The DOI matches its Crossref record; 54 of the 55 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Helping or Hovering? The Effects of Helicopter Parenting on College Students’ Well-Being
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“Emerging evidence suggests that overprotective and controlling parenting, often referred to as “helicopter parenting” may have negative implications on the child's mental health such as anxiety and depression.”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Schiffrin et al., 2014
In the citing paper
“Students who reported helicopter parenting also reported higher levels of depression.”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Schiffrin et al. (2014)
In the citing paper
“Nine of 11 studies investigating the relationship between helicopter parenting and depression, found an effect”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Schiffrin et al., 2014
In the citing paper
“No effect for anxiety”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Schiffrin et al. (2014)
In the citing paper
“However, in the remaining 5 studies there was no direct relationship between helicopter parenting and anxiety (Segrin et al., 2013; Schiffrin et al., 2014; Reed et al., 2016; Darlow et al., 2017; Wenze et al., 2019).”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Schiffrin et al., 2014
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‘All we need is love (and money)’! What do higher education students want from their families?
Lamprianou, I., Symeou, L., & Theodorou, E. (2018) · Research Papers in Education · doi:10.1080/02671522.2018.1452957 · Cited by 6
“This literature often talks about ‘over-controlling’ parents (Schiffrin et al. 2014) and ‘over-parenting’ involvement from families (Bradley-Geist and Olson-Buchanan 2014) who interfere in students’ lives with atypical (up to recently) behaviour, such as visiting the university, interacting with…”
BackgroundSelf-Stigma in Youth: Prevention, Intervention, and the Relevance for Schools
Rose, A. L., Atkey, S. K., & Goldberg, J. O. (2018) · Plenum series on human exceptionality · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89842-1_13 · Cited by 6
Arat, G., Jordan, L. P., & Wong, P. W. C. (2019) · European Journal of Social Work · doi:10.1080/13691457.2019.1605978 · Cited by 6
Bark, K., Ha, J. H., & Jue, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.613543 · Cited by 6
Wang, M., Qu, X., Chen, X., Wu, X., & Wang, J. (2023) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x231168666 · Cited by 6
“…parenting that unfavorable parent-child relationships would hamper adolescents’ satisfaction of their psychological needs (Joussemet et al., 2008) and that excessive parental con-trol would compromise children’s sense of competence, autonomy, and relatedness with parents (Schiffrin et al., 2014).”
BackgroundFunctioning of Young Adults in a Changing World
Adamczyk, K., & Wysota, M. (2014) · Cited by 6
Krav magaand chicken soup: symbolic Jewish identities within and beyond the Jewish school
Samson, M. G. M. (2019) · British Journal of Sociology of Education · doi:10.1080/01425692.2019.1583550 · Cited by 6
Nachman, B. R. (2024) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/01614681241311637 · Cited by 5
“Parents may continue to engage in these deeply involved, controlling ways into their children’s college years, which can harm their mental health (Hong & Cui, 2020; Schiffrin et al., 2014) and make it difficult for them to adjust to college on their own (Darlow et al., 2017).”
Trager, B. M., Koning, I., Rainosek, L. M., Geurts, S., van den Eijnden, R., & Vossen, H. G. M. (2025) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2025.05.025 · Cited by 6
Lyons, L. K., Dorsch, T. E., Lowe, K., Kaye, M. P., Arnett, J. J., Faherty, A. N., & Menendez, L. H. (2021) · Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education · doi:10.1080/19357397.2021.1916303 · Cited by 6
“This aligns with work in the general student body population highlighting the impact of controlling and overly involved parenting practices on college students’ wellbeing (e.g. Lindell et al., 2017; Schiffrin et al., 2014).”
BackgroundBrendgen, M. R., Ouellet‐Morin, I., Cantave, C. Y., Vitaro, F., Dionne, G., & Boivin, M. (2022) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-022-01687-1 · Cited by 6
“emerging adults and become itself a source of stress (Schiffrin et al., 2014).”
