Outcomes of a Randomized Trial of a Cognitive Behavioral Enhancement to Address Maternal Distress in Home Visited Mothers
Open accessAbstract
Objectives To assess the effectiveness of a 6-week, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) group-based enhancement to home visiting to address stress and prevent depression as compared with home visiting as usual in low income mothers of young children. Methods We conducted a randomized controlled trial with 95 low-income mothers of young children to assess the effectiveness of a 6-week, cognitive behavioral group-based enhancement to Healthy Families America and Parents as Teachers home visiting (HV/CBT = 49) to address stress and prevent depression as compared with home visiting as usual (HV = 46). Booster sessions for the HV/CBT group were offered at 3 and 6 months. Participants completed measures of coping, stress and depression at three points: baseline prior to randomization, post-intervention, and 6 months post-intervention. Parent child interaction was also measured at 6 months. Results Intent-to-treat analyses found improved coping and reduced stress and depression post-intervention. While impacts on these outcomes were attenuated at 6 months, positive impacts were observed for selected aspects of mothers' interactions with their children. Maternal characteristics at baseline were associated with participation in the intervention and with post-intervention and 6-month outcomes. Mothers with lower levels of stress and those with fewer children were more likely to attend intervention sessions. Mothers with lower levels of stress had more favorable post intervention outcomes. Conclusions CBT group-based enhancement to home visiting improved maternal coping, reduced stress and depression immediately post intervention but not at 6 months, suggesting more work is needed to sustain positive gains in low-income mothers of young children.
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MB has been shown to reduce depressive and anxiety symptoms and prevent new cases of perinatal depression.
“MB has been shown to reduce depressive and anxiety symptoms and prevent new cases of perinatal depression (Le et al. 2011; McFarlane et al. 2017; Muñoz et al. 2007; Tandon et al. 2014, 2021, 2022).”
From Effects of a Personalized Stress Management Intervention on Maternal Mental Health: A Randomized Clinical Trial. (2025) · cites this paper as McFarlane et al. 2017
The Results (Overall Post-intervention and 6 Month Maternal Psychosocial Outcomes; page not provided) report lower depression scores for the MB group immediately after the intervention, but no significant psychosocial differences at six months. The paper does not report a reduction in anxiety symptoms or measure whether MB prevented new cases of perinatal depression. (LLM, conf=0.89)
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“…633 Third Avenue, NewYork, NY 10017, USA 2 Department of Psychology, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA 3 Prevent Child Abuse New Jersey, 103 Church Street, New Brunswick, NJ, USA drug use, and 17% reported experiencing IPV prior to HV enrollment (Michalopoulos et al. 2015).”
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“The core FAB intervention content is based on the same core components (CBT, Attachment Theory) and modular structure as MB (Jensen et al., 2018; Le et al., 2015; McFarlane et al., 2017; D. Tandon et al., 2018).”
Cultural Adaptation of the Mothers and Babies Intervention for Use in Tribal Communities
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“MB has been examined in several controlled prevention trials, including as a face-to-face group intervention with high-risk Latina pregnant women [30,31], as a group intervention to augment HV programs [32-34], and online as a fully automated intervention, Mothers and Babies Online Course (eMB), that included an inter…”
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“However, other studies with this population have used a threshold score of 16 + to indicate high stress (McFarlane et al., 2017).”
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“…2016; COS : Maxwell et al., 2020; Myers et al., 2022; GABI : Steele et al., 2019; Mellow Babies : Puckering et al., 2010; Raouna et al., 2021; MB : McFarlane et al., 2017; MTB : Sadler et al., 2013; New Beginnings : Sleed et al., 2013; Thula Sana : Valades et al., 2021; Cooper et al., 2002, 2009;…”
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“The MBC has been found to be effective for reducing depressive symptoms and incidence of major depression among Latinas and other ethnically diverse women (Le, Perry & Stuart, 2011; Muñoz et al. 2007; Le et al., 2011, 2015; McFarlane et al., 2017; Tandon et al., 2018; Tandon et al., 2011).”
ADDRESSING SUBSTANCE‐USE PROBLEMS IN TRIBAL HOME VISITING
Novins, D. K., Ferron, C., Abramson, L., & Barlow, A. (2018) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21706 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ronen, K., Gewali, A., Dachelet, K., White, E., Jean-Baptiste, M., Evans, Y. N., Unger, J. A., Tandon, S. D., & Bhat, A. S. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/51066 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
COORDENAÇÃO GRUPAL EM UMA MODALIDADE DE CUIDADO: GRUPO COMUNITÁRIO DE SAÚDE MENTAL
Prado, A. P. C., & Cardoso, C. L. (2020) · Psicologia em Estudo · doi:10.4025/psicolestud.v25i0.42129 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Faro, E. Z., Jones, D., Adeagbo, M. J., Cho, H., Swartzendruber, G., Tabb, K. M., Tandon, S. D., & Ryckman, K. K. (2024) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-024-01402-7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Maternité et addictions : une revue de la littérature
Cassen, M. (2024) · Devenir · doi:10.3917/dev.242.0140 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Zoom to the Virtual Room: The Shift to Remote Early Childhood Observational Assessments
Tandon, S. D., Chavez, J., Diebold, A., Moses, A., Lovejoy, A. E., Wang, Z., Arevalo, K., McBride, E., Brennan, M. B., Anderson, E. L., et al. (2024) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-024-01737-z · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…controlled trials have yielded preliminary evidence of MB’s impact on strengthening central facets of the caregiver-child relationship that promote adaptive outcomes and resilience including maternal responsiveness and secure maternal-child attachment (Alhusen et al., 2021; McFarlane et al., 2017).”
