Prebiotic Organic Chemistry of Formamide and the Origin of Life in Planetary Conditions: What We Know and What Is the Future
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The goal of prebiotic chemistry is the depiction of molecular evolution events preceding the emergence of life on Earth or elsewhere in the cosmos. Plausible experimental models require geochemical scenarios and robust chemistry. Today we know that the chemical and physical conditions for life to flourish on Earth were at work much earlier than thought, i.e., earlier than 4.4 billion years ago. In recent years, a geochemical model for the first five hundred million years of the history of our planet has been devised that would work as a cradle for life. Serpentinization processes in the Hadean eon affording self-assembled structures and vesicles provides the link between the catalytic properties of the inorganic environment and the impressive chemical potential of formamide to produce complete panels of organic molecules relevant in pre-genetic and pre-metabolic processes. Based on an interdisciplinary approach, we propose basic transformations connecting geochemistry to the chemistry of formamide, and we hint at the possible extension of this perspective to other worlds.
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Formamide chemistry at high temperatures and in the presence of mineral surfaces has led to production of biological building blocks including amino acids, sugars, acyclonucleosides, condensing agents, long chain carboxylic acids, and core metabolic intermediates of the glyoxylate and TCA cycles.
“Indeed, the chemistry of formamide at high temperatures and in the presence of mineral surfaces has led to the production of biological building blocks ranging from amino acids, sugars, acyclonucleosides, condensing agents, long chain carboxylic acids and core metabolic intermediates of the glyoxylate and TCA cycles (Scheme 6, compounds outside the dashed circle).89,90”
From The protometabolic nature of prebiotic chemistry (2023) · cites this paper as [90]
Section 2 reports that mineral-catalyzed formamide chemistry produces biogenic molecules, including amino acids and condensing agents; Section 3 reports production of TCA-cycle intermediates. The passages also cite acyclonucleoside synthesis from formamide, but they do not establish production of sugars, specifically long-chain carboxylic acids, or glyoxylate-cycle intermediates. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPlausible prebiotic precursors of phospholipids are glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone and glycerol together with their phosphate derivatives such as glycerophosphate.
“Plausible prebiotic precursors of phospholipids are glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone and glycerol together with their phosphate derivatives such as glycerophosphate (Figure 9). (Bizzarri et al., 2021; Patel et al., 2015)”
From The Origin and Early Evolution of Life: Homochirality Emergence in Prebiotic Environments (2023) · cites this paper as Bizzarri et al., 2021
The discussion of prebiotic compounds and mineral vesicles in Sections 2 and 2.3 does not identify glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone, glycerol, or glycerophosphate as phospholipid precursors. Searches for those compounds and for phospholipids found no passage in the paper’s discussion making the claimed connection; the phospholipid match was a reference title. (LLM, conf=0.72)
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- Authors
- Bizzarri, B. M., Saladino, R., Delfino, I., García-Ruiz, J. M., & Di Mauro, E.
- Affiliations
- Università degli Studi della Tuscia (IT)
- Laboratorio de Estudios Cristalográficos, Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas–Universidad de Granada, Avenida de las Palmeras 4, Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain
- Ecological and Biological Sciences Department (DEB), University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
- Corresponding author
- Saladino, Raffaele
- Venue
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-01-18
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 917
- ISSN
- 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7831497
- OpenAlex
- W3121280675
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 0.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Institutional Repository of the University of Granada (University of Granada) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- UnitusOpen (Tuscia University) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- UnitusOpen (Tuscia University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Italian Space Agency ASI (F86C16000000006)
- the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Program (340863)
- The Spanish “Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia" (PY18-5008)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Earth Systems and Cosmic Evolution
- Keywords
- formamide, prebiotic chemistry, origin of life, serpentinization, Hadean Earth, vesicles, planetary conditions, early Earth geochemistry
- MeSH terms
- Origin of Life, Catalysis, Chemistry, Organic, Formamides, Earth, Planet, Evolution, Chemical
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