Cited by 150Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchSuicide and Self-Harm StudiesBehavioral and Psychological Studies

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The Prevalence of Self-injurious Behaviour in Autism: A Meta-analytic Study

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Steenfeldt-Kristensen, Catherine, Jones, Chris A., Richards, Caroline·2020·Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

DOI 10.1007/s10803-020-04443-1PMC PMC7557528

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Abstract

Self-injurious behaviour is purportedly common in autism, but prevalence rates have not yet been synthesised meta-analytically. In the present study, data from 14,379 participants in thirty-seven papers were analysed to generate a pooled prevalence estimate of self-injury in autism of 42% (confidence intervals 0.38–0.47). Hand-hitting topography was the most common form of self-injury (23%), self-cutting topography the least common (3%). Sub-group analyses revealed no association between study quality, participant intellectual disability or age and overall prevalence rate of self-injury. However, females obtained higher prevalence rates than males ( p = .013) and hair pulling and self-scratching were associated with intellectual disability ( p = .008 and p = .002, respectively). The results confirm very high rates of self-injury in autism and highlight within group risk-markers.

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Fig. 1 PRISMA flow chart showing the number of papers included and excluded at each stage of screening and review (Moher et al. 2009)CC BY · PubMed Central

Fig. 2 Pooled prevalence estimates for self-injurious behaviour in autism using a random-effects model. Treatment effect (TE), standard error of the treatment effect (seTE), prevalence rate, confidence intervals and weighting by the random-effects model are reportedCC BY · PubMed Central

Fig. 3 Baujat chart of sources of heterogeneityCC BY · PubMed Central

Fig. 4 Pooled prevalence estimate for self-injurious behaviour in autism using a random-effects model with each study omitted. Prevalence rates and confidence intervals are reportedCC BY · PubMed Central

Fig. 5 Pooled prevalence estimates for self-injurious behaviour in autism using a random-effects model. Treatment effect (TE), standard error of the treatment effect (seTE), prevalence rate, confidence intervals and weighting by the random-effects model are reportedCC BY · PubMed Central

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Authors: Steenfeldt-Kristensen, C., Jones, C. A., & Richards, C.
Affiliations: Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership NHS Trust (GB)
University of Birmingham (GB)
Corresponding author: Richards, Caroline
ORCID: Jones, Chris A.
Richards, Caroline
Venue: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2020-04-15
Volume: 50
Issue: 11
Pages: 3857-3873
ISSN: 0162-3257 (ISSN-L)
1573-3432
DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04443-1
PMC: PMC7557528
OpenAlex: W3016276573
Cited by: 150
References: 101
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 4
FWCI: 2.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (vor)
Locations: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Behavioral and Psychological Studies
Keywords: self-harm, autism spectrum disorder, prevalence, self-cutting, intellectual disability, sex differences, hair pulling, risk indicators
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Autistic Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Intellectual Disability, Prevalence, Self-Injurious Behavior

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The Prevalence of Self-injurious Behaviour in Autism: A Meta-analytic Study

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