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The Construction and Validation of an Abridged Version of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ-Short)
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This study reports on the development and validation of an abridged version of the 50-item Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ), a self-report measure of autistic traits. We aimed to reduce the number of items whilst retaining high validity and a meaningful factor structure. The item reduction procedure was performed on data from 1,263 Dutch students and general population adults. The resulting 28-item AQ-Short was subsequently validated in 3 independent samples, both clinical and controls, from the Netherlands and the UK. The AQ-Short comprises two higher-order factors assessing 'social behavioral difficulties' and 'a fascination for numbers/patterns'. The clear factor structure of the AQ-Short and its high sensitivity and specificity make the AQ-Short a useful alternative to the full 50-item version.
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“To verify the clinical diagnosis of ASD, we will use a cut-off ≥70 on the 28-item Short version of the AQ-28 [43, 44].”
From The effect of dialectical behaviour therapy in autism spectrum patients with suicidality and/or self-destructive behaviour (DIASS): Study protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as [43]
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“A clinical cutoff score of > 65 has sensitivity of 0.97 and specificity of 0.82 for ASD (Hoekstra et al., 2011).”
From A mixed methods study of autistic adults' mental health therapy experiences (2023) · cites this paper as Hoekstra et al., 2011
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“The AQ-28 is scored between 28 and 72, and a cut-off score of 65 is the threshold, above which further assistance with seeking ASD diagnosis is recommended. The cut-off score has good sensitivity (0.97) and specificity (0.82). The AQ-28 also has good internal consistence (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.77–0.86).”
From Differences in anxieties and social networks in a group-matched sample of autistic and typically developing students transitioning to university (2020) · cites this paper as Hoekstra et al., 2011
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“Autism characteristics were assessed using the Autism Spectrum Quotient-Short (AQ-Short) (Hoekstra et al., 2011), which is an abridged 28-item version of the original 50-item AQ (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), a continuous self-report measure of autism spectrum traits in adults.”
From A mixed methods study of autistic adults' mental health therapy experiences (2023) · cites this paper as Hoekstra et al., 2011
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“For TD students, the mean AQ-28 score was 64.54, which is somewhat higher than the previously reported control samples of 56–59.73 (Hoekstra et al., 2011).”
From Differences in anxieties and social networks in a group-matched sample of autistic and typically developing students transitioning to university (2020) · cites this paper as Hoekstra et al., 2011
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“The mean score on the Autism Quotient-28 (AQ-28) for the autistic students was 83.07, and with an exception of two students who scored 59 and 64, all students’ scores met the suggested clinical cut-off score of 65 (Hoekstra et al., 2011).”
From Differences in anxieties and social networks in a group-matched sample of autistic and typically developing students transitioning to university (2020) · cites this paper as Hoekstra et al., 2011
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“The AQ-Short is a reliable instrument for a quick assessment of quantitative autistic traits.”
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Cites
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Self-citationAutistic Traits in the General Population: A Twin Study
Constantino, J. N., & Todd, R. D. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.5.524 · Cited by 1,317 · cited 2×
“Autism spectrum conditions (ASC; including autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome [AS] and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified [PDD-NOS]) are now commonly conceptualized as dimensional, representing the extreme end of one or more continuously distributed traits in the general population ( Constantin…”
BackgroundWoodbury-Smith, M. R., Robinson, J., Wheelwright, S., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2005) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-005-3300-7 · Cited by 771
Self-citationHoekstra, R. A., Bartels, M., Cath, D. C., & Boomsma, D. I. (2008) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0538-x · Cited by 651
Self-citationThe Autism Spectrum Quotient: Children’s Version (AQ-Child)
Bonnie Auyeung, B., Baron‐Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S. J., & Allison, C. L. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0504-z · Cited by 650
Self-citationThe Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ)—Adolescent Version
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hoekstra, R. A., Vinkhuyzen, A. A. E., Wheelwright, S., Bartels, M., Boomsma, D. I., Baron-Cohen, S., Posthuma, D., & van der Sluis, S.
- Affiliations
- The Open University (GB)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hoekstra, Rosa A.
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2010-08-10
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 589-596
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- PMC
- PMC3076581
- OpenAlex
- W2130501331
- Cited by
- 506
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 4.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Open Research Online (The Open University) (acceptedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO/ SPI 56-464-14192, NWO 575-25-006, 56‐464‐14192, 451-08-025, VENI-451-08-025, Spi-56-464-14192, VIDI-016-065-318, 14192, 575-25-006)
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- Autism Spectrum Quotient, autistic traits, item reduction, self-report measures, factor structure, sensitivity and specificity, autism spectrum disorder
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Humans, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sensitivity and Specificity, Social Behavior, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult, Self Report, Diagnostic Self Evaluation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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