Reliability and validity of self-reported physical activity in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT 2)
Abstract
Background To validate the physical activity (PA) questionnaire in Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT 2).Methods The questionnaire was administered twice to a random sample of 108 men aged 20-39 and validity by comparing results with VO(2max) and ActiReg, measuring PA and energy expenditure and with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ).Results Spearman correlation coefficients indicated poor and moderate significant agreement by test-retest (light activity, r = 0.17, and hard activity, r = 0.50). We found a moderate significant correlation r = 0.46 (p < or = 0.01) between hard PA and VO(2max) and n.s for light activity (r = -03). Metabolic equivalent (METs) values 6+ from ActiReg most strongly correlated with hard PA r = 0.31 (p < or = 0.01), though associations of other measures obtained from ActiReg with questionnaire measures were weaker. Occupational activity was strongest correlated for METs 3-6 r = 0.48 (p < or = 0.01) by ActiReg.Conclusions The HUNT 2 question for "hard" LTPA has acceptable repeatability and appears to be a reasonably valid measure of vigorous activity, as reflected in moderate correlations with several other measures including VO(2max), and with corresponding results from IPAQ and ActiReg. The HUNT 2 question on occupational activity had good repeatability and appears to best reflect time spent in moderate activity, with moderate associations with measured time at intermediate intensity levels. The "light" activity question from HUNT 2 had poor reproducibility and did not correlate well with most of the comparison measures. Thus, the "hard" PA and the occupational activity question should be useful measures of vigorous PA, if time and space allow only very brief assessment. The utility of the "light" PA questions remains to be established.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Adherence to the prescribed exercise programme was obtained from a validated questionnaire at one, three, and five years follow-up.
“Adherence to the prescribed exercise programme was obtained from a validated questionnaire14 at one, three, and five years follow-up”
From Effect of exercise training for five years on all cause mortality in older adults—the Generation 100 study: randomised controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as [14]
Cites
The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data
Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2529310 · Cited by 81,148 · see citing works
International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity
CRAIG, C. L., MARSHALL, A. L., SJ??STR??M, M., BAUMAN, A. E., BOOTH, M. L., AINSWORTH, B. E., PRATT, M., EKELUND, U., YNGVE, A., SALLIS, J. F., et al. (2003) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000078924.61453.fb · Cited by 21,619 · see citing works
Practical Statistics for Medical Research
Altman, D. G. (1990) · doi:10.1201/9780429258589 · Cited by 10,668 · see citing works
Trumbo, P., Schlicker, S., Yates, A. A., & Poos, M. (2002) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(02)90346-9 · Cited by 5,993 · see citing works
Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General
(1995) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e525162010-001 · Cited by 5,488 · see citing works
American College of Sports Medicine position stand
Otis, C. L. (1997) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,407 · see citing works
A simple method to assess exercise behavior in the community.
Godin, G., & Shephard, R. J. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 3,759 · see citing works
Pollock, M. L., Gaesser, G. A., Butcher, J. D., Despr??s, J.-P., Dishman, R. K., Franklin, B. A., & Garber, C. E. (1998) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199806000-00032 · Cited by 3,051 · see citing works
A new predictive equation for resting energy expenditure in healthy individuals
Mifflin, M., St Jeor, S., Hill, L., Scott, B., Daugherty, S., & Koh, Y. (1990) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/51.2.241 · Cited by 2,544 · cited 2× · see citing works
“self-reported PA questionnaire in HUNT 2 with several measures related to PA: VO2max and with five measures of PA assessed with ActiReg – Megajoule (MJ) per day, minutes at metabolic equivalent (METs) >6, minutes at METs 3–6, minutes at METs 1–3 average per day and PA level (PAL), defined as total EE divided by basal…”
MethodFletcher, G. F., Balady, G. J., Amsterdam, E. A., Chaitman, B., Eckel, R., Fleg, J., Froelicher, V. F., Leon, A. S., Piña, I. L., Rodney, R., et al. (2001) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/hc3901.095960 · Cited by 1,923 · see citing works
Textbook of Work Physiology: Physiological Bases of Exercise
(2004) · Physiotherapy Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/09593980490425012 · Cited by 1,864 · see citing works
Blair, S. N. (1996) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03540030039029 · Cited by 1,819 · see citing works
A simultaneous evaluation of 10 commonly used physical activity questionnaires
Jacobs, D. R., Ainsworth, B. E., Hartman, T. J., & Leon, A. S. (1993) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199301000-00012 · Cited by 1,677 · see citing works
Recall bias in epidemiologic studies
Coughlin, S. S. (1990) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(90)90060-3 · Cited by 1,381 · see citing works
Is physical activity or physical fitness more important in defining health benefits?
