatively predicted anxious arousal and Observing positively predicted anxious arousal; Nonreacting and Nonjudging negatively predicted anhedonic depression; and Nonreacting and Nonjudging negatively predicted general distress – depression (Desrosiers, Klemanski, et al.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Desrosiers, Klemanski, et al., 2013
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Low mindfulness is associated with GAD symptom severity beyond depressive and anxious distress.
“researchers have found that low mindfulness is associated with GAD symptom severity, above and beyond the variance accounted for by depressive and anxious distress (Roemer et al., 2009).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Roemer et al., 2009 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In a clinical sample, the Observing facet was positively related to anxious arousal.
“Curtiss and Klemanski (2014) found a similar relationship in a clinical sample; that is, the Observing facet exhibited a positive relationship with anxious arousal.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Curtiss & Klemanski, 2014 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In a mixed-diagnosis treatment-seeking sample, Nonreacting negatively predicted general distress - anxiety.
“In the final path model, they found that Nonreacting negatively predicted general distress – anxiety; Describing and Nonreacting negatively predicted anxious arousal and Observing positively predicted anxious arousal; Nonreacting and Nonjudging negatively predicted anhedonic depression; and Nonreacting and Nonjudging negatively predicted general distress – depression (Desrosiers, Klemanski, et al.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Desrosiers, Klemanski, et al., 2013
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In adults with mild to moderate depressive symptoms and possible anxiety, depressive symptoms had an additional significant relationship with Describing.
“In a sample of adults with mild to moderate depressive symptoms and possible co-occurring anxiety symptoms, an additional significant relationship was found between depressive symptoms and Describing (Bohlmeijer, ten Klooster, Fledderus, Veehof, & Baer, 2011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bohlmeijer, ten Klooster, Fledderus, Veehof, & Baer, 2011 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In that sample, Describing negatively predicted anxious arousal.
“In the final path model, they found that Nonreacting negatively predicted general distress – anxiety; Describing and Nonreacting negatively predicted anxious arousal and Observing positively predicted anxious arousal; Nonreacting and Nonjudging negatively predicted anhedonic depression; and Nonreacting and Nonjudging negatively predicted general distress – depression (Desrosiers, Klemanski, et al.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Desrosiers, Klemanski, et al., 2013
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
The observation of these associations in a large, treatment-seeking sample of individuals with primary GAD provides further evidence that reactivity towards and judgment of inner experiences may be relevant to the etiology and maintenance of GAD.
“the fact that we observed these associations in a large, treatment-seeking sample of individuals with primary GAD provides further evidence that reactivity towards inner experiences and judgment of inner experiences may be relevant to the etiology and maintenance of the disorder.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The cognitive load associated with co-occurring GAD and MDD symptoms may be particularly detrimental to Awareness.
“the cognitive load associated with co-occurring GAD and MDD symptoms may be particularly detrimental to Awareness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In that sample, Nonjudging negatively predicted general distress - depression.
“In the final path model, they found that Nonreacting negatively predicted general distress – anxiety; Describing and Nonreacting negatively predicted anxious arousal and Observing positively predicted anxious arousal; Nonreacting and Nonjudging negatively predicted anhedonic depression; and Nonreacting and Nonjudging negatively predicted general distress – depression (Desrosiers, Klemanski, et al.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Desrosiers, Klemanski, et al., 2013
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Interventions targeting self-compassion have shown efficacy for increasing Nonreacting and Nonjudging in healthy populations.
“interventions targeting self-compassion (e.g., Attachment-Based Compassion Therapy) have shown efficacy for increasing Nonreacting and Nonjudging in healthy populations (Navarro-Gil et al., 2018).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Navarro-Gil et al., 2018
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In that sample, improvements in Nonreacting mediated reductions in worry after MBSR.
“Finally, in a treatment-seeking sample of individuals with GAD, Hoge et al. (2015) found that improvements in Awareness and Nonreacting specifically mediated reductions in worry following MBSR.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hoge et al., 2015 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
The present findings support omitting the Observing facet from the FFMQ total score.
“the present findings offer further support for omitting the Observing facet from the FFMQ total score.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Improvements in worry following MBSR are mediated by improvements in Awareness.
