Inhibition, Reinforcement Sensitivity and Temporal Information Processing in ADHD and ADHD+ODD: Evidence of a Separate Entity?
Open accessAbstract
This study compared children with ADHD-only, ADHD+ODD and normal controls (age 8-12) on three key neurocognitive functions: response inhibition, reinforcement sensitivity, and temporal information processing. The goal was twofold: (a) to investigate neurocognitive impairments in children with ADHD-only and children with ADHD+ODD, and (b) to test whether ADHD+ODD is a more severe from of ADHD in terms of neurocognitive performance. In Experiment 1, inhibition abilities were measured using the Stop Task. In Experiment 2, reinforcement sensitivity and temporal information processing abilities were measured using a Timing Task with both a reward and penalty condition. Compared to controls, children with ADHD-only demonstrated impaired inhibitory control, showed more time underestimations, and showed performance deterioration in the face of reward and penalty. Children with ADHD+ODD performed in-between children with ADHD-only and controls in terms of inhibitory controls and the tendency to underestimate time, but were more impaired than controls and children with ADHD-only in terms of timing variability. In the face of reward and penalty children with ADHD+ODD improved their performance compared to a neutral condition, in contrast to children with ADHD-only. In the face of reward, the performance improvement in the ADHD+ODD group was disproportionally larger than that of controls. Taken together the findings suggest that, in terms of neurocognitive functioning, comorbid ADHD+ODD is a substantial different entity than ADHD-only.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
CD is related to deficits in behavior inhibition.
“and to de fi cits in behavior inhibition”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Luman et al., 2009
In Discussion Experiment 1 (page unavailable), the paper reports that CD was more related to attention-allocation problems, whereas ADHD was more related to inhibition problems. Its own experiment found inhibition problems in the ADHD-only group, not the ADHD+ODD group. This runs contrary to attributing behavioral-inhibition deficits to CD. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredChildren with ADHD and ODD also exhibit poor motor control, but their inhibition remains intact, suggesting inhibition is more related to ADHD than to ODD.
“Although children with ADHD and ODD also exhibit poor motor control, their inhibition remains intact, which suggests that this function is more related to ADHD than to ODD”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Luman et al., 2009
Children with only ADHD exhibit inhibition problems, which along with poor motor response may explain part of the behavioral symptoms of impulse control.
“Children with only ADHD exhibit inhibition problems, which along with poor motor response may explain part of the behavioral symptoms of impulse control”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Luman et al., 2009
CD is related to attentional problems as a result of impairments in the temporoparietal lobe.
“Studies report that CD is related to attentional problems, as a result of impairments in the temporoparietal lobe”
From ADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors (2018) · cites this paper as Luman et al., 2009
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Computerized training of working memory in children with ADHD – a randomized, controlled trial
Klingberg, T., Fernell, E., Olesen, P. J., Johnson, M., Gustafsson, P., Dahlström, K., Gillberg, C. G., Forssberg, H., & Westerberg, H. (2005) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200502000-00010 · Cited by 1,949 · see citing works
Angold, A., Costello, E. J., & Erkanli, A. (1999) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00424 · Cited by 1,872 · see citing works
Neuroscience of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: the search for endophenotypes
Castellanos, F. X., & Tannock, R. (2002) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn896 · Cited by 1,827 · see citing works
Oppositional Defiant and Conduct Disorder: A Review of the Past 10 Years, Part I
LOEBER, R., BURKE, J. D., LAHEY, B. B., WINTERS, A., & ZERA, M. (2000) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200012000-00007 · Cited by 1,192 · see citing works
Psychological heterogeneity in AD/HD—a dual pathway model of behaviour and cognition
Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2002) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(01)00432-6 · Cited by 901 · see citing works
How specific is a deficit of executive functioning for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?
Sergeant, J. A., Geurts, H., & Oosterlaan, J. (2002) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(01)00430-2 · Cited by 784 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Such an abnormally fast internal clock could explain overactive and impulsive behavior (acting ‘too fast’) in ADHD (comorbid with ODD) and the problems with waiting and planning (Oosterlaan et al. 2005; Sergeant et al. 2002).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBush, G., Valera, E. M., & Seidman, L. J. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.034 · Cited by 714 · see citing works
Barkley, R. A. (1997) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.121.1.65 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Tripp, G., & Wickens, J. R. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01851.x · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Information Processing and Energetic Factors in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Sergeant, J. A., Oosterlaan, J., & van der Meere, J. (1999) · Handbook of Disruptive Behavior Disorders · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-4881-2_4 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Self-citationPatterns of Psychiatric Comorbidity with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Pliszka, S. R. (2000) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s1056-4993(18)30105-6 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Which Executive Functioning Deficits Are Associated With AD/HD, ODD/CD and Comorbid AD/HD+ODD/CD?
