The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Construction and Validation of an Abridged Version of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ-Short)
Open accessAbstract
This study reports on the development and validation of an abridged version of the 50-item Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ), a self-report measure of autistic traits. We aimed to reduce the number of items whilst retaining high validity and a meaningful factor structure. The item reduction procedure was performed on data from 1,263 Dutch students and general population adults. The resulting 28-item AQ-Short was subsequently validated in 3 independent samples, both clinical and controls, from the Netherlands and the UK. The AQ-Short comprises two higher-order factors assessing 'social behavioral difficulties' and 'a fascination for numbers/patterns'. The clear factor structure of the AQ-Short and its high sensitivity and specificity make the AQ-Short a useful alternative to the full 50-item version.
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“To verify the clinical diagnosis of ASD, we will use a cut-off ≥70 on the 28-item Short version of the AQ-28 [43, 44].”
From The effect of dialectical behaviour therapy in autism spectrum patients with suicidality and/or self-destructive behaviour (DIASS): Study protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as [43]
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“A clinical cutoff score of > 65 has sensitivity of 0.97 and specificity of 0.82 for ASD (Hoekstra et al., 2011).”
From A mixed methods study of autistic adults' mental health therapy experiences (2023) · cites this paper as Hoekstra et al., 2011
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“The AQ-28 is scored between 28 and 72, and a cut-off score of 65 is the threshold, above which further assistance with seeking ASD diagnosis is recommended. The cut-off score has good sensitivity (0.97) and specificity (0.82). The AQ-28 also has good internal consistence (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.77–0.86).”
From Differences in anxieties and social networks in a group-matched sample of autistic and typically developing students transitioning to university (2020) · cites this paper as Hoekstra et al., 2011
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“Autism characteristics were assessed using the Autism Spectrum Quotient-Short (AQ-Short) (Hoekstra et al., 2011), which is an abridged 28-item version of the original 50-item AQ (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), a continuous self-report measure of autism spectrum traits in adults.”
From A mixed methods study of autistic adults' mental health therapy experiences (2023) · cites this paper as Hoekstra et al., 2011
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“For TD students, the mean AQ-28 score was 64.54, which is somewhat higher than the previously reported control samples of 56–59.73 (Hoekstra et al., 2011).”
From Differences in anxieties and social networks in a group-matched sample of autistic and typically developing students transitioning to university (2020) · cites this paper as Hoekstra et al., 2011
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In the citing paper
“The mean score on the Autism Quotient-28 (AQ-28) for the autistic students was 83.07, and with an exception of two students who scored 59 and 64, all students’ scores met the suggested clinical cut-off score of 65 (Hoekstra et al., 2011).”
From Differences in anxieties and social networks in a group-matched sample of autistic and typically developing students transitioning to university (2020) · cites this paper as Hoekstra et al., 2011
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“The AQ-Short is a reliable instrument for a quick assessment of quantitative autistic traits.”
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Citations
Cites
Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (1994) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02172145 · Cited by 9,065
Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003) · Department of Psychology - University of Koblenz-Landau · doi:10.23668/psycharchives.12784 · Cited by 8,975
Lord, C., Risi, S., Lambrecht, L., Cook, E. H., Leventhal, B. L., DiLavore, P. C., Pickles, A., & Rutter, M. (2000) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005592401947 · Cited by 7,520
Baron-Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S., Skinner, R., Martin, J., & Clubley, E. (2001) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005653411471 · Cited by 6,450
Self-citationAutistic Traits in the General Population: A Twin Study
Constantino, J. N., & Todd, R. D. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.5.524 · Cited by 1,317 · cited 2×
“Autism spectrum conditions (ASC; including autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome [AS] and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified [PDD-NOS]) are now commonly conceptualized as dimensional, representing the extreme end of one or more continuously distributed traits in the general population ( Constantin…”
BackgroundWoodbury-Smith, M. R., Robinson, J., Wheelwright, S., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2005) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-005-3300-7 · Cited by 771
Self-citationHoekstra, R. A., Bartels, M., Cath, D. C., & Boomsma, D. I. (2008) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0538-x · Cited by 651
Self-citationThe Autism Spectrum Quotient: Children’s Version (AQ-Child)
Bonnie Auyeung, B., Baron‐Cohen, S., Wheelwright, S. J., & Allison, C. L. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0504-z · Cited by 650
Self-citationThe Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ)—Adolescent Version
Baron-Cohen, S., Hoekstra, R. A., Knickmeyer, R., & Wheelwright, S. (2006) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0073-6 · Cited by 546
Self-citationHappé, F., & Ronald, A. (2008) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-008-9076-8 · Cited by 498
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2007). Mplus user’s guide (5th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
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Flores-García, E., Wojcik, D. Z., Huelmo, S., & Villoria, E. D. (2026) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app16199850
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Gomez, R., Zarate, D., Langford, S., & Houghton, S. J. (2026) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-026-10802-6
Golbabaei, S., Walter, M., & Borhani, K. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.108068 · Cited by 1
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Bradstreet, L. E. (2022) · Digital Archive @ GSU · doi:10.57709/6416202
Metadata
- Authors
- Hoekstra, R. A., Vinkhuyzen, A. A. E., Wheelwright, S., Bartels, M., Boomsma, D. I., Baron-Cohen, S., Posthuma, D., & van der Sluis, S.
- Affiliations
- The Open University (GB)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hoekstra, Rosa A.
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2010-08-10
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 589-596
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- PMC
- PMC3076581
- OpenAlex
- W2130501331
- Cited by
- 506
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 4.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Open Research Online (The Open University) (acceptedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO/ SPI 56-464-14192, NWO 575-25-006, 56‐464‐14192, 451-08-025, VENI-451-08-025, Spi-56-464-14192, VIDI-016-065-318, 14192, 575-25-006)
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- Autism Spectrum Quotient, autistic traits, item reduction, self-report measures, factor structure, sensitivity and specificity, autism spectrum disorder
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Humans, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sensitivity and Specificity, Social Behavior, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult, Self Report, Diagnostic Self Evaluation
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