Blair, S. N., Cheng, Y. J., & HOLDER, J. S. (2001) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200106001-00007 · Cited by 1,113 · see citing works
Lee, C. D., Blair, S. N., & Jackson, A. S. (1999) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/69.3.373 · Cited by 1,027 · see citing works
International Physical Activity Questionnaire
Fogelholm, M., Malmberg, J. J., Suni, J. H., Santtila, M., Kyröläinen, H., Mäntysaari, M., & Oja, P. (2006) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000194075.16960.20 · Cited by 977 · see citing works
Dose–response issues concerning physical activity and health: an evidence-based symposium
ANTERO KESANIEMI (Chair), Y., DANFORTH, E., JENSEN, M. D., KOPELMAN, P. G., LEF??BVRE, P., & REEDER, B. A. (2001) · Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200106001-00003 · Cited by 843 · see citing works
Validity of accelerometry for the assessment of moderate intensity physical activity in the field
Hendelman, D. L., Miller, K. J., Baggett, C. D., Debold, E. P., & Freedson, P. S. (2000) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200009001-00002 · Cited by 766 · see citing works
Exercise standards. A statement for health professionals from the American Heart Association.
Fletcher, G. F., Froelicher, V. F., Hartley, L. H., Haskell, W. L., & Pollock, M. L. (1990) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.82.6.2286 · Cited by 724 · see citing works
Effects of aging, sex, and physical training on cardiovascular responses to exercise.
Ogawa, T., Spina, R. J., Martin, W. H., Kohrt, W. M., Schechtman, K. B., Holloszy, J. O., & Ehsani, A. A. (1992) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.86.2.494 · Cited by 704 · see citing works
Utility of Pedometers for Assessing Physical Activity: Convergent Validity
Tudor-Locke, C., Williams, J. E., Reis, J. P., & Pluto, D. (2002) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200232120-00004 · Cited by 649 · see citing works
Measuring Physical Activity and Energy Expenditure
Kemper, H. C. G., & Saris, W. H. M. (1996) · Cited by 553 · see citing works
The evolution of physical activity recommendations: how much is enough?
Blair, S. N., LaMonte, M. J., & Nichaman, M. Z. (2004) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/79.5.913s · Cited by 547 · see citing works
The Nord-Trøndelag Health Study 1995-97 (HUNT 2): Objectives, contents, methods and participation
Holmen, J., Midthjell, K., Krüger, Ø., Langhammer, A., Holmen, T. L., Bratberg, G. H., Vatten, L., & Lund‐Larsen, P. G. (2003) · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Measurement of physical activity to assess health effects in free-living populations
Paffenbarger, R. S., Blair, S. N., Lee, I.-M. M., & Hyde, R. T. (1993) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199301000-00010 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
A New Procedure for Assessing Reliability of Scoring EEG Sleep Recordings
Cicchetti, D. V., & Allison, T. (1971) · American Journal of EEG Technology · doi:10.1080/00029238.1971.11080840 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Peak treadmill running velocity during the<i>V</i>O<sub>2</sub>max test predicts running performance
Noakes, T. D., Myburgh, K. H., & Schall, R. (1990) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640419008732129 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Physical Activity in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
Wannamethee, S. G., & Shaper, A. G. (2001) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200131020-00003 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
The maximum oxygen intake. An international reference standard of cardiorespiratory fitness.
