Using the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scales–21 With U.S. Adolescents: An Alternate Models Analysis
Abstract
As part of universal screening efforts in schools, validated measures that identify internalizing distress are needed. One promising available measure, the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales–21 (DASS–21), has yet to be thoroughly investigated with adolescents in the United States. This study investigated the underlying factor structure of the DASS–21 in a sample of U.S. adolescents ( N = 2,454) by using confirmatory factor analytic techniques to test several alternate models. A bifactor model specifying general Negative Affectivity and three specific factors of Depression, Anxiety , and Stress yielded the best fit. Results from this study suggest that (a) the DASS–21 scales reflect a common factor, indicating that a total score of the DASS–21 can be derived as a measure of general negative affectivity, and (b) the DASS–21 may not adequately differentiate between the experiences of negative affectivity, anxiety, and stress in U.S. adolescents.
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The DASS-21 has not been validated for use in youth samples, and several studies have reported that its three-factor structure is invalid when used with an adolescent population.
“the DASS-21 has not been validated for use in youth samples, and several studies have reported that the three-factor structure of the DASS-21 is invalid when used with an adolescent pop ulation (Szab´ o, 2010; Moore et al., 2017).”
From Acceptance and commitment therapy interventions in secondary schools and their impact on students' mental health and well-being: A systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as Moore et al., 2017
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Impact of Starting Right, Now on Unaccompanied Homeless Youth’s Mental Health and School Engagement
Randle, C. A. (2021) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)
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Biopsychosocial Factors Associated with the Mental Health of University Students
Suresh, S. M. (2025) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.258284
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Psychological distress: Bifactor modeling of the DASS-21 in Chilean healthcare workers
Güilgüiruca, M., Muzatto-Negrón, P., Acosta-Ramos, A., Ibacache, J. E., & Pinto-Cortez, C. G. (2026) · Belitung Nursing Journal · doi:10.33546/bnj.4460
- Authors
- Moore, S. A., Dowdy, E., & Furlong, M. J.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Corresponding author
- Moore, Stephanie A.
- Venue
- Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2016-05-30
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 581-598
- ISSN
- 0734-2829 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-5144
- OpenAlex
- W2411263331
- Cited by
- 61
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 3.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- DASS-21, adolescents, factor structure, bifactor model, negative affectivity, depression, anxiety, stress, universal screening, school-based screening, scale validation
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