Ahmed, S. R., Watt, F., Mahfoud, Z. R., Korayem, M., Buhmaid, S., Alberry, M., Ibrahim, I., & Tandon, S. D. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/11623 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“One intervention that has demonstrated efficacy in reducing depressive and anxiety symptoms and preventing the onset of new cases of postpartum depression is the Mothers and Babies (MB) course [12-15].”
Diebold, A., Segovia, M., Johnson, J. K., Degillio, A., Zakieh, D., Park, H., Lim, K., & Tandon, S. D. (2020) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-020-5031-z · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mersky, J. P., Janczewski, C. E., Lee, C. P., & Yasin, T. (2022) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106638 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Postpartum Depression: Far Reaching Impact and the Role of Empowerment
King, C. R., Morgan, S. M., Firebaugh, C. M., Beeson, T., Legg, T. J., & Wardlow, R. (2021) · Open Journal of Depression · doi:10.4236/ojd.2021.102003 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Fifolt, M., Johnson, H. H., Preskitt, J., Enlow, M., Tullier, D., & Arbour, M. (2022) · Quality Management in Health Care · doi:10.1097/qmh.0000000000000365 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“A randomized controlled trial of Mothers and Babies,(14) a cognitive-based intervention for reducing depressive symptoms and preventing depressive symptoms among perinatal women, found significantly greater declines in depressive symptoms in treatment mothers compared with control group mothers at various points of th…”
BackgroundPlatt, R. E., Polk, S., Barrera, A. Z., Lara-Cinisomo, S., Hirschhorn, L. R., Graham, A. K., Musci, R. J., Hamil, J. L., Echavarria, D. M., Cooper, L., et al. (2024) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-024-08423-z · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Tandon, S. D., Moskowitz, J. T., Edwards, R. C., Zhang, Y., Giase, G., Sinche, B., Blum, A. L., Krislov, S., Reynolds, H. M., Rangarajan, A., et al. (2025) · Archives of Women's Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-025-01619-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“MB has been shown to reduce depressive and anxiety symptoms and prevent new cases of perinatal depression (Le et al. 2011 ; McFarlane et al. 2017 ; Muñoz et al. 2007 ; Tandon et al. 2014 , 2021 , 2022 ).”
Rahman, R., Ross, A. M., Spector, A. Y., Huang, D., Chesna, S., & Patel, R. (2023) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.107124 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Jester, J. M., Stacks, A. M., Riggs, J. L., Brophy‐Herb, H. E., Muzik, M., & Rosenblum, K. L. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1597655 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kim, K., & Lee, Y. (2018) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.13912 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Motherhood and Childhood in the Context of Mental Illness: A Narrative Review
Ayesa‐Arriola, R., Parás, C., & Díaz‐Pons, A. (2025) · Women · doi:10.3390/women5030026 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kuang, Y., Meng, M., Shuanghan, Y. U., Han, L., Yang, Z., & Zheng, X. J. (2026) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-026-08806-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“For those at risk, this intervention has proven effective in alleviating depressive symptoms [45].”
Perinatal mental health screening and care among those with pregnancy complications
Goulding, A. N., Fletcher, T. L., & Miller, E. S. (2026) · American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM · doi:10.1016/j.ajogmf.2026.102006 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Chang, M., Robbins, L. B., Ling, J., Brown, R., & Wegener, D. T. (2019) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105319887780 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Similarly, another intervention study with low-income postpartum women that aimed to improve mental health did not find any intervention effect on stress (McFarlane et al., 2017).”
ResultPráticas grupais de promoção e prevenção em saúde mental: revisão da literatura
Prado, A. P. C., & Cardoso, C. L. (2022) · Psicologia Argumento · doi:10.7213/psicolargum.40.110.ao13
Saberes e práticas em Psicologia da Saúde: cuidado e intersubjetividade
Cardoso, C. L., Casarini, K. A., da Silva, N. H. L. P., & Pinheiro, B. C. (2023) · doi:10.51795/9786526504062
Sun, V. K. T., Lam, J. W. Y., Ng, M. H. F., Wong, W.-Y., Tai, W., Chow, D. H. K., Cheung, K., Lau, B. W.-M., Cheng, A. S. K., & Yee, B. K. (2025) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2025.01.009
Effects of a postpartum depression intervention: subgroup analyses from a cluster randomized trial
Tandon, S. D., Diebold, A., Kan, A., & Ciolino, J. D. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1752138
“Another MB trial conducted in Hawaii with HV participants recruited >75% of women who identi fi ed as Asian/Paci fi c Islander (20).”
Liu, X., Hao, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, X., Zhang, W., & Cui, N. (2026) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380261451785
- Authors
- McFarlane, E., Burrell, L., Duggan, A., & Tandon, D.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- McFarlane, Elizabeth
- Venue
- Maternal and Child Health Journal
- Published
- 2016-08-17
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 475-484
- ISSN
- 1092-7875 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6628
- PMC
- PMC5357278
- OpenAlex
- W2514669907
- Cited by
- 57
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 3.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Maternal and Child Health Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- O'Neill Foundation
- Administration for Children and Families (90CA1778)
- Health Resources and Services Administration (X02MC23128)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Keywords
- cognitive behavioral therapy, home visiting, maternal distress, maternal stress, coping, low-income mothers, young children, Healthy Families America, parents as teachers, booster sessions, parent-child interaction, intervention sustainability
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Depression, Female, House Calls, Humans, Infant, Mothers, Parent-Child Relations, Postnatal Care, Poverty, Psychometrics, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
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