“improvements in worry following MBSR are mediated by improvements in Awareness (Hoge et al., 2015).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hoge et al., 2015 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
In individuals with primary GAD, co-occurring depression is specifically associated with difficulty acting with awareness.
“for individuals with primary GAD, the presence of co-occurring depression is specifically associated with difficulty acting with awareness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In that sample, Nonreacting negatively predicted anhedonic depression.
“In the final path model, they found that Nonreacting negatively predicted general distress – anxiety; Describing and Nonreacting negatively predicted anxious arousal and Observing positively predicted anxious arousal; Nonreacting and Nonjudging negatively predicted anhedonic depression; and Nonreacting and Nonjudging negatively predicted general distress – depression (Desrosiers, Klemanski, et al.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Desrosiers, Klemanski, et al., 2013
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In a treatment-seeking GAD sample, improvements in Awareness mediated reductions in worry after MBSR.
“Finally, in a treatment-seeking sample of individuals with GAD, Hoge et al. (2015) found that improvements in Awareness and Nonreacting specifically mediated reductions in worry following MBSR.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hoge et al., 2015 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In another mixed-diagnosis treatment-seeking sample, Awareness, Nonjudging, and Nonreacting were each negatively associated with worry.
“Curtiss and Klemanski (2014) examined the bivariate associations between FFMQ facets and worry symptoms and found that Awareness, Nonjudging, and Nonreacting were each negatively associated with worry.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Curtiss & Klemanski, 2014 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Study design and conductown data
FFMQ reliability in the current sample was good (Cronbach's α = .87).
“Reliability of the FFMQ in the current sample was good (Cronbach’s α = .87).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
In that sample, Nonjudging negatively predicted anhedonic depression.
“In the final path model, they found that Nonreacting negatively predicted general distress – anxiety; Describing and Nonreacting negatively predicted anxious arousal and Observing positively predicted anxious arousal; Nonreacting and Nonjudging negatively predicted anhedonic depression; and Nonreacting and Nonjudging negatively predicted general distress – depression (Desrosiers, Klemanski, et al.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Desrosiers, Klemanski, et al., 2013
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In that sample, Nonreacting negatively predicted general distress - depression.
“In the final path model, they found that Nonreacting negatively predicted general distress – anxiety; Describing and Nonreacting negatively predicted anxious arousal and Observing positively predicted anxious arousal; Nonreacting and Nonjudging negatively predicted anhedonic depression; and Nonreacting and Nonjudging negatively predicted general distress – depression (Desrosiers, Klemanski, et al.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Desrosiers, Klemanski, et al., 2013
Not checked in the free run.
- Study design and conductown data
The group with concurrent MDD/DD and the group without a current depressive disorder were comparable on gender, age, ethnicity, and race.
“participants with concurrent MDD/DD did not differ from those without a current depressive disorder in gender, age, ethnicity, or race.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
The presence of current depression may be particularly detrimental to the ability to act with awareness in individuals with GAD.
“Taken together, these results suggest that the presence of current depression may be particularly detrimental to the ability to act with awareness in those with GAD.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The findings support excluding the Observing facet from evaluations of mindfulness in anxious individuals.
“Our findings therefore support the exclusion of this facet from evaluations of mindfulness in anxious individuals.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
The study lacked a comparison group of individuals with MDD/DD but without comorbid GAD.
“our study lacked a comparison group of individuals with MDD/DD but without comorbid GAD.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation
In the context of anxiety, the Observing scale may be detecting hypervigilance to emotional experience rather than mindfulness.
“in the context of anxiety, the Observing scale may be detecting hypervigilance to emotional experience rather than mindfulness, as heightened interoceptive sensitivity is a common clinical feature of anxiety disorders (Domschke, Stevens, Pfleiderer, & Gerlach, 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Domschke, Stevens, Pfleiderer, & Gerlach, 2010 source
Not checked in the free run.
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- May combine two claims. 19
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 21
The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataWorry severity independently predicted lower Nonreacting facet scores.
“worry independently predicted lower levels of Nonreacting and Nonjudging sub-scales.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The data were approximately normally distributed.
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataDepression severity on the BDI-II, but not worry severity on the PSWQ-PW, was associated with lower scores on the Awareness subscale.