Oosterlaan, J., Scheres, A., & Sergeant, J. A. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-005-0935-y · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Self-citationResponse perseveration and delayed responding in childhood behavior disorders
Daugherty, T. K., & Quay, H. C. (1991) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00323.x · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Matthys, W., van Goozen, S. H. M., de Vries, H., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., & van Engeland, H. (1998) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1017/s0021963098002534 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Albrecht, B., Banaschewski, T., Brandeis, D., Heinrich, H., & Rothenberger, A. (2005) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-1-22 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 45
- Achenbach TM Edelbrock CS Behavioral problems and competencies reported by parents of normal and disturbed children aged four through sixteen Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 1981 46 1 82 10.2307/1165983 7242540 · DOI
- Alderson RM Rapport MD Kofler MJ Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and behavioral inhibition: a meta-analytic review of the stop-signal paradigm Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 2007 35 745 758 10.1007/s10802-007-9131-6 17668315 · DOI · Paper page
- Banaschewski T Brandeis D Heinrich H Albrecht B Brunner E Rothenberger A Association of ADHD and conduct disorder—brain electrical evidence for the existence of a distinct subtype Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2003 44 356 376 10.1111/1469-7610.00127 12635966 · DOI
- Biederman J Faraone SV Milberger S Jetton JG Chen L Mick E Greene RW Russell RL Is childhood oppositional defiant disorder a precursor to adolescent conduct disorder? Findings from a four-year follow-up study of children with ADHD Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1996 35 1193 1204 8824063
- Casey BJ Nigg JT Durston S New potential leads in the biology and treatment of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder Current Opinion in Neurology 2007 20 119 124 10.1097/WCO.0b013e3280a02f78 17351480 · DOI
- Clarke AR Barry RJ McCarthy R Selikowitz M Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid oppositional defiant disorder: an EEG analysis Psychiatry Research 2002 111 181 190 10.1016/S0165-1781(02)00137-3 12374635 · DOI
- Dougherty DM Dew RE Mathias CW Marsh DM Addicott MA Barratt ES Impulsive and premeditated subtypes of aggression in conduct disorder: differences in time estimation Aggressive Behavior 2007 33 574 582 10.1002/ab.20219 17654672 · DOI
- Doyle AE Willcutt EG Seidman LJ Biederman J Chouinard VA Silva J Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder endophenotypes Biological Psychiatry 2005 57 1324 1335 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.03.015 15950005 · DOI
- Eaves LJ Silberg JL Meyer JM Maes HH Simonoff E Pickles A Genetics and developmental psychopathology: 2. The main effects of genes and environment on behavioral problems in the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1997 38 965 980 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01614.x 9413795 · DOI · Paper page
- Fonseca AC Yule W Personality and antisocial-behavior in children and adolescents—an inquiry into Eysenck’s and Gray’s theories Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1995 23 767 781 10.1007/BF01447476 8609312 · DOI
- Geary DC Mathematical disabilities: cognitive, neuropsychological, and genetic components Psychological Bulletin 1993 114 345 362 10.1037/0033-2909.114.2.345 8416036 · DOI
- Groth-Marnat G Handbook of psychological assessment 1997 3 New York Wiley
- Herpertz SC Wenning B Mueller B Qunaibi M Sass H Herpertz-Dahlmann B Psychophysiological responses in ADHD boys with and without conduct disorder: Implications for adult antisocial behavior Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2001 40 1222 1230 10.1097/00004583-200110000-00017 11589536 · DOI · Paper page
- Ivry RB The representation of temporal information in perception and motor control Current Opinion in Neurobiology 1996 6 851 857 10.1016/S0959-4388(96)80037-7 9000026 · DOI
- Karatekin C Markiewicz SW Siegel MA A preliminary study of motor problems in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Perceptual and Motor Skills 2003 97 1267 1280 15002871
- Leth-Steensen C Elbaz ZK Douglas VI Mean response times, variability, and skew in the responding of ADHD children: a response time distributional approach Acta Psychologica 2000 104 167 190 10.1016/S0001-6918(00)00019-6 10900704 · DOI · Paper page
- Lezak MD Neuropsychological assessment 2004 4 New York Oxford University Press
- Logan GD Cowan WB Davis KA On the ability to inhibit simple and choice reaction time responses: a model and a method Journal of Experimantal Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 1984 10 276 291 10.1037/0096-1523.10.2.276 6232345 · DOI · Paper page