BackgroundTalking with Parents: Qualitative Analysis of the Challenges of Parenting Children of Different Ages
Macuka, I., Petani, R., & Ercegovac, I. R. (2023) · Drustvena istrazivanja · doi:10.5559/di.32.2.08 · Cited by 5
Seiffge‐Krenke, I., & Sattel, H. C. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1257403 · Cited by 12
Reliability and Validity of the Korean Version of the Helicopter Parenting Scale
Chae, M.-O., Yim, S.-Y., Yim, S.-Y., et al. (2016) · Child Health Nursing Research · doi:10.4094/chnr.2016.22.3.207 · Cited by 5
Romantic Satisfaction in Young Adults as a Function of Sexual Debut
Vancour, J. M., & Fallon, M. (2017) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2325-7342.jn22.2.121 · Cited by 5
Whom Should I Talk To? Emerging Adults’ Romantic Relationship Work
Jensen, J. F., Rauer, A., Rodriguez, Y., & Brimhall, A. S. (2018) · Journal of Social Behavioral and Health Sciences · doi:10.5590/jsbhs.2018.12.1.02 · Cited by 5
“In contrast, feeling controlled by one’s parents in young adulthood has been linked to poorer well-being (Schiffrin et al., 2014).”
BackgroundGreenfield, P. M. (2020) · Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies · doi:10.1002/hbe2.222 · Cited by 4
Coşkun, B., & Katıtaş, S. (2021) · Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi · doi:10.30783/nevsosbilen.914927 · Cited by 3
Çok, F., GÜÇLÜ, C. H., ÖZDOĞAN, H. K., & TOPUZ, S. (2022) · Ankara Universitesi Egitim Bilimleri Fakultesi Dergisi · doi:10.30964/auebfd.886761 · Cited by 5
Garcia, R. C., de Lima, M. P., & Carona, C. (2022) · The Central European Journal of Paediatrics · doi:10.5457/p2005-114.328 · Cited by 6
“However, parental involvement that is inappropriate to the developmental needs of emerging adulthood can interfere with the levels of adult children’s life satisfaction (3).”
BackgroundHind, B. Z. (2016) · Cited by 5
Examining Personality Factors in Deception Detection Ability
Spencer, S. D. (2017) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2325-7342.jn22.2.106 · Cited by 6
Smith, J. M. (2015) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.5072/prism/27562 · Cited by 5
Zaremohzzabieh, Z., Ahrari, S., Zarean, M., & Roslan, S. B. (2025) · The Family Journal · doi:10.1177/10664807241313131 · Cited by 10
“Parental involvement during emerging adulthood significantly shapes life satisfaction, particularly in the context of HP. HP, characterized by intrusive and overly controlling behaviors, disrupts autonomy and relatedness, thereby undermining well-being (Schiffrin et al., 2014).”
Expanding Expectations: Faculty Perceptions on Student Retention
Rasmussen, C. L., Dawson, S., Stewart, P. W., & Alexander, M. (2022) · Journal of the International Society for Teacher Education · doi:10.26522/jiste.v26i2.3795 · Cited by 5
Helicopter parenting through the lens of reddit: A text mining study
Keerthigha, C., Singh, S., Chan, K. Q., & Caltabiano, N. J. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20970 · Cited by 7
“This is consistent with past findings that suggest HP is related to a host of negative outcomes in college, including poor academic achievement, self-esteem, life satisfaction, and peer relationships [9,22,24,50, 70,71].”
BackgroundResultNew Generation Parenting Attitude: Helicopter Parenting
Türker, M., & Bahçeci, F. (2024) · Alanyazın · doi:10.59320/alanyazin.1452153 · Cited by 5
Jiao, C., Cui, M., & Fincham, F. D. (2024) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.13070 · Cited by 5
Wang, Y., Wu, W., Yan, Y., & Yang, Y. (2024) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.13080 · Cited by 4
Yoo, G., & 유행 (2014) · 가족과 문화 · doi:10.21478/family.26.1.201403.005 · Cited by 4
Transitioning to University with a Mental Illness: Experiences of Youth and their Parent
Boughton, K. L., Boyle, S. L., O’Byrne, R., & Lumley, M. N. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/07435584211014842 · Cited by 4
Martin, C. C. (2020) · Journal of College Student Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/87568225.2020.1753611 · Cited by 4
“Helicopter parents may over-protect their children from adversity, unwittingly inhibiting coping skills and eustress (Schiffrin et al., 2014).”
Modelling the effects of Psychological Well-Being Attributes on Students’ Happiness
Khairuddin, M. T., & Mahmud, Z. (2020) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1496/1/012003 · Cited by 4
Typologies of Maternal and Paternal Helicopter Parenting and Intimacy Goals in Dating
Kim, S. H. (2022) · Family and environment research · doi:10.6115/fer.2022.017 · Cited by 4
“즉 친구들과의 관계 형성에 있어 주도적 역 할을 하지 못한다는 측면에서 부정적 연구 결과가 나타난 반면 (Schiffrin et al., 2014), 부모의 지지가 자녀의 보호막으로 작용 할 수 있다고 보고되기도 한다(Fingerman et al., 2012).”
