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The Construction and Validation of an Abridged Version of the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ-Short)
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This study reports on the development and validation of an abridged version of the 50-item Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ), a self-report measure of autistic traits. We aimed to reduce the number of items whilst retaining high validity and a meaningful factor structure. The item reduction procedure was performed on data from 1,263 Dutch students and general population adults. The resulting 28-item AQ-Short was subsequently validated in 3 independent samples, both clinical and controls, from the Netherlands and the UK. The AQ-Short comprises two higher-order factors assessing 'social behavioral difficulties' and 'a fascination for numbers/patterns'. The clear factor structure of the AQ-Short and its high sensitivity and specificity make the AQ-Short a useful alternative to the full 50-item version.
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“To verify the clinical diagnosis of ASD, we will use a cut-off ≥70 on the 28-item Short version of the AQ-28 [43, 44].”
From The effect of dialectical behaviour therapy in autism spectrum patients with suicidality and/or self-destructive behaviour (DIASS): Study protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as [43]
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“A clinical cutoff score of > 65 has sensitivity of 0.97 and specificity of 0.82 for ASD (Hoekstra et al., 2011).”
From A mixed methods study of autistic adults' mental health therapy experiences (2023) · cites this paper as Hoekstra et al., 2011
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“The AQ-28 is scored between 28 and 72, and a cut-off score of 65 is the threshold, above which further assistance with seeking ASD diagnosis is recommended. The cut-off score has good sensitivity (0.97) and specificity (0.82). The AQ-28 also has good internal consistence (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.77–0.86).”
From Differences in anxieties and social networks in a group-matched sample of autistic and typically developing students transitioning to university (2020) · cites this paper as Hoekstra et al., 2011
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“Autism characteristics were assessed using the Autism Spectrum Quotient-Short (AQ-Short) (Hoekstra et al., 2011), which is an abridged 28-item version of the original 50-item AQ (Baron-Cohen et al., 2001), a continuous self-report measure of autism spectrum traits in adults.”
From A mixed methods study of autistic adults' mental health therapy experiences (2023) · cites this paper as Hoekstra et al., 2011
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“For TD students, the mean AQ-28 score was 64.54, which is somewhat higher than the previously reported control samples of 56–59.73 (Hoekstra et al., 2011).”
From Differences in anxieties and social networks in a group-matched sample of autistic and typically developing students transitioning to university (2020) · cites this paper as Hoekstra et al., 2011
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“The mean score on the Autism Quotient-28 (AQ-28) for the autistic students was 83.07, and with an exception of two students who scored 59 and 64, all students’ scores met the suggested clinical cut-off score of 65 (Hoekstra et al., 2011).”
From Differences in anxieties and social networks in a group-matched sample of autistic and typically developing students transitioning to university (2020) · cites this paper as Hoekstra et al., 2011
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“The AQ-Short is a reliable instrument for a quick assessment of quantitative autistic traits.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hoekstra, R. A., Vinkhuyzen, A. A. E., Wheelwright, S., Bartels, M., Boomsma, D. I., Baron-Cohen, S., Posthuma, D., & van der Sluis, S.
- Affiliations
- The Open University (GB)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hoekstra, Rosa A.
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2010-08-10
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 589-596
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- PMC
- PMC3076581
- OpenAlex
- W2130501331
- Cited by
- 506
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 4.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Open Research Online (The Open University) (acceptedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (NWO/ SPI 56-464-14192, NWO 575-25-006, 56‐464‐14192, 451-08-025, VENI-451-08-025, Spi-56-464-14192, VIDI-016-065-318, 14192, 575-25-006)
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- Autism Spectrum Quotient, autistic traits, item reduction, self-report measures, factor structure, sensitivity and specificity, autism spectrum disorder
- MeSH terms
- Child, Child Development Disorders, Pervasive, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Humans, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sensitivity and Specificity, Social Behavior, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult, Self Report, Diagnostic Self Evaluation
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