“Depression severity (BDI-II), but not worry severity (PSWQ-PW) was associated with lower scores on the Awareness sub-scale”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataWorry severity, but not depression severity, was associated with lower scores on the Nonjudging and Nonreacting subscales.
“worry severity but not depression was associated with lower scores on the Nonjudging and Nonreacting sub-scales.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn this sample of non-meditators, the Observing subscale was not significantly correlated with anxiety or depression symptoms, nor with any other mindfulness facet apart from Nonreacting (r = .17, p < .05).
“the Observing sub-scale was not significantly correlated with symptoms of anxiety or depression in our sample of non-meditators, nor was it significantly correlated with any other facets of mindfulness apart from Nonreacting (r = .17, p < .05).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataRegression models for four of the five FFMQ subscales were significant, accounting for 17% of the variance in Awareness, 13% in Nonjudging, 10% in Nonreacting, and 9% in Describing.
“The regression models for 4 of the 5 mindfulness sub-scales were significant and accounted for 17% of the variance in Awareness, 13% of the variance in Nonjudging, 10% of the variance in Nonreacting, and 9% of the variance in Describing, respectively (Table 3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataNeither age nor gender moderated the effects of PSWQ or BDI-II on FFMQ 4-factor total scores (all p > .23).
“neither age (F(1,130)= 1.54, p=.22) nor gender (F(1,130)=0.14, p=.70) were significant covariates in the model or moderated the effects of PSWQ-PW or BDI-II (all p>.23).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe regression model of FFMQ 4-factor total scores predicted by PSWQ and BDI-II with adjustment for site was significant and accounted for 25% of the variance (adjusted R2 = .24).
“The results of the regression indicated a significant overall model accounting for 25% of the variance (adjusted R2 = .24, F(3, 136) = 16.36, p < .0001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationEarly trials of mindfulness-based interventions for GAD had small samples and no active control conditions.
“However, initial trials of mindfulness-based interventions for GAD utilized small samples and lacked active control conditions (Craigie et al., 2008; Evans et al., 2008; Treanor et al., 2011).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn a nonclinical sample, the FFMQ Observing facet did not load with the other facets and showed positive correlations with dissociation, absentmindedness, thought suppression, and psychological symptoms.
“Notably, Baer and colleagues (2006) found that the Observing facet of the FFMQ did not load onto the other facets and was unexpectedly positively correlated with dissociation, absentmindedness, thought suppression, and psychological symptoms in a nonclinical sample.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Baer et al., 2006 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn that RCT, the MBSR group reported greater reductions in self-reported anxiety and stress reactivity to a laboratory task.
“however, those in the MBSR group did report greater reductions in self-reported anxiety and in stress reactivity to a laboratory task.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hoge et al., 2013 source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPrevious studies have found that the Observing facet shows a positive relationship with anxiety-related variables in non-meditators, and that this relationship may be stronger in clinical samples.
“Previous studies have found that the Observing facet exhibits a positive relationship with anxiety-related variables in non-meditators, and that this relationship may be exacerbated in clinical samples (Curtiss & Klemanski, 2014; de Bruin, Topper, Muskens, Bögels, & Kamphuis, 2012).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenBoth GAD and MDD are associated with sleep interference, which likely also affects concentration abilities.
“both GAD and MDD are associated with sleep interference, which likely also affects concentration abilities.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningConcentration impairment is a symptom of both GAD and MDD and is likely maintained by the cognitive avoidance strategies (worry and rumination) that characterize these disorders.
“concentration impairment is a symptom of both GAD and MDD and is likely perpetuated by the cognitive avoidance strategies that characterize these disorders (i.e. worry and rumination).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataBDI-II reliability in the current sample was excellent (Cronbach's α = .92).
“Reliability in the current sample was excellent (Cronbach’s α = .92).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductcitationP-values for ANOVA and multiple regression effects were adjusted for family-wise error across six outcomes using the Hochberg procedure.
“The p-values reported for effects in both the ANOVA and multiple regression sets of models were adjusted to control the family-wise error rate among the 6 outcomes (FFMQ 4-factor total and 5 sub-scales) using the Hochberg procedure (Hochberg, 1988).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hochberg, 1988 source
Not checked in the free run.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The data were approximately normally distributed.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAmong clinical GAD subjects, PSWQ and PSWQ-PW have shown high internal consistency and good test-retest reliability.
