Genetics and Developmental Psychopathology: 2. The Main Effects of Genes and Environment on Behavioral Problems in the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development
Abstract
Little is known about the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to risk for juvenile psychopathology. The Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development allows these contributions to be estimated. A population-based, unselected sample of 1412 Caucasian twin pairs aged 8-16 years was ascertained through Virginia schools. Assessment of the children involved semi-structured face-to-face interviews with both twins and both parents using the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (CAPA). Self-report questionnaires were also completed by parents, children, and teachers. Measures assessed DSM-III-R symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Conduct Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Overanxious Disorder, Separation Anxiety, and Depressive Disorder. Factorially derived questionnaire scales were also extracted. Scores were normalized and standardized by age and sex. Maximum likelihood methods were used to estimate contributions of additive and nonadditive genetic effects, the shared and unique environment, and sibling imitation or contrast effects. Estimates were tested for heterogeneity over sexes. Generally, monozygotic (MZ) twins correlated more highly than dizygotic (DZ) twins, parental ratings more than child ratings, and questionnaire scales more highly than interviews. DZ correlations were very low for measures of ADHD and DZ variances were greater than MZ variances for these variables. Correlations sometimes differed between s…
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Age and gender should be considered in gene-environment interaction analyses because genetic and environmental effects on depression and anxiety symptoms differ by age and gender.
“The effects of genetic and environmental factors on symptoms of depression and anxiety have also been shown to differ as a function of age (Tambs and Mourn 1993) and gender (Eaves et al. 1997), so these factors should be considered in GxE analyses.”
From Gene–environment interactions: early life stress and risk for depressive and anxiety disorders (2011) · cites this paper as Eaves et al. 1997
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Eaves, L. J., Silberg, J. L., Meyer, J. M., Maes, H. H., Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Rutter, M., Reynolds, C. A., Heath, A. C., Truett, K. R., Neale, M. C., Erikson, M. T., Loeber, R., & Hewitt, J. K.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Eaves, Lindon J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1997-11
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 965-980
- ISSN
- 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7610
- OpenAlex
- W2095515963
- Cited by
- 489
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 27.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1r01hl048148-01a1, 5r01rr008123-02)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL-48148)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH45268, R01MH045268)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR-08123)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Keywords
- adolescent psychopathology, twin studies, genetic contribution, environmental effects, additive genetic effects, shared environment, nonshared environment, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, separation anxiety, overanxious disorder, depressive disorders, sex differences, rater bias
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Psychology, Adolescent, Anxiety Disorders, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Mental Disorders, Child, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder, Diseases in Twins, Family, Female, Genetics, Behavioral, Health Surveys, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Parents, Risk Factors, Social Environment, Virginia, Cohort Studies, Comorbidity, Conduct Disorder
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