On the beauty of sadness: it’s okay to say, I am sad, thank you
Tobore, T. O. (2023) · Communicative & Integrative Biology · doi:10.1080/19420889.2023.2211424 · Cited by 4
“outcomes for children including negative psychological well-being, anxiety/depression, and the consumption of prescription opioids recreationally [89,93,94].”
BackgroundWelch, K., Brott, K. H., & Veilleux, J. C. (2023) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2023.2209197 · Cited by 4
“Both helicopter parenting and parental invalidation have been previously associated with negative outcomes such as high stress, depressive symptoms, 3,5,6,14 and high perfection-ism.”
InfluentialMalkin, M. L., & McKinney, C. (2018) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x18819218 · Cited by 4
Francis, A. P., Drake, N., Chen, M. Z., & Young, L. (2020) · The Journal of Physician Assistant Education · doi:10.1097/jpa.0000000000000319 · Cited by 4
“Helicopter parenting has been linked to decreased academic performance and decreased sense of well-being in undergraduate students.(9,10) It is possible that even if parents are no longer hovering over their adult child in PA school, there are lasting impacts of overinvolved parenting.”
BackgroundLu, F., Xie, X., Tao, Z., Xu, S., Yang, C., Wang, Z., Bao, X., Jiang, L., & Zhang, W. (2023) · doi:10.22541/au.168313503.35198245/v1 · Cited by 4
Duckworth, J. C., Bumpus, M., Forsythe, K. M., Cooper, B. R., & Hill, L. G. (2024) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/21676968241273308 · Cited by 3
“While helicopter parenting has been identi fi ed as a risk factor for increased depression and anxiety among college students (Schiffrin et al., 2014), other studies have found that frequent communication by parents and college students was related to positive student-parent relationship outcomes…”
Hunter, H., Baumgardner, M., Kelner, W. C., Mullins, Z., Sullivan, J. A., Noose, S. K., & Allen, K. B. (2025) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-025-03023-0 · Cited by 3
“Mothers who engage in helicopter parenting may reduce their child ’ s perceived autonomy by working to solve their child ’ s problems rather than allowing for independence (Schiffrin et al., 2014).”
InfluentialThe Relationship Between Stress, Academic Motivation, and Subjective Vitality Among Nursing Students
Sabaliauskas, S., Ingelevič, K., Misiūnienė, O., & Jakavonytė-Akstinienė, A. (2025) · Nursing Reports · doi:10.3390/nursrep15080300 · Cited by 9
“Research has shown that high levels of academic stress are associated with reduced intrinsic and extrinsic motivation [52], which is often associated with reduced vitality, a subjective state characterized by energy, vitality, and mental resilience [53].”
Helicopter Parenting of Minor Teenagers in India: Scale Development and Consequences
Sood, M., & Buchanan, T. (2023) · The Family Journal · doi:10.1177/10664807231215429 · Cited by 4
“As mentioned, the majority of the research on helicopter parenting has been on emerging adults (18 – 25 years of age) (LeMoyne & Buchanan, 2011; Padilla-Walker & Nelson, 2012; Schiffrin et al., 2013).”
BackgroundReynolds, K. C., & Alfano, C. A. (2024) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2024.2325684 · Cited by 3
“As internalizing problems have been associated with greater levels of parental over-involvement in young adults (Schiffrin et al., 2014), differential levels of parental involvement in sleep is also possible.”
BackgroundLi, Y.-F., Liu, C.-T., & Zhao, Y. (2024) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-024-09961-9 · Cited by 3
“Overprotective parenting was associated with reduced autonomy (Schiffrin et al., 2014 ).”
Adolescents’ Coping with Overprotective Parenting: A Person-Centered Approach
Spiegeleer, F. D., Flamant, N., Petegem, S. V., Vansteenkiste, M., & Soenens, B. (2025) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-025-03073-4 · Cited by 4
“…between parental overprotection and developmental dif fi culties (i.e., inter-nalizing and externalizing problems) were found across different age periods: in young children (e.g., Roelofs et al., 2006), adolescents (Van Petegem et al., 2020), and college students (e.g., Schiffrin et al., 2014).”