“Amongst clinical GAD subjects, the PSWQ and PSWQ-PW have demonstrated high internal consistency and good test-retest reliability (Meyer, Miller, Metzger, & Borkovec, 1990; Stoeber & Bittencourt, 1998).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThe sample came from anxious individuals without meditation experience, so the Observing facet was expected to show little association with other mindfulness aspects.
“Our study sample was drawn from a population of anxious individuals not experienced in meditation and thus likely to show very little association between the Observing facet and other aspects of mindfulness (Baer et al., 2006).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Baer et al., 2006 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataANOVA and regression models adjusted for fixed site effects.
“We then conducted one-way analysis of variance analyses (ANOVA) to assess whether 4-factor FFMQ total scores and sub-scale scores differed between those with and without a concurrent depressive disorder, while adjusting for fixed site effects.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The data were approximately normally distributed.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationPrior studies in clinical samples have found an independent association between depression symptoms and Nonreacting and Nonjudging, but not Awareness.
“prior studies in clinical samples have demonstrated an independent association between depression symptoms and Nonreacting as well as Nonjudging, but not Awareness (e.g., Desrosiers, Klemanski, et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Desrosiers, Klemanski, et al., 2013
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThe association between Observing and psychopathology is moderated by Nonreacting, such that Observing predicts reduced psychopathology at high Nonreacting and increased psychopathology at low Nonreacting.
“Eisenlohr-Moul, Walsh, Charnigo, Lynam, and Baer (2012) demonstrated that the association between Observing and psychopathology is moderated by Nonreacting, such that Observing predicts reduced psychopathology at high levels of Nonreacting and increased psychopathology at low levels of Nonreacting.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Eisenlohr-Moul, Walsh, Charnigo, Lynam, and Baer (2012) source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenAll data were collected at baseline before interventions began.
“All data were collected at baseline before participants began their interventions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationMore than half of individuals with GAD experience a comorbid mood disorder at some point in their lives.
“over half of individuals with GAD experience a comorbid mood disorder in their lifetimes (Wittchen, Zhao, Kessler, & Eaton, 1994).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Wittchen, Zhao, Kessler, & Eaton, 1994 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe FFMQ has acceptable convergent and discriminant validity, internal consistency, and incremental validity for predicting psychological symptoms and well-being across student, community, and mood/anxiety adult samples.
“Analyses of psychometric properties have found acceptable convergent and discriminant validity, internal consistency, and incremental validity in predicting psychological symptoms and well-being across samples of students, community members, and adults with mood and anxiety symptoms (Baer et al., 2006; Baer et al., 2008; Bohlmeijer et al., 2011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationcitationMood-dependent changes in emotional awareness among those with comorbid MDD/DD may explain lower scores on the Awareness subscale.
“mood-dependent changes in emotional awareness among those with comorbid MDD/DD may explain lower scores on the Awareness sub-scale.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationNonreactivity and Nonjudging have been shown to be associated with self-compassion.
“Both Nonreactivity and Nonjudging have been shown to be associated with self-compassion (Baer et al., 2006)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Baer et al., 2006 source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductcitationPrimary GAD diagnosis was determined by trained raters using SCID-IV or ADIS-5.
“Inclusion criteria also included a primary diagnosis of GAD, as determined by trained raters using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-IV; First, Spitzer, Gibbon, & Williams, 2002) or the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule-5 (ADIS-5; Brown & Barlow, 2013)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites First, Spitzer, Gibbon, & Williams, 2002
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Brown & Barlow, 2013
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationAlexithymia (low emotional awareness) is a state-dependent feature of current depression.
“alexithymia (cf low emotional awareness) is a state-dependent feature of current depression (Marchesi, Bertoni, Cantoni, & Maggini, 2008)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Marchesi, Bertoni, Cantoni, & Maggini, 2008 source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductown dataClinician-rated assessments were done by independent evaluators who were M.D., Ph.D., or experienced Masters level diagnosticians certified for structured clinical interviews.
