Energetics of amino acid synthesis in alkaline hydrothermal environments
Abstract
Alkaline hydrothermal systems have received considerable attention as candidates for the origin and evolution of life on the primitive Earth. Nevertheless, sufficient information has not yet been obtained for the thermodynamic properties of amino acids, which are necessary components for life, at high temperatures and alkaline pH. These properties were estimated using experimental high-temperature volume and heat capacity data reported in the literature for several amino acids, together with correlation algorithms and the revised Helgeson-Kirkham-Flowers (HKF) equations of state. This approach enabled determination of a complete set of the standard molal thermodynamic data and the revised HKF parameters for the 20 protein amino acids in their zwitterionic and ionization states. The obtained dataset was then used to evaluate the energetics of amino acid syntheses from simple inorganic precursors (CO2, H2, NH3 and H2S) in a simulated alkaline hydrothermal system on the Hadean Earth. Results show that mixing between CO2-rich seawater and the H2-rich hydrothermal fluid can produce energetically favorable conditions for amino acid syntheses, particularly in the lower-temperature region of such systems. Together with data related to the pH and temperature dependences of the energetics of amino acid polymerizations presented in earlier reports, these results suggest the following. Hadean alkaline hydrothermal settings, where steep pH and temperature gradients may have existed between cool, slightly acidic Hadean ocean water and hot, alkaline hydrothermal fluids at the vent-ocean interface, may be energetically the most suitable environment for the synthesis and polymerization of amino acids.
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Amino acid synthesis is very likely to occur under the circumstances of tectonic fault zones.
“An example for such a process is the synthesis of amino acids which is very likely to occur under the given circumstances [12,13,14].”
From Selection of Prebiotic Molecules in Amphiphilic Environments (2017) · cites this paper as [14]
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- Authors
- Kitadai, N.
- Affiliations
- Tokyo Institute of Technology (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Kitadai, Norio
- ORCID
- Kitadai, Norio
- Venue
- Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres
- Published
- 2015-03-22
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 377-409
- ISSN
- 0169-6149 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-0875
- OpenAlex
- W2041135598
- Cited by
- 34
- References
- 103
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 2.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (26800276, 26106003)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Keywords
- amino acid synthesis, alkaline hydrothermal systems, origin of life, zwitterionic amino acids, inorganic precursors, Hadean Earth, amino acid polymerization
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acids, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Seawater, Thermodynamics, Evolution, Chemical, Polymerization
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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