Cited by 177Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentMental Health Research Topics

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The Structure of Anxiety and Depression in a Normative Sample of Younger and Older Australian Adolescents

Tully, Phillip J., Zajac, Ian T., Venning, Anthony J.·2009·Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology

DOI 10.1007/s10802-009-9306-4

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Abstract

It has been reported that depression and anxiety have overlapping symptoms and are conceptually interrelated. One of the most prominent theoretical developments that explain this association is Clark and Watson's tripartite model (Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100:316-336, 1991) that posits these two disorders and negative emotions share a latent component of negative affect (NA). The current study had two aims, (a) to compare a tripartite factor structure against competing models by Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS-21) (Lovibond and Lovibond 1995), and (b) explore the psychometric properties of the DASS-21. The DASS-21 was completed by a representative sample of 4039 young Australians, aged 12-18 years, as part of the South Australian Youth Mental Health Survey (SAYMHS), South Australia, Australia. The best fitting model for the data consisted of anhedonic depression, physiological hyperarousal, and general NA. The psychometric properties of the DASS-21 were excellent with a stable and interpretable factor structure and good internal consistency. The results of the current study suggest that the theoretical tripartite structure of depression and anxiety is robust and applicable among Australian youth. The diagnostic, clinical and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.

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Crawford, J. R., & Henry, J. D. (2004) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1348/0144665031752934 · Cited by 2,957 · cited 1×
“positive and negative affect schedule) in a manner consistent with tripartite theory ( Crawford and Henry 2004; Norton 2007).”
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“Mechanisms of maternal mood transmission are also possibly environmental via anxiety-maintaining parenting behaviors; [95,96] or genetic in nature [97,98].”
Background
Relationship between Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in a Sample of Arab College Students Using the Hopkins Symptom Checklist 25
Al-Turkait, F. A., OHAERI, J. U., Al-Abassi, A.-H. M., & Naguy, A. (2011) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000322797 · Cited by 35
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“While there is some evidence for the tripartite model in child samples (e.g., Chorpita and Daleiden 2002; Chorpita et al. 2000b; Tully et al. 2009), these studies are limited in that they aggregated the anxiety disorders into a single factor as opposed to assessing discrete anxiety disorders and/or they did not use DS…”
Background
The role of stress during memory reactivation on intrusive memories
Cheung, J., Garber, B., & Bryant, R. A. (2015) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2015.04.004 · Cited by 29
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Perseverative Thinking in Depression and Anxiety
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“…received good empirical support, with the strongest evidence coming from factor analytic studies across a variety of populations, for example child, undergraduate, community, and clinical samples (Watson et al., 1995; Joiner, 1996; Joiner et al., 1996; Lonigan et al., 2003; Tully et al., 2009).”
Background
Detecting and classifying eco-anxiety: development of clinical cut-off scores for the climate change anxiety scale
Cosh, S., Williams, S. E., Lykins, A. D., Bartik, W. J., & Tully, P. J. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-02240-4 · Cited by 28
“The DASS-21 has a stable three-factor psychometric structure in confirmatory factor analyses, broadly representing the tripartite structure of depression, anxiety, and a relatively non-specific general distress or negative affectivity factor [38].”
Self-citation
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Testing comparison models of DASS-12 and its reliability among adolescents in Malaysia
Osman, Z. J., Mukhtar, F., Hashim, H. A., Latiff, L. A., Sidik, S. M., Awang, H., Ibrahim, N., Rahman, H. A., Ismail, S. I. F., Ibrahim, F., et al. (2014) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.04.011 · Cited by 25
“Contrary to Szabó [9], Tully and colleagues [10] observed that the DASS-21 was best seen as a measure of depression, physiological arousal, and general negative effect.”
Result
The need for culturally valid psychological assessment tools in Indigenous mental health
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Las Escalas de Depresión, Ansiedad y Estrés (DASS-21): ¿miden algo más que un factor general?
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“…de un factor general en conjunto con los tres factores específicos de ansiedad, depresión y estrés (Alfonsson et al., 2017; Bottesi et al., 2015; Henry & Crawford, 2005; Kia-Keating et al., 2018; Moore et al., 2017; Osman et al., 2012; Shaw et al., 2016; Szabó, 2010; Tully et al., 2009).”
Background
Acceptability and Effectiveness of an 8-week Mindfulness Program in Early- and Mid-adolescent School Students: a Randomised Controlled Trial
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FKBP5 risk alleles and the development of intrusive memories
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“45 The measure has been validated for use in adolescents 45,46 and adults.”
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An evaluation of the convergent validity of and preliminary cutoff scores for the DASS-21 Total score as a measure of distress in adolescents
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“The 21-item version of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS-21; Lovibond and Lovibond 1995) is commonly used to assess depression, anxiety, and stress in adolescents (e.g., Moore et al. 2017; Patrick et al. 2010; Silva et al. 2016; Szabó 2010; Tully et al. 2009; Willemsen et al. 2011).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Dimensionality and reliability of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales 21 among adolescents in North Macedonia
