Cited by 643Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentParental Involvement in EducationMotivation and Self-Concept in Sports

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Helping or Hovering? The Effects of Helicopter Parenting on College Students’ Well-Being

Schiffrin, Holly H., Liss, Miriam, Miles-McLean, Haley, Geary, Katherine A., Erchull, Mindy J., Tashner, Taryn·2014·Journal of Child and Family Studies

DOI 10.1007/s10826-013-9716-3

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“Specifically, the measures used to assess perceived helicopter parenting include the Over-Parenting Scale (OPS) (Bradley-Geist & Olson-Buchanan, 2014), Helicopter Parenting Scale (H.P.) (Padilla-Walker & Nelson, 2012), Helicopter Parenting Behaviors Scale (HPBS) (Schiffrin et al., 2014), Helicopter Parenting Instrumen…”
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TÜRKİYEDE HELİKOPTER EBEVEYNLİK EĞİLİMİ VE HELİKOPTER EBEVEYNLERİN DEMOGRAFİK ÖZELLİKLERİ
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“We used the 9-item Helicopter Parenting subscale from the Helicopter Parenting Behaviors measure (HPB; Schiffrin et al., 2014) for concurrent validation of the new measure.”
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“We used nine items of the Helicopter Parenting Behaviors measure (Schiffrin et al., 2014) as indicators in the latent class model.”
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Background
The Mediating Role of Helicopter Parenting in the Relationship between Family Communication Patterns and Resilience in First-semester College Students
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Background
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“…better school performance (Conger et al. 1992: 532, 536-537), while insufficient parental control and over-controlling have been observed to impact negatively on child development through raising levels of child depression and lowering levels of child competence (Schiffrin et al. 2014: 548, 554).”
Background
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Casillas, L. M., Elkins, S. R., Walther, C. A. P., Schanding, G. T., & Short, M. B. (2020) · The Family Journal · doi:10.1177/1066480720961496 · Cited by 21
“Overparenting, or helicopter parenting, involves the provision of excessive levels of involvement that are developmentally inappropriate and has been linked to poor academic and psychological outcomes (Locke et al., 2016; Padilla-Walker & Nelson, 2012; Schiffrin et al., 2014; Segrin et al., 2012).”
Background
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“Research indicates that college students who have “helicopter parents’’ (lack of autonomy) experience negative outcomes including lower social relatedness, competence, and autonomy fulfillment [7].”
Background
The Role of Stress in the Social Support–Mental Health Relationship
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“Research with adult children suggests overparenting has a negative effect on a child’s well-being, including lower life satisfaction (Schiffrin et al., 2014), increased anxiety, stress, and depression (LeMoyne & Buchanan, 2011).”
Background
Parent autonomy support as moderator: Testing the expanded perfectionism social disconnection model
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“Literature suggests that parents’ involvement in their children’s lives may increase children’s depression (Darlow et al., 2017; Marano, 2008; Schiffrin et al., 2014) and decrease children’s ability to manage their own life and make sound decisions (Hofer & Moore, 2011; Luebbe et al.”
Background
Main and interactive retrospective associations between parental rearing behavior and psychological adjustment in young adulthood
Koutra, K., Paschalidou, A., Roumeliotaki, T., & Triliva, S. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03011-3 · Cited by 19
The mediating role of resilience in the relationship between helicopter parenting and several indicators of mental health among emerging adults
Seki, T., Haktanır, A., & Gökalp, Z. Ş. (2023) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.23009 · Cited by 25
Academic Expectations and Well-Being in School Children
Cassidy, T., & Boulos, A. (2023) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-023-02548-6 · Cited by 24
“Parental over involvement which is demanding and controlling often hinders students’ attainment and creates anxiety and increased stress for children (Schiffrin et al., 2014).”
Background
Virtual Risk Management—Exploring Effects of Childhood Risk Experiences through Innovative Methods (ViRMa) for Primary School Children in Norway: Study Protocol for the ViRMa Project
Sandseter, E. B. H., Sando, O. J., Lorås, H. W., Kleppe, R., Storli, L., BRUSSONI, M. J., Bundy, A. C., Schwebel, D. C., Ball, D. J., Haga, M., et al. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/45857 · Cited by 23
“In addition, there are indications that the lack of risky play and autonomy increases the likelihood of anxiety, both in childhood [21-24] and subsequently in adolescence and adulthood [18,25-29].”
Background
The Link between Parenting Behaviors and Emerging Adults’ Relationship Outcomes: The Mediating Role of Relational Entitlement
Candel, O. S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19020828 · Cited by 19