“Following informed consent, all clinician-rated assessments were undertaken by independent evaluators (IEs) who were M.D., Ph.D., or experienced Masters level diagnosticians experienced in the administration of structured clinical interviews certified for this study under the direction of an IE trainer.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataPSWQ-PW reliability in the current sample was excellent (Cronbach's α = .90).
“Reliability of the PSWQ-PW in the current sample was excellent (Cronbach’s α = .90).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Study design and conductnone givenThe PSWQ likely does not capture rumination or other forms of repetitive negative thinking.
“the PSWQ likely does not capture rumination or other forms of repetitive negative thinking.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningThe cross-sectional design precludes conclusions about whether low mindfulness leads to increased clinical symptoms or whether increased clinical symptoms lead to reduced mindfulness.
“Limitations of the study include the cross-sectional design, which precludes us from drawing conclusions regarding whether low mindfulness may lead to increased clinical symptoms or whether increased clinical symptoms lead to reduced mindfulness.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductreasoningIt cannot be ruled out that the sample had greater interest in yoga and in mindfulness practices in general compared to other treatment-seeking samples.
“we cannot rule out that our sample had greater interest in yoga specifically and thus in mindfulness practices in general compared to other treatment-seeking samples.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationDepression is an episodic syndrome with high rates of recurrence.
“Given that depression is an episodic syndrome with high rates of recurrence (Richards, 2011)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Richards, 2011 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe study selected a transdiagnostic measure of worry rather than anxiety symptom severity.
“Another limitation of our study is that we selected a transdiagnostic measure of worry, rather than anxiety symptom severity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningThe sample was drawn from treatment-seeking people with GAD with specific exclusion criteria and is not representative of the full diversity of psychiatric symptoms in people with GAD or of people with lower anxiety severity.
“our sample was drawn from a population of treatment-seeking people with GAD with specific exclusion criteria and thus is not representative of the full diversity of psychiatric symptoms in people with GAD or people with lower severity of anxiety symptoms.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
Few studies have examined facets of mindfulness in adults with GAD.
“yet few studies to date have examined facets of mindfulness in adults with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The data were approximately normally distributed.
“Review of skewness (all values below +/−0.35) and kurtosis (all values below 3.5) suggested that normality was a reasonable assumption.”
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Not confirmedF(1, 130) = 5.83reported p = .03 · recomputed p = .017
“F(1,130)=5.83, p = .03”
- ConsistentF(3, 136) = 16.36reported p < .0001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(3, 136) = 16.36, p < .0001”
- ConsistentF(1, 130) = 5.07reported p = .03 · recomputed p = .026
“F(1,130)=5.07, p = .03”
- ConsistentF(1, 130) = 1.54reported p = .22 · recomputed p = .217
“F(1,130)= 1.54, p = .22”
- ConsistentF(1, 130) = 0.14reported p = .7 · recomputed p = .709
“F(1,130)=0.14, p = .70”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Abstract claims a significant overall mindfulness difference
MajorThe abstract says the group with co-occurring depression had significantly lower mindfulness, but the results say the overall mindfulness difference was not significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons. The significant group difference was limited to the Awareness subscale.
“Individuals with GAD and co-occurring MDD/DD exhibited significantly lower mindfulness than those without a depressive disorder diagnosis”
“Contrary to our hypothesis, individuals with GAD and a current diagnosis of MDD/DD did not score significantly lower on overall mindfulness (FFMQ-4 factor total: 84.5 ± 16.4) than those without a current depressive disorder diagnosis after adjustment for multiple comparisons (92.3 ± 16.3; F(1,137) = 4.45, d = .48, p = .04, adj. p = .18).”
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- Authors
- Baker, A. W., Frumkin, M. R., Hoeppner, S. S., LeBlanc, N. J., Bui, E., Hofmann, S. G., & Simon, N. M.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Boston University (US)
- NYU Langone Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Baker, Amanda W.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Mindfulness
- Published
- 2018-11-07
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 903-912
- ISSN
- 1868-8527 (ISSN-L)
- 1868-8535
- PMC
- PMC6662732
- OpenAlex
- W2899624187
- Cited by
- 9
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 0.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Mindfulness (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH/NCCAM (AT007258-02)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, dysthymia, comorbid depression, worry, depressive symptoms, mindfulness facets, awareness, non-reactivity, non-judgment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-09-28.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-09-28.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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