- Logan GD Schachar RJ Tannock R Impulsivity and inhibitory control Psychological Science 1997 8 60 64 10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00545.x · DOI
- Luman M Oosterlaan J Sergeant JA The impact of reinforcement contingencies on AD/HD: a review and theoretical appraisal Clinical Psychology Review 2005 25 183 213 10.1016/j.cpr.2004.11.001 15642646 · DOI · Paper page
- Luman M Oosterlaan J Sergeant JA Affective modulation of response timing in ADHD: the impact of reinforcement valence and magnitude Journal of Abnormal Child psychology 2008 36 445 456 10.1007/s10802-007-9190-8 18034301 · DOI · Paper page
- Miltner WHR Braun CH Coles MGH Event-related brain potentials following incorrect feedback in a time-estimation task: evidence for a generic neural system for error detection Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1997 9 788 798 10.1162/jocn.1997.9.6.788 23964600 · DOI · Paper page
- Morgan AB Lilienfeld SO A meta-analytic review of the relation between antisocial behavior and neuropsychological measures of executive function Clinical Psychology Review 2000 20 113 136 10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00096-8 10660831 · DOI
- Newman JP Wallace JF Diverse pathways to deficient self-regulation—implications for disinhibitory psychopathology in children Clinical Psychology Review 1993 13 699 720 10.1016/S0272-7358(05)80002-9 · DOI
- O’brien BS Frick PJ Reward dominance: associations with anxiety, conduct problems, and psychopathy in children Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1996 24 223 240 10.1007/BF01441486 8743246 · DOI
- Oosterlaan J Logan GD Sergeant JA Response inhibition in AD/HD, CD, comorbid AD/HD+CD, anxious, and control children: A meta-analysis of studies with the stop task Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1998 39 411 425 10.1017/S0021963097002072 9670096 · DOI
- Pelham WE Evans SW Gnagy EM Greenslade KE Teacher ratings of DSM-III-R symptoms for the disruptive behavior disorders—prevalence, factor-analyses, and conditional probabilities in a special-education sample School Psychology Review 1992 21 285 299
- Pelham WE Aronoff HR Midlam JK Shapiro CJ Gnagy EM Chronis AM A comparison of Ritalin and Adderall: Efficacy and time-course in children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder Pediatrics 1999 103 e43 10.1542/peds.103.4.e43 10103335 · DOI
- Pennington BF Ozonoff S Executive functions and developmental psychopathology Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 1996 37 51 87 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01380.x 8655658 · DOI · Paper page
- Quay HC Inhibition and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 1997 25 7 13 10.1023/A:1025799122529 9093895 · DOI
- Rubia K Halari R Smith AB Mohammad M Scott S Giampietro V Dissociated functional brain abnormalities of inhibition in boys with pure Conduct disorder and in boys with pure attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder American Journal of Psychiatry 2008 165 889 897 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07071084 18413706 · DOI · Paper page
- Russell VA Oades RD Tannock R Killeen PR Auerbach JG Johansen EB Response variability in attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: a neuronal and glial energetics hypothesis Behavioral and Brain Functions 2006 23 2 30 PMC1624838 16925830
- Rutter M Comorbidity: concepts, claims and choices Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 1997 7 265 285 10.1002/cbm.190 · DOI
- Sagvolden T Johansen EB Aase H Russell VA A dynamic developmental theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) predominantly hyperactive/impulsive and combined subtypes Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2005 28 397 419 10.1017/S0140525X05000075 16209748 · DOI · Paper page
- Scheres A Oosterlaan J Sergeant JA Response inhibition in children with DSM-IV subtypes of AD/HD and related disruptive disorders: the role of reward Child Neuropsychology 2001 7 172 189 12187474
- Scheres A Milham MP Knutson B Castellanos FX Ventral striatal hyporesponsiveness during reward anticipation in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Biologial Psychiatry 2007 61 720 724 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.04.042 16950228 · DOI · Paper page
- Séguin JR Nagin D Assaad JM Tremblay RE Cognitive-neuropsychological function in chronic physical aggression and hyperactivity Journal of Abnormal Psychology 2004 113 603 613 10.1037/0021-843X.113.4.603 15535792 PMC3283572 · DOI
- Seidman LJ Valera EM Makris N Structural brain imaging of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder Biological Psychiatry 2005 57 1263 1272 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.019 15949998 · DOI · Paper page