Hu, N., Chen, K., Ye, L., Liu, H., Cai, D., Zhang, H., & Zhao, Y. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15091235 · Cited by 7
“However, the association between overparenting and subjective well-being was found to be non-significant, which contrasts with prior research indicating a negative impact (Schiffrin et al., 2014; Kouros et al., 2017).”
Brogaard, B. “. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190084448.003.0006 · Cited by 4
Helicopter Parenting, Self-Control, and Problematic Online Gaming among Emerging Adults
Süsen, Y., Pak, H., & ÇEVİK, E. (2021) · Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.5455/kpd.26024438m000071 · Cited by 4
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Kenway, J., & Howard, A. (2021) · Curriculum Inquiry · doi:10.1080/03626784.2021.1994837 · Cited by 3
Turkileri, N., Soydaş, D. K., & Uçanok, Z. (2021) · Psikoloji Çalışmaları / Studies in Psychology · doi:10.26650/sp2020-849445 · Cited by 3
Gagnon, R. J., Garst, B. A., & Heffington, L. E. (2023) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075231173459 · Cited by 3
“…has been associated with lower levels of overall child well-being (Kouros et al., 2017), higher levels of child anxiety and depression (Schiffrin et al., 2014), lower levels of child adjustment (Burke et al., 2018), poorer rates of socioemotional function (Luebbe et al., 2018; Segrin…”
BackgroundSkhirtladze, N., & Petegem, S. V. (2024) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-024-09475-w · Cited by 6
“Indeed, past research has shown that overprotection is positively associated with, for instance, depressive symptoms (Darlow et al., 2017; Schiffrin et al., 2014), anxiety (Kouros et al., 2017; Segrin et al., 2013; Van Petegem et al., 2022), feelings of entitlement and narcissism (Segrin et al.,…”
BackgroundTurn the Other Cheek: HBCU Students' Reaction to Collegiate Bullying
Hollis, L. P. (2017) · Journal of black sexuality and relationships · doi:10.1353/bsr.2017.0012 · Cited by 3
Parental involvement in the lives of intercollegiate athletes
Parietti, M. L., Sutherland, S., & Pastore, D. L. (2017) · Journal of Amateur Sport · doi:10.17161/jas.v3i3.6510 · Cited by 3
“When considering quality of involvement, researchers have suggested that parents can go too far, and this can be considered over-involved parenting (Brussoni & Olsen, 2012; Schiffrin et al., 2014; Segrin et al., 2012).”
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Beričić, A., & Erceg, I. (2019) · Primenjena psihologija · doi:10.19090/pp.2019.3.305-326 · Cited by 3
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Lummis, S. N., McCabe, J. A., Sickles, A. L., Byler, R. A., Hochberg, S. A., Eckart, S. E., & Kahler, C. E. (2017) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2325-7342.jn22.2.141 · Cited by 3
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Demetriou, C., Miller, G., Mason, L. G., et al. (2019) · EDUCATION SCIENCES AND SOCIETY · doi:10.3280/ess1-2019oa7432 · Cited by 3
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Çelik, O. (2024) · Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17556/erziefd.1559847 · Cited by 2
“This tendency may be attributed to the stronger emotional bonds that women often have with their children and their heightened concern for their children's futures (Schiffrin et al., 2014).”
InfluentialChoi, H. S., Jeong, E. J., & Kim, D. J. (2025) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2025.104186 · Cited by 3
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“Schiffrin et al.’s (2014) Helicopter Parenting Behaviour Questionnaire appears in different versions in the literature.”
Batra, A., & Gentzler, A. L. (2025) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-025-03200-1 · Cited by 2
“Power was estimated for a linear multiple regression model with 5 predictors using a medium effect size (f 2 = 0.15) based on literature linking HP and depression or anxiety (Kouros et al., 2017 ; Schiffrin et al., 2014).”
InfluentialXu, Y., Qi, Y., Tao, Y., JING, X., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Ning, X., & Yu, X. (2026) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.70055 · Cited by 2
“Middle T (Thrill)” Parenting: An Alternative Discourse for the Provision of Children’s Risky Play
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Gutierrez, N., Krumrei-Mancuso, E. J., & Miller‐Perrin, C. (2017) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2325-7342.jn22.2.114 · Cited by 2
Zhang, M. (2021) · Children & Society · doi:10.1111/chso.12527 · Cited by 2
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“…associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms and prescription medication use and lower levels of psychological well-being and overall life satisfaction in emerging adults (LeMoyne and Buchanan 2011; Schiffrin et al. 2013), yet the directionality of this association remains unknown.”
