Distributed Cognition as a Lens to Understand the Effects of Scaffolds: The Role of Transfer of Responsibility
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This finding may indicate that fading as defined in the scaffolding literature is not necessary to promote student learning and performance (Belland, 2011).
“This finding may indicate that fading as defined in the scaffolding literature is not necessary to promote student learning and performance (Belland, 2011).”
From Synthesizing Results From Empirical Research on Computer-Based Scaffolding in STEM Education (2017) · cites this paper as Belland, 2011
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Giere, R. N. (2006) · Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1086/518772 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Scaffolding Disciplined Inquiry in Problem-Based Learning Environments
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Landry, S. H., Smith, K. E., & Swank, P. R. (2009) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cd.235 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Wittgenstein and not-just-in-the-head cognition
Susswein, N., & Racine, T. P. (2008) · New Ideas in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.newideapsych.2008.04.013 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Strategies for Designing Embodied Curriculum
Barab, S. A., & Dodge, T. (2007) · doi:10.4324/9780203880869.ch9 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Lebeau, R. B. (1998) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1022854014093 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Glaser, R. A., Raghavan, K., & Baxter, G. P. (1992) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e670352011-001 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The design of guided learner -adaptable scaffolding in interactive learning environments.
Metcalf, S. (1999) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Reconstructing the Learning Sciences
Hall, R. P. (2004) · Journal of the Learning Sciences · doi:10.1207/s15327809jls1401_8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Moral Peers to the Rescue! A Critical Appraisal of the "Plus 1" Convention In Moral Education.
Berkowitz, M. W. (1980) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
5 of the 146 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Synthesizing Results From Empirical Research on Computer-Based Scaffolding in STEM Education
Belland, B. R., Walker, A. E., Kim, N. J., & Lefler, M. (2017) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654316670999 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
“This finding may indicate that fading as defined in the scaffolding literature is not necessary to promote student learning and performance (Belland, 2011).”
BackgroundSelf-citationScaffolding: Definition, Current Debates, and Future Directions
Belland, B. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3185-5_39 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
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Instructional Scaffolding in STEM Education
Belland, B. R. (2017) · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02565-0 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Self-citationYuriev, E., Naidu, S., Schembri, L. S., & Short, J. L. (2017) · Chemistry Education Research and Practice · doi:10.1039/c7rp00009j · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Kim, N. J., Vicentini, C. R., & Belland, B. R. (2021) · International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education · doi:10.1007/s10763-020-10145-y · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationLee, S., & Schallert, D. L. (2016) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2016.02.004 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
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Scaffolding in PBL Environments
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Scaffolding and supporting use of information for ambitious learning practices
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Learning and interactivity in solving a transformation problem
Guthrie, L. G., Vallée‐Tourangeau, F., Vallée-Tourangeau, G., & Howard, C. (2015) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-015-0504-8 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Instructors’ conceptualization and implementation of scaffolding in online higher education courses
Richardson, J. C., Caskurlu, S., Castellanos-Reyes, D., Duan, S., Duha, M. S. U., Fiock, H. S., & Long, Y. (2021) · Journal of Computing in Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s12528-021-09300-3 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Instructional Scaffolding: Foundations and Evolving Definition
Belland, B. R. (2017) · Instructional Scaffolding in STEM Education · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02565-0_2 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationKranz, D., Schween, M., & Graulich, N. (2022) · Chemistry Education Research and Practice · doi:10.1039/d2rp00132b · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Student-AI collaborative creative Problem-Solving: The role of human agency
Guoa, W., Liang, Z., Wang, C., Li, X., Hu, H., Chen, S., Yu, Q., & Zhao, Q. (2025) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2025.105433 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Saleh, A., Phillips, T. M., Hmelo‐Silver, C. E., Glazewski, K. D., Mott, B., & Lester, J. C. (2022) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.13198 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Vo, K., Sarkar, M., White, P. J., & Yuriev, E. (2022) · Chemistry Education Research and Practice · doi:10.1039/d1rp00242b · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Scaffolding for argumentation in hypothetical and theoretical biology concepts
Weng, W.-Y., Lin, Y.-R., & She, H. (2017) · International Journal of Science Education · doi:10.1080/09500693.2017.1310409 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
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Why so Serious? Theorising Playful Model-Driven Group Decision Support with Situated Affectivity
Bürger, K., White, L., & Yearworth, M. (2018) · Group Decision and Negotiation · doi:10.1007/s10726-018-9559-9 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Keil, P. G. (2015) · Journal of Cognition and Culture · doi:10.1163/15685373-12342163 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Scaffolding learning activities with collaborative scripts and mobile devices
Laru, J. (2012) · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A Framework for Implementing OER-Based Lesson Design Activities for Pre-Service Teachers
Kim, D. (2018) · International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning · doi:10.19173/irrodl.v19i4.3394 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
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From Consumers to Critical Users: Prompty, an AI Literacy Tool for High School Students
Dennison, D. V., Garcia, R. C. C., Sarin, P., Wolf, J., Bywater, C., Xie, B., & Lee, V. R. (2024) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v38i21.30378 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
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Kukkonen, J., Dillon, P., Kärkkäinen, S., Hartikainen-Ahia, A., & Keinonen, T. (2014) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-014-9326-8 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Computer-Based Scaffolding Strategy
Belland, B. R. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-02565-0_5 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationProblem-Based Learning in Engineering Ethics Courses
Kirkman, R. (2017) · Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-based Learning · doi:10.7771/1541-5015.1610 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Efforts to improve problem solving abilities in physics through e-scaffolding in hybrid learning
Handayanto, S. K., Suwasono, P., & Pramono, N. A. (2019) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/1.5094004 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Teaching mathematical modeling in the classroom: Analyzing the scaffolding methods of teachers
Gürel, Z. (2023) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2023.104253 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
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Developing My Perspectives on Scaffolding and Problem-Based Learning: A Retrospective View
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Self-citationDiagrams, jars, and matchsticks
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Indication of Scaffolding in Mathematical Modeling
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Design of virtual experiment environments
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- Authors
- Belland, B. R.
- Affiliations
- Utah State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Belland, Brian R.
- ORCID
- Belland, Brian R.
- Venue
- Educational Psychology Review
- Published
- 2011-09-03
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 577-600
- ISSN
- 1040-726X (ISSN-L)
- 1573-336X
- OpenAlex
- W2008596782
- Cited by
- 64
- References
- 146
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 5.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Educational Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Innovative Teaching and Learning Methods
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Educational and Psychological Assessments
- Keywords
- scaffolding, transfer of responsibility, distributed cognition, fading, problem solving, real-world problems, conceptual framework, instructional design guidelines, knowledge economy
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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