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Cited by 79Sustainable Supply Chain ManagementEnvironmental Impact and SustainabilitySustainable Design and Development

An analysis of design strategies for circular economy through life cycle assessment

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Spreafico, Christian·2022·Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
DOI 10.1007/s10661-022-09803-1PMC PMC8844180
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Abstract

The goal of pursuing the circular economy (CE) is spreading more and more in industry, also driven by the introduction of new regulations, considerably affecting product design. However, a quantitative and rigorous evaluation of the environmental impacts of the results obtained by different design strategies used to implementing CE is missing in the literature. Those available only evaluate certain aspects of the life cycle of few products, belonging to specific application fields, in a qualitative way or they refer only to the global warming potential. This study provides a quantitative assessment of the environmental impacts reductions arising from the application of some common design strategies for implementing different CE options (e.g. reuse, waste to energy, remanufacturing), by using some standard indicators. The results were obtained by manually analysing 156 selected case studies of comparative life cycle assessment (LCA), extracted from 136 scientific articles. In them, the environmental impacts of design solutions for CE are compared with those of other solutions were wastes are not exploited. The obtained results have been used to evaluate the different design strategies for CE and to hierarchize them based on environmental sustainability of the solutions associated with them. In addition, an economic evaluation of the strategies, based on the life cycle costing methodology and exploiting the data available in the same articles, was also provided. Among the main achievements, it was found that the hierarchy of the CE options, pursued by the design strategies, to improve environmental sustainability is different from that provided by other studies. In addition, the environmental benefits associated with the different CE options strictly depend by the applied design strategies and the considered products.

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  • Products designed for longevity reduce material degradation, emissions, and waste, thereby lowering overall environmental impact.

    “Products designed for longevity have been shown to reduce material degradation, emissions, and waste, thereby lowering overall environmental impact [18].”

    From Designing for Repair and Extended Lifespan: Consumer Expectations and Economic Constraints (2026) · cites this paper as [18]

    The Introduction (page unavailable) says more robust products can have longer operative lives and require fewer maintenance interventions. The paper discusses waste and environmental-impact reductions under other design strategies, but does not show that longevity itself reduces material degradation, emissions, and waste or establish the claimed overall effect. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Extending product lifetime through improved reliability frequently yields greater environmental benefits than post-failure repair alone.

    “This finding aligns with durability-focused life cycle assessment studies demonstrating that extending product lifetime through improved reliability frequently yields greater environmental benefits than post-failure repair alone [18,38,39].”

    From Designing for Repair and Extended Lifespan: Consumer Expectations and Economic Constraints (2026) · cites this paper as [18]

    The Introduction (page unavailable) says more robust products can have longer operative lives and require fewer maintenance interventions. But the Results and discussion section compares conventional with innovative remanufacturing, not improved reliability with post-failure repair. The paper does not establish that reliability frequently yields greater environmental benefits than repair alone. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Spreafico, C.
Affiliations
University of Bergamo (IT)
Corresponding author
Spreafico, Christian
ORCID
Spreafico, Christian
Venue
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2022-02-14
Volume
194
Issue
3
Pages
180-180
ISSN
  • 0167-6369 (ISSN-L)
  • 1573-2959
DOI
10.1007/s10661-022-09803-1
PMC
PMC8844180
OpenAlex
W4212920152
Cited by
79
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 21 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 4
FWCI
10.83
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Environmental Monitoring and Assessment (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Aisberg (University of Bergamo) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Sustainable Supply Chain Management
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Sustainable Design and Development
Keywords
circular economy, product design strategy, reuse, waste-to-energy, remanufacturing, environmental impact reduction, life cycle cost analysis, waste management
MeSH terms
Animals, Environment, Environmental Monitoring, Life Cycle Stages, Global Warming

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