Sex Differences in Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Abstract
Although autism spectrum disorders (ASD) prevalence is higher in males than females, few studies address sex differences in developmental functioning or clinical manifestations. Participants in this study of sex differences in developmental profiles and clinical symptoms were 22 girls and 68 boys with ASD (mean age = 28 months). All children achieved strongest performance in visual reception and fine motor followed by gross motor and language functioning. Sex differences emerged in developmental profiles. Controlling for language, girls achieved higher visual reception scores than boys; boys attained higher language and motor scores and higher social-competence ratings than girls, particularly when controlling for visual reception. Longitudinal, representative studies are needed to elucidate the developmental and etiological significance of the observed sex differences.
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Age-equivalent scores on the MSEL are calibrated in months and are more sensitive to the low performance common in ASD samples than standard scores.
“Age-equivalent scores are calibrated in months and are more sensitive to the low performance common in ASD samples than standard scores [17, 30].”
From Early sex differences are not autism-specific: A Baby Siblings Research Consortium (BSRC) study (2015) · cites this paper as [30]
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- Authors
- Carter, A. S., Black, D. O., Tewani, S., Connolly, C. E., Kadlec, M. B., & Tager-Flusberg, H.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Carter, Alice S.
- Venue
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
- Published
- 2007-01-10
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 86-97
- ISSN
- 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3432
- OpenAlex
- W2002767599
- Cited by
- 262
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 4.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (U54MH066398)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR0053)
- NIH Clinical Center
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Child Nutrition and Feeding Issues
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, sex differences, toddlers, developmental profile, visual reception, fine motor skills, gross motor skills, language development, social competence, clinical symptoms
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Autistic Disorder, Developmental Disabilities, Child, Preschool, Cognition Disorders, Empathy, Female, Humans, Infant, Language Disorders, Male, Mass Screening, Surveys and Questionnaires, Social Behavior, Prevalence, Sex Distribution, Motor Skills Disorders
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