BackgroundInfluentialGraziano, F., Borghi, M., Bonino, S., & Calandri, E. (2024) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-024-02845-8 · Cited by 3
“…age of the child, an intrusiveness in the children ’ s choices, a provision of substantial support (i.e., fi nancial, emotional), and an anticipatory problem-solving which limits emerging adult autonomy (Manzeske & Stright, 2009; Reed et al. 2016; Schiffrin et al., 2014; Winner & Nicholson, 2018).”
Tepebaş, B., & Poyraz, C. (2024) · Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17240/aibuefd.2024..-1349697 · Cited by 2
Francis, A. P., Wieth, M. B., & Henrikson, G. (2024) · Creativity Research Journal · doi:10.1080/10400419.2024.2371720 · Cited by 2
“…associated with mental maladjustment in emerging adults (Carr et al., 2021; Cui et al., 2022; Darlow et al., 2017; Francis et al., 2020; Hong & Cui, 2023; Kouros et al., 2017; LeMoyne & Buchanan, 2011; Love et al., 2020; Moilanen & Lynn Manuel, 2019; Schiffrin et al., 2014; van Ingen et al., 2015).”
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“87 The mother’s emotional support and understanding can reinforce the satisfaction of basic psychological needs by providing a sense of safety and worth, thereby helping adolescents internalize their achievements and social interactions more positively.”
Mum’s the word: Contemporary mothering in a time of social, environmental and mental collapse
Gatrell, B. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotherapy & Counselling · doi:10.1080/13642537.2024.2403419 · Cited by 2
Adolescents’ Evaluation of Their Parents in Terms of Helicopter Parenting Attitudes
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Vesterling, C., & von Düring, U. (2025) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1155/cad/7715429 · Cited by 3
Associations Between Helicopter Parenting and Academic Outcomes: The Role of Entitlement
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“The 15-item Helicopter Parenting Behaviors Questionnaire (Schiffrin et al., 2014) was used to examine participants ’ report of their mothers ’ helicopter parenting and autonomy support behaviors.”
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“College is typically a time when students develop a level of autonomy which is developmentally appropriate and usually leads to better youth outcomes (Hunt, 2008; Schiffin et al., 2014).”
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“SDT says that when these three basic needs are meet people are often less depressed and are more satisfied with how things are going in their life (Schiffrin et al., 2014).”
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“Although this distance education process emerged as a novel and compulsory practice, it might nudge both teachers and parents into the point that they should abandon the role of helicopter parenting since it may harm students’ well-being and lead them to depression (Schiffrin et al., 2014).”
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DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP IN GEORGIAN’S TEACHERS, STUDENTS AND PARENTS
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Houchi, C., Marcil, M.-J., Nadarajah, K., Mageau, G. A., Khairy, P., Marin, M., Cossette, M., Dubé, M., Chaix, M., Mongeon, F., et al. (2024) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2024.04.022 · Cited by 2
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A New Approach To Measuring Helicopter Parenting: The Multidimensional Helicopter Parenting Scale
Love, H. (2016) · doi:10.30707/etd2016.love.h · Cited by 2
“8%) and female (88%) with an age range of 18 to 23 (Schiffrin et al., 2014). The measure assessing helicopter parenting was comprised of 20 behaviors that have been associated with helicopter parenting in previous literature; 7 items were added that assessed behaviors associated with autonomy supportive parenting that…”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Schiffrin, H. H., Liss, M., Miles-McLean, H., Geary, K. A., Erchull, M. J., & Tashner, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Mary Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schiffrin, Holly H.
- Venue
- Journal of Child and Family Studies
- Published
- 2013-02-09
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 548-557
- ISSN
- 1062-1024 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2843
- OpenAlex
- W2148614134
- Semantic Scholar
- 51a82ba44b5cc9cc3d3d7fdb455460359642098d
- Cited by
- 643
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 54 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 23.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Child and Family Studies (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Education › Parental Involvement in Education
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
- Keywords
- helicopter parenting, university students, psychological well-being, self-determination theory, autonomy support, depression, anxiety, life satisfaction, basic psychological needs, autonomy, competence, parental involvement
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