Наумова, К. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1007594 · Cited by 19
“The correlated threefactor model initially proposed by Lovibond and Lovibond (1995) yielded good fit; however, consistent with previous studies (Tully et al., 2009; Willemsen et al., 2011; Moore et al., 2017; Shaw et al., 2017), high interfactor correlations indicated that the depression, anxiety, and stress factors w…”
BackgroundResult
Psychometric properties of the Indonesian version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale: Factor structure, reliability, gender, and age measurement invariance
Muttaqin, D., & Ripa, S. (2021) · Psikohumaniora Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi · doi:10.21580/pjpp.v6i1.7815 · Cited by 29
“…2012; Vignola & Tucci, 2014; Xavier et al., 2017; Yıldırım et al., 2018), and a reliability coefficient greater than 0.90 when used for measuring psychological distress (Henry & Crawford, 2005; Kia-Keating et al., 2018; Le et al., 2017; Page et al., 2007; Randall et al., 2017; Tully et al., 2009).”
MethodInfluential
Suitability of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale in Parkinson’s Disease
Johnson, A. R., Lawrence, B. J., Corti, E. J., Booth, L., Gasson, N., Thomas, M. G., Loftus, A. M., & Bucks, R. S. (2016) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-160842 · Cited by 18
“Tully,Zajac,andVenning[22] alsoproposedabifactormodel.”
Percepción docente sobre la enseñanza de la Educación física en España en postpandemia (Teachers' perceptions of physical education teaching in post-pandemic Spain)
Monguillot, M., Tarragó, R., Cebamanos, M. A., Arévalo, C. G., & Iglesias, X. (2022) · Retos · doi:10.47197/retos.v47.95220 · Cited by 17
An empirical investigation of the structure of anxiety and depressive symptoms in late adolescence: Cross-sectional study using the Greek version of the revised Clinical Interview Schedule
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“This is a common finding in the literature and only Tully et al. (2009) in their analysis of a sample of adolescents in Australia reported that their general distress factor helped in reducing the correlation between Anxiety and Depression.”
A first-level evaluation of a family intervention for adolescent social, emotional and behavioural difficulties in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services
Wynne, C., Doyle, C., Kenny, R., Brosnan, E., & Sharry, J. (2016) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.2989/17280583.2015.1135804 · Cited by 17
Profiling third-level student mental health: findings from My World Survey 2
Mahon, C., Fitzgerald, A., O’Reilly, A., & Dooley, B. A. (2022) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/ipm.2021.85 · Cited by 16
“The DASS has consistently been found to be reliable and valid (Crawford & Henry, 2003; Tully et al ., 2009).”
Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Jordanian version of the depression anxiety stress scale ( DASS ‐21)
Al-Dassean, K. A., & Murad, O. S. (2024) · Neuropsychopharmacology Reports · doi:10.1002/npr2.12442 · Cited by 16
“3, 17 The scale 's validity was confirmed various convergent convergent, divergent, and On the other hand, the studies conducted by Abdelati 37 Although there are several scales available in Jordan to assess depression, anxiety, and stress, there is currently no scale that combines these disorders…”
Background
The Emotional Experience Associated with Worrying in Adolescents
Fowler, S., & Szabó, M. (2012) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-012-9316-3 · Cited by 16
Using a bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling framework to examine the factor structure of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales-21
Koğar, E. Y., & Koğar, H. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03710-x · Cited by 17
“This result by Tully et al. (2009) is similar with respect to the tripartite factor structure, and the items related to the Stress factor are defined in terms of the general factor.”
BackgroundResult
A Cross‐Sectional Network Analysis Study Applied to the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale‐21 (DASS‐21): A New Factor Revealed
Alvarenga, M. A. S., Ali, A. M., Guilhermino, C. S., de Azevedo, T. G., Olímpio, K. F., Kersul, C., da Cunha, G. L., Álvares-Teodoro, J., Ribeiro, P. C. C., Mansur‐Alves, M., et al. (2024) · Mental Illness · doi:10.1155/2024/9534110 · Cited by 16
Effects of an Anxiety-Specific Psychometric Factor on Fear Conditioning and Fear Generalization
Baumann, C. R., Schiele, M. A., Herrmann, M. J., Lonsdorf, T. B., Zwanzger, P., Domschke, K., Reif, A., Deckert, J., & Pauli, P. (2017) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000304 · Cited by 15
Systematic review of the psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21)
Zolotareva, A. A. (2020) · V M BEKHTEREV REVIEW OF PSYCHIATRY AND MEDICAL PSYCHOLOGY · doi:10.31363/2313-7053-2020-2-26-37 · Cited by 15
“, 2009 [58] 4039 12–18 53 П Подростки Австралия Английский”

Authors: Tully, P. J., Zajac, I. T., & Venning, A. J.
Affiliations: The University of Adelaide (AU)
Corresponding author: Zajac, Ian T.
ORCID: Tully, Phillip J.
Zajac, Ian T.
Venning, Anthony J.
Venue: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2009-02-24
Volume: 37
Issue: 5
Pages: 717-726
ISSN: 0091-0627 (ISSN-L)
1573-2835
DOI: 10.1007/s10802-009-9306-4
OpenAlex: W2016690217
Cited by: 177
References: 56
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 12.29
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
Figshare (submittedVersion)
RUNE (Research UNE) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Keywords: anxiety, depression, tripartite model, negative affect, anhedonic depression, hyperarousal, factor structure, DASS-21, psychometric properties, adolescents, youth mental health, age differences
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Affect, Anxiety Disorders, Australia, Child, Depressive Disorder, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Comorbidity, Prevalence

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The Structure of Anxiety and Depression in a Normative Sample of Younger and Older Australian Adolescents

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