Shephard, R. J., Allen, C., Benadé, A. J. S., Davies, C. T. M., di Prampero, P. E., Hedman, R., Merriman, J. E., Myhre, K., & Simmons, R. (1968) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Ainsworth, B. E., Jacobs, D. R., & Leon, A. S. (1993) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199301000-00013 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
Longitudinal variations in maximal oxygen intake with age and activity.
Dehn, M. M., & Bruce, R. A. (1972) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1972.33.6.805 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Implications of exercise testing for prediction of athletic performance: a contemporary perspective
Noakes, T. D. (1988) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-198808000-00001 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Accuracy of the College Alumnus Physical Activity Questionnaire
Ainsworth, B. E., Leon, A. S., Richardson, M. T., Jacobs, D. R., & Paffenbarger, R. S. (1993) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(93)90140-v · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Nilsen, T. I. L., & VATTEN, L. J. (2001) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1054/bjoc.2000.1582 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
SELF-REPORTED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY COMPARED WITH MAXIMAL OXYGEN UPTAKE
Siconolfi, S. F., Lasater, T. M., SNOW, R. C. K., & Carleton, R. A. (1985) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114068 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Validation of the Stanford 7-Day Recall to Assess Habitual Physical Activity
Richardson, M. T. (2001) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s1047-2797(00)00190-3 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
The Nord-Trøndelag Health Study 1995-97 (HUNT 2)
m.fl, J. H. (2011) · Norsk Epidemiologi · doi:10.5324/nje.v13i1.305 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Utility of Pedometers for Assessing Physical Activity
Tudor-Locke, C. E., Williams, J. E., Reis, J. P., & Pluto, D. M. (2004) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200434050-00001 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Blair, S. N. (1996) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.276.3.205 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Nonexercise regression models to estimate peak oxygen consumption
Heil, D. P., Freedson, P. S., Ahlquist, L., PRICE, J., & Rippe, J. M. (1995) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199504000-00020 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Physical activity and human energy expenditure
Westerterp, K. R., & Plasqui, G. (2004) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition & Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/00075197-200411000-00004 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Textbook of Work Physiology: Physiological Bases of Exercise, Fourth Edition
Allen, T. (2004) · Physiotherapy Canada · doi:10.2310/6640.2004.00030 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Physical Activity and Stroke Mortality in Women
Ellekjær, H., Holmen, J., Ellekjaer, E. F., & VATTEN, L. J. (2000) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.31.1.14 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Ethnic and Cultural Issues in Assessing Physical Activity
Kriska, A. M. (2000) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2000.11082786 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Examination of the Metamax I and II oxygen analysers during exercise studies in the laboratory
Medbø, J. I., Mamen, A., Welde, B., von Heimburg, E. D., & Stokke, R. (2002) · Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation · doi:10.1080/003655102764654321 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Accuracy of Recall of Occupational Physical Activity by Questionnaire
Ainsworth, B. E., Richardson, M. T., Jacobs, D. R., Leon, A. S., & Sternfeld, B. (1999) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(98)00158-9 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Carlsson, S., Midthjell, K., Tesfamarian, M. Y., & Grill, V. (2006) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-006-0518-7 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Physical Activity, Obesity Status, and Glycemic Control
Kavouras, S. A., Panagiotakos, D. B., Pitsavos, C. E., Chrysohoou, C. A., Anastasiou, C. A., Lentzas, Y., & Stefanadis, C. (2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31803084eb · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Test-Retest Reliability of Adult Surveillance Measures for Physical Activity and Inactivity
Evenson, K. R., & McGinn, A. (2005) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2005.02.005 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Ability of the Caltrac Accelerometer to Assess Daily Physical Activity Levels
Richardson, M. T., Leon, A. S., Jacobs, D. R., Ainsworth, B. E., & SERFASS, R. C. (1995) · Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00008483-199503000-00003 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Hustvedt, B., Christophersen, A., Johnsen, L. R., Tomten, H., McNeill, G., Haggarty, P., & Lövö, A. (2004) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn20041272 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationValidity of a physical activity questionnaire among African-American Seventh-day Adventists
