Moving the dial on prenatal stress mechanisms of neurodevelopmental vulnerability to mental health problems: A personalized prevention proof of concept
Open accessAbstract
Prenatal stress exposure increases vulnerability to virtually all forms of psychopathology. Based on this robust evidence base, we propose a “Mental Health, Earlier” paradigm shift for prenatal stress research, which moves from the documentation of stress‐related outcomes to their prevention, with a focus on infant neurodevelopmental indicators of vulnerability to subsequent mental health problems. Achieving this requires an expansive team science approach. As an exemplar, we introduce the Promoting Healthy Brain Project (PHBP), a randomized trial testing the impact of the Wellness‐4‐2 personalized prenatal stress‐reduction intervention on stress‐related alterations in infant neurodevelopmental trajectories in the first year of life. Wellness‐4‐2 utilizes bio‐integrated stress monitoring for just‐in‐time adaptive intervention. We highlight unique challenges and opportunities this novel team science approach presents in synergizing expertise across predictive analytics, bioengineering, health information technology, prevention science, maternal – fetal medicine, neonatology, pediatrics, and neurodevelopmental science. We discuss how innovations across many areas of study facilitate this personalized preventive approach, using developmentally sensitive brain and behavioral methods to investigate whether altering children's adverse gestational exposures, i.e., maternal stress in the womb, can improve their mental health outlooks. In so doing, we seek to propel developmental SEED research towards preventive applications with the potential to reduce the pernicious effect of prenatal stress on neurodevelopment, mental health, and wellbeing.
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A day was labeled physiologically stressful if the total number of stress minutes estimated from the biosensor was greater than 50%, based on previous published literature.
“A day was labeled physiologically stressful if the total number of stress minutes estimated from the biosensor was > 50%, based on previous published literature (Wakschlag et al. 2021).”
From Effects of a Personalized Stress Management Intervention on Maternal Mental Health: A Randomized Clinical Trial. (2025) · cites this paper as Wakschlag et al. 2021
The “Bio-integrated approach to stress monitoring” section supports using biosensor-estimated stress minutes to label a day physiologically stressful. It sets the cutoff at 50% or more of the day's minutes, not greater than 50%, and derives that cutoff from the authors' pilot data rather than identifying previous published literature as its basis. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Farrell, A. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780190647254.001.0001 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Wakschlag, L. S., Krogh‐Jespersen, S., Estabrook, R., Hlutkowsky, C. O., Anderson, E. L., Burns, J. L., Briggs‐Gowan, M. J., Petitclerc, A., & Perlman, S. B. (2019) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2019.07.008 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationProteomics and Metabolomics in Pregnancy—An Overview
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Placental Studies for Child Development
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Urizar, G. G., Caliboso, M., Gearhart, C., Yim, I. S., & Schetter, C. D. (2019) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198119860559 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Prenatal stress enhances postnatal plasticity: The role of microbiota
Hartman, S., Sayler, K., & Belsky, J. (2018) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21816 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Measuring fine-grained heart-rate using a flexible wearable sensor in the presence of noise
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Self-citationMaternal stress and adolescent brain structure and function
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The Intergenerational Impact of Prenatal Stress: Time to Focus on Prevention?
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Recent progress in human placental transcriptomics
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Getting to the Roots: Early Life Intervention and Adult Health
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Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 109 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
van Genugten, C., Thong, M. S. Y., van Ballegooijen, W., Kleiboer, A. M., Spruijt‐Metz, D., Smit, A. C., Sprangers, M. A. G., Terhorst, Y., & Riper, H. M. (2025) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2025.1460167 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
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Nielsen, A. N., Wakschlag, L. S., & Norton, E. S. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.022 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationNg, A., Wei, B., Jain, J., Ward, E. A., Tandon, S. D., Moskowitz, J. T., Krogh‐Jespersen, S., Wakschlag, L. S., & Alshurafa, N. I. (2022) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/33850 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationAhmad, S. I., Shih, E., LeWinn, K. Z., Rivera, L. M., Graff, J. C., Mason, W. A., Karr, C. J., Sathyanarayana, S., Tylavsky, F. A., & Bush, N. R. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.838535 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Sisitsky, M. D., Hare, M. M., DiMarzio, K., Gallat, A., Magariño, L. S., & Parent, J. M. (2023) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-023-01064-x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Lability of prenatal stress during the COVID‐19 pandemic links to negative affect in infancy
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Self-citationBrown, H., Krogh-Jespersen, S., Tandon, D., Graham, A., Mackiewicz Seghete, K., & Wakschlag, L. (2021) · Prenatal Stress and Child Development · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-60159-1_20 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationMassey, S. H., Allen, N. B., Pool, L. R., Miller, E. S., Pouppirt, N. R., Barch, D. M., Luby, J. L., Perlman, S. B., Rogers, C. E., Smyser, C. D., et al. (2021) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2021.107035 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
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Self-citationGoldstein, E., Merrick, J., Edwards, R. C., Zhang, Y., Sinche, B., Raven, J. G., Krislov, S., Robledo, D., Brown, R., Moskowitz, J. T., et al. (2024) · The Permanente Journal · doi:10.7812/tpp/23.094 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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“This study capitalizes on mHealth technology by using SMS text messages to provide just-in-time content to intervention recipients (see Wakschlag et al. 2021 ).”
Self-citationBass, M., Rosen, K. D., Gerend, M. A., Wakschlag, L. S., Madkins, K., Crosby, S. T., Alshurafa, N. I., King, Z., Ghaffari, R., & Smith, J. D. (2021) · Families Systems & Health · doi:10.1037/fsh0000592 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Self-citationThe Intergenerational Transmission of Risk and Psychopathology
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Ng, A., Wei, B., Jain, J., Ward, E. A., Tandon, S. D., Moskowitz, J. T., Krogh‐Jespersen, S., Wakschlag, L. S., & Alshurafa, N. I. (2021) · doi:10.2196/preprints.33850
Self-citationIntroduction to the SEED Science special issue
Manczak, E. M., & Watamura, S. E. (2022) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.22312
Examining Input Modalities and Visual Feedback Designs in Mobile Expressive Writing MHCI009
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- Authors
- Wakschlag, L. S., Tandon, D., Krogh‐Jespersen, S., Petitclerc, A., Nielsen, A., Ghaffari, R., Mithal, L., Bass, M., Ward, E., Berken, J., Fareedi, E., Cummings, P., Mestan, K., Norton, E. S., Grobman, W., Rogers, J., Moskowitz, J., & Alshurafa, N.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Department of Medical Social Sciences Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Chicago IL USA
- Corresponding author
- Wakschlag, Lauren S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Developmental Psychobiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2020-11-22
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 622-640
- ISSN
- 0012-1630 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-2302
- PMC
- PMC10246507
- OpenAlex
- W3108854625
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 109
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6
- FWCI
- 2.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Developmental Psychobiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH121877)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Infant Development and Preterm Care
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Keywords
- prenatal stress, neurodevelopmental vulnerability, mental health prevention, infant brain development, personalized interventions, just-in-time adaptive interventions, team science, maternal stress
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Brain, Child, Female, Humans, Infant, Mental Health, Pregnancy, Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
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