- Semrud-Clikeman M Steingard RJ Filipek P Biederman J Bekken K Renshaw PF Using MRI to examine brain-behavior relationships in males with attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2000 39 477 484 10.1097/00004583-200004000-00017 10761350 · DOI
- Shaffer D Fisher P Lucas CP Dulcan MK Schwab-Stone ME NIMH diagnostic interview schedule for children version IV (NIMH DISC-IV): description, differences from previous versions, and reliability of some common diagnoses Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2000 39 28 38 10.1097/00004583-200001000-00014 10638065 · DOI · Paper page
- Stuss DT Murphy KJ Binns MA Alexander MP Staying on the job: the frontal lobes control individual performance variability Brain 2003 126 2363 2380 10.1093/brain/awg237 12876148 · DOI · Paper page
- Thapar A Holmes J Poulton K Harrington R Genetic basis of attention deficit hyperactivity British Journal of Psychiatry 1999 174 105 111 10.1192/bjp.174.2.105 10211163 · DOI
- Toplak ME Dockstader C Tannock R Temporal information processing in ADHD: findings to date and new methods Journal of Neuroscience Methods 2006 151 15 29 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2005.09.018 16378641 · DOI · Paper page
- Van Goozen SH Cohen-Kettenis PT Snoek H Matthys W Swaab-Barneveld H van Engeland H Executive functioning in children: a comparison of hospitalised ODD and ODD/ADHD children and normal controls Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2004 45 284 292 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00220.x 14982242 · DOI
- Willcutt EG Sonuga-Barke EJS Nigg JT Sergeant JA Recent developments in neuropsychological models of childhood psychiatric disorders Advances in Biological Psychiatry 2008 24 195 226 10.1159/000118526 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Reaction time variability in ADHD: A meta-analytic review of 319 studies
Kofler, M. J., Rapport, M. D., Sarver, D. E., Raiker, J. S., Orban, S. A., Friedman, L. M., & Kolomeyer, E. G. (2013) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2013.06.001 · Cited by 648 · see citing works
Intraindividual Variability in ADHD and Its Implications for Research of Causal Links
Kuntsi, J., & Klein, C. (2011) · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2011_145 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Kollins, S. H., & Adcock, R. A. (2014) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.02.002 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
van der Oord, S., & Tripp, G. (2020) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-020-00327-z · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“Two studies did show children with ADHD were less accurate than controls under the threat of response cost (Crone et al. 2003; Luman et al. 2009).”
BackgroundADHD, CD, and ODD: Systematic review of genetic and environmental risk factors
Azeredo, A., Moreira, D., & Barbosa, F. (2018) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2017.12.010 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Tenenbaum, R. B., Musser, E. D., Raiker, J. S., Coles, E. K., Gnagy, E. M., & Pelham, W. E. (2018) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-017-0343-0 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Walg, M., Oepen, J., & Prior, H. (2015) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054712454570 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Marx, I., Weirich, S., Berger, C., Herpertz, S. C., Cohrs, S., Wandschneider, R., Höppner, J., & Häßler, F. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00122 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
- Authors
- Luman, M., van Noesel, S. J. P., Papanikolau, A., Van Oostenbruggen-Scheffer, J., Veugelers, D., Sergeant, J. A., & Oosterlaan, J.
- Affiliations
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- De Bascule (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Luman, Marjolein
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
- Published
- 2009-06-20
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1123-1135
- ISSN
- 0091-0627 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2835
- PMC
- PMC2766046
- OpenAlex
- W2148232377
- Cited by
- 51
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, response inhibition, inhibitory control, reinforcement sensitivity, temporal processing, timing variability, time estimation, children, neurocognitive impairment
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Inhibition, Psychological, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Motivation, Neuropsychological Tests, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Personality Assessment, Psychomotor Performance, Punishment, Reaction Time, Reinforcement, Psychology, Time Perception, Comorbidity, Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders, Executive Function
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