“Nevertheless, at least for the measures used in the present study to capture parenting, a positive relationship between helicopter parenting and parental autonomy support was found, confirming the same result offered by the authors of the questionnaire in their original paper [41].”
ResultInfluential
Toward a multifaceted understanding of Lareau's “sense of entitlement”: Bridging sociological and psychological constructs
Golann, J. W., & Darling‐Aduana, J. (2020) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.12798 · Cited by 18
Yeni Bir Kavram: Helikopter Ebeveynlik
AVCI, S. Ç., & Güleç, D. (2020) · Ordu Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Çalışmaları Dergisi · doi:10.38108/ouhcd.738884 · Cited by 18
Warmth, competence, and wellbeing: The relationship between parental support, needs satisfaction, and interpersonal sensitivity in Italian emerging adults
Smorti, M., Sica, L. S., Costa, S., Biagioni, S., & Liga, F. (2021) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405629.2021.1936492 · Cited by 20
“Autonomy requires the choice of personal life direction; relatedness requires the establishment of close relationships; competence refers to the feeling of being effective (Ryan & Deci, 2017; Schiffrin et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluential
Parents’ Storm and Stress Beliefs about Adolescence: Relations with Parental Overprotection and Parental Burnout
Zimmermann, G., Antonietti, J., Mageau, G. A., Mouton, B., & Petegem, S. V. (2022) · Swiss Psychology Open · doi:10.5334/spo.31 · Cited by 21
“…studies consistently showed that parental overprotection is associated with numerous psychosocial difficulties in adolescence and young adulthood, including lower self-esteem and internalizing problems (e.g., Schiffrin et al., 2014, 2019; Van Petegem et al., 2020; Weitkamp & Seiffge-Krenke, 2019).”
Helicopter parenting during emerging adulthood: Consequences for career identity and adaptability
LeBlanc, J. E., & Lyons, S. T. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.886979 · Cited by 31
“While the behaviors of helicopter parents reflect aspects of other forms of parenting described in the extant literature, this form of parenting is unique in several ways (LeMoyne and Buchanan, 2011; Schiffrin et al., 2014; Luebbe et al., 2018).”
Background
Helicopter Parenting and the Moderating Impact of Gender for University Students with ADHD
Buchanan, T., & LeMoyne, T. (2019) · International Journal of Disability Development and Education · doi:10.1080/1034912x.2019.1634794 · Cited by 20
“University students of helicopter parents have also reported lower life satisfaction and higher likelihood of suffering from depression (Schiffrin et al., 2013).”
Background
College Students’ Perceptions of Relations with Parents and Academic Performance
Schwanz, K. A., Palm, L. J., Hill-Chapman, C. R., & Broughton, S. F. (2014) · American Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.12691/education-2-1-3 · Cited by 20
“While parental over-involvement that is developmentally inappropriate has been associated with some problematic traits in young adults such as depression, feelings of entitlement, decreased emotional regulation, and lower life-satisfaction, supportive parental involvement that fosters autonomy may be beneficial [9,12,…”
Background
DEVELOPING PARENT‐PROFESSIONAL PARTNERSHIPS IN A POSTSECONDARY EDUCATION PROGRAM FOR STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES
Francis, G., Fuchs, E., Johnson, A. D., et al. (2016) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.21974 · Cited by 18
Parenting in Overdrive: A Meta-analysis of Helicopter Parenting Across Multiple Indices of Emerging Adult Functioning
McCoy, S. S., Dimler, L. M., & Rodrigues, L. (2024) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-024-09496-5 · Cited by 33
“For example, self-report items such as “My parent solves any crisis or problem I might have” (Schiffrin et al., 2014) and “My parent overreacts when I encounter a negative experience” (Odenweller et al., 2014) capture what might be objectively invasive parenting but these questionnaires fail to…”
Examining the Relationships between Helicopter Parenting, Self-Control, Self-Efficacy, and Multi-Screen Addiction among Turkish Emerging Adults
Gökalp, Z. Ş. (2022) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2022.2151336 · Cited by 23
“When this involvement is excessive, there may be a risk of over-parenting, often recognized as ‘helicopter parenting (HP)’ (Cline & Fay, 1990; Schiffrin et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMethod
Interparental conflict, parental intrusiveness, and interpersonal functioning in emerging adulthood
Kumar, S. A., & Mattanah, J. F. (2018) · Personal Relationships · doi:10.1111/pere.12231 · Cited by 18
“To provide evidence of the validity of this scale, we correlated it with an established instrument that we had also collected data on in this study and that focused on a related construct, helicopter parenting (Schiffrin et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMethod
Examining overparenting, socioeconomic status, and parental out-of-school time experience: Does socioeconomic status and out-of-school-time experience matter?
Gagnon, R. J. (2019) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.04.003 · Cited by 19
The Effect of Parental Support on Academic Performance Among Students at Asia-Pacific International University