Singh, P. N., Fraser, G. E., Knutsen, S. F., Lindsted, K. D., & Bennett, H. (2001) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200103000-00021 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The Role of Maximal Oxygen Uptake in Exercise Performance
Snell, P. G., & Mitchell, J. H. (1984) · Clinics in Chest Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0272-5231(21)00231-8 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Relationships Between Self-reported Physical Activity and Physical Fitness in Active Men
Knapik, J. J., Zoltick, J. M., Rottner, H. C., Phillips, J., Bielenda, C. C., Jones, B. H., & Drews, F. (1993) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(18)30716-5 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Validity of selected physical activity questions in white Seventh-day Adventists and non-Adventists
Singh, P. N., Tonstad, S., Abbey, D. E., & Fraser, G. E. (1996) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199608000-00013 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dowd, K. P., Szeklicki, R., Minetto, M. A., Murphy, M. H., Polito, A., Ghigo, E., van der Ploeg, H., Ekelund, U., Maciaszek, J., Stemplewski, R., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-017-0636-2 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Holmen, H., Torbjørnsen, A., Wahl, A. K., Jenum, A. K., Småstuen, M. C., Årsand, E., & Ribu, L. (2014) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.3882 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Temporal changes in resting heart rate and deaths from ischemic heart disease
Nauman, J., Janszky, I., Vatten, L. J., & Wisløff, U. (2011) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1826 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Serum markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in sarcopenia
Can, B., Kara, O., Kizilarslanoglu, M. C., Arik, G., Aycicek, G. S., Sumer, F., Civelek, R., Demirtas, C., & Ulger, Z. (2017) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-016-0626-2 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Stensvold, D., Viken, H., Steinshamn, S. L., Dalen, H., Støylen, A., Loennechen, J. P., Reitlo, L. S., Zisko, N., Bækkerud, F. H., Tari, A. R., et al. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m3485 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Torbjørnsen, A., Jenum, A. K., Småstuen, M. C., Årsand, E., Holmen, H., Wahl, A. K., & Ribu, L. (2014) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.3535 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Sivertsen, B., Råkil, H., Munkvik, E., & Lønning, K. J. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025200 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Prospectively Assessed Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Associated Physical Activity
LeardMann, C. A., Kelton, M. L., Smith, B., Littman, A. J., Boyko, E. J., Wells, T. S., Smith, T. C., & For the Millennium Cohort Study Team (2011) · Public Health Reports® · doi:10.1177/003335491112600311 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Fimland, M. S., Vie, G., Johnsen, R., Nilsen, T. I. L., Krokstad, S., & Bjørngaard, J. H. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12369 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Tari, A. R., Selbæk, G., Franklin, B. A., Bergh, S., Skjellegrind, H., Sallis, R. E., Bosnes, I., Stordal, E., Ziaei, M., Lydersen, S., et al. (2022) · eClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101607 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Ringen, P. A., Falk, R. S., Antonsen, B., Faerden, A., Mamen, A., Rognli, E. B., Solberg, D. K., Martinsen, E. W., & Andreassen, O. A. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1832-6 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kurtze, N., Rangul, V., Hustvedt, B.-E., & Flanders, W. D.
- Affiliations
- SINTEF (NO)
- Høgskolen i Nord-Trøndelag (NO)
- University of Oslo (NO)
- Emory University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kurtze, Nanna
- Venue
- European Journal of Epidemiology
- Published
- 2007-03-14
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 379-387
- ISSN
- 0393-2990 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-7284
- OpenAlex
- W2054639437
- Semantic Scholar
- 51af778279ccce18b4579c39ce01350d4aff566d
- Cited by
- 212
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 5.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
- Keywords
- physical activity questionnaire, self-reported physical activity, questionnaire validity, test-retest reliability, high-intensity exercise, light physical activity, occupational physical activity, VO2max, International Physical Activity Questionnaire, metabolic equivalents, energy expenditure
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Humans, Leisure Activities, Male, Physical Fitness, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results, Exercise, Statistics, Nonparametric
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review