Yieng, L. W. S., Katenga, J. E., & Kijai, J. (2020) · Abstract Proceedings International Scholars Conference · doi:10.35974/isc.v7i1.895 · Cited by 17
“Some studies, however, show that parental involvement has negative effect and does not affect college achievement (Kiyama, & Harper, 2015; Kwon, Yoo & Bingham, 2016; LeMoyne & Buchanan, 2011; Schiffrin et al., 2014; Spain, 2008).”
Background
How the Rich Get Riskier: Parenting and Higher-SES Emerging Adults' Risk Behaviors
Romm, K. F., Barry, C. M., & Alvis, L. M. (2020) · Journal of Adult Development · doi:10.1007/s10804-020-09345-1 · Cited by 17
The Chameleon Child: Children as Actors in the High Conflict Divorce Drama
Garber, B. D. (2014) · Journal of Child Custody · doi:10.1080/15379418.2014.892805 · Cited by 17
Emerging Adults’ Use of Communication Technology with Family Members: A Systematic Review
Hessel, H. M., & Dworkin, J. (2017) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-017-0064-1 · Cited by 20
A machine‐learning model of academic resilience in the times of the COVID ‐19 pandemic: Evidence drawn from 79 countries/economies in the PISA 2022 mathematics study
Cheung, K., Sit, P., Zheng, J., Lam, C., Mak, S., & Ieong, M. (2024) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12715 · Cited by 25
Dealing with Overparenting: Developmental Outcomes in Emerging Adults Exposed to Overprotection and Overcontrol
Urone, C., Verdi, C., Iacono, C. L., & Miano, P. (2024) · Trends in Psychology · doi:10.1007/s43076-024-00407-x · Cited by 24
“…s it y a nd n a r c i ss i s ti c vu l n e r a b ilit y ) m e d i a t e d by p a r e n t a l p s y c ho l og i ca l c on t r o l 2014), high levels of anxiety (Hong & Cui 2019; Kouros et al., 2017; Smout et al., 2019), and low levels of life satisfaction (Hong & Cui, 2019; Schiffrin et al., 2014).”
Academic Motivation and Psychological Needs as Predictors of Suicidal Risk
Lee, J., Chang, E. C., Lucas, A. G., & Hirsch, J. K. (2019) · Journal of College Counseling · doi:10.1002/jocc.12123 · Cited by 16
Parenting Practices and Emerging Adult Well-Being in the United States and China
Su, S., McElwain, A. D., & Lin, X. Y. (2021) · Journal of Comparative Family Studies · doi:10.3138/jcfs-2021-0032 · Cited by 16
Facing Adulthood: Helicopter Parenting as a Function of the Family Projection Process
Dumont, D. E. (2019) · Journal of College Student Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/87568225.2019.1601049 · Cited by 16
A multidimensional construct of helicopter parenting and college students’ game and social media addictive behaviors: A cross-cultural study in South Korea and China
Hwang, W., Fu, X., Kim, S.-H., Jung, E., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1022914 · Cited by 18
“Helicopter parenting Maternal and paternal helicopter parenting were measured using nine items of the Helicopter Parenting Behaviors scale (Schiffrin et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMethod
The development and evolution of the research topic on the mental health of college students: A bibliometric review based on CiteSpace and VOSviewer
Chen, J., Liu, Y., Zhu, K., Dai, J., & Wang, C. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29477 · Cited by 18
“Additionally, the cluster examines the impact of helicopter parenting [78 – 80] on college students ’ mental well-being, scrutinizing its potential role in dependency.”
Background
Institutional Review Board: Ally Not Adversary
Rodríguez, M. M. D., Corralejo, S. M., Vouvalis, N., & Mirly, A. K. (2017) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2325-7342.jn22.2.76 · Cited by 18
Culture beats gender? The importance of controlling for identity‐ and parenting‐related risk factors in adolescent psychopathology☆
Seiffge‐Krenke, I., Persike, M., Besevegis, E., Chau, C., Karaman, N. G., Lannegrand‐Willems, L., Lubiewska, K., & Rohail, I. (2018) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.12.011 · Cited by 17
Examining Overparenting and Child Gender in Adolescence
Gagnon, R. J., & Garst, B. A. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01467-9 · Cited by 15

Authors: Schiffrin, H. H., Liss, M., Miles-McLean, H., Geary, K. A., Erchull, M. J., & Tashner, T.
Affiliations: University of Mary Washington (US)
Corresponding author: Schiffrin, Holly H.
ORCID: Schiffrin, Holly H.
Liss, Miriam
Venue: Journal of Child and Family Studies
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2013-02-09
Volume: 23
Issue: 3
Pages: 548-557
ISSN: 1062-1024 (ISSN-L)
1573-2843
DOI: 10.1007/s10826-013-9716-3
OpenAlex: W2148614134
Semantic Scholar: 51a82ba44b5cc9cc3d3d7fdb455460359642098d
Cited by: 643
References: 55
Citations by year: 2026: 54 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 77 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 53 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 4
FWCI: 23.46
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Child and Family Studies (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Education › Parental Involvement in Education
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
Keywords: helicopter parenting, university students, psychological well-being, self-determination theory, autonomy support, depression, anxiety, life satisfaction, basic psychological needs, autonomy, competence, parental involvement

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