Cited by 129Origins and Evolution of LifeProtist diversity and phylogenyMicrobial Community Ecology and Physiology

Early Microbial Evolution: The Age of Anaerobes

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Martin, William F., Sousa, Filipa L.·2016·Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology

Abstract

In this article, the term "early microbial evolution" refers to the phase of biological history from the emergence of life to the diversification of the first microbial lineages. In the modern era (since we knew about archaea), three debates have emerged on the subject that deserve discussion: (1) thermophilic origins versus mesophilic origins, (2) autotrophic origins versus heterotrophic origins, and (3) how do eukaryotes figure into early evolution. Here, we revisit those debates from the standpoint of newer data. We also consider the perhaps more pressing issue that molecular phylogenies need to recover anaerobic lineages at the base of prokaryotic trees, because O2 is a product of biological evolution; hence, the first microbes had to be anaerobes. If molecular phylogenies do not recover anaerobes basal, something is wrong. Among the anaerobes, hydrogen-dependent autotrophs--acetogens and methanogens--look like good candidates for the ancestral state of physiology in the bacteria and archaea, respectively. New trees tend to indicate that eukaryote cytosolic ribosomes branch within their archaeal homologs, not as sisters to them and, furthermore tend to root archaea within the methanogens. These are major changes in the tree of life, and open up new avenues of thought. Geochemical methane synthesis occurs as a spontaneous, abiotic exergonic reaction at hydrothermal vents. The overall similarity between that reaction and biological methanogenesis fits well with the concept of a methanogenic root for archaea and an autotrophic origin of microbial physiology.

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Crossref · 10.1101/cshperspect.a018127

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  • O2 is a product of cyanobacterial photosynthesis, which was lacking in the environment at the origin of the acetyl-CoA pathway and methanogens >3.5 billion years ago.

    “First, O2 is a product of cyanobacterial photosynthesis, which was lacking [89] in the environment at the origin of the acetyl‐CoA pathway and methanogens > 3.5 billion years ago [65, 82].”
  • The WLP is the most ancient carbon fixation pathway known.

    “its suggested presence in the deep nodes in the tree of life is in agreement with previous work that has pointed out the WLP as the most ancient carbon fixation pathway known (e.g.Ferry and House 2005;Fuchs 2011;Martin and Sousa 2016;Weiss et al. 2016;Camprubi et al. 2017).”

    From The Emergence of Life (2019) · cites this paper as Martin and Sousa 2016

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Authors
Martin, W. F., & Sousa, F. L.
Affiliations
Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf (DE)
Venue
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
Published
2015-12-18
Volume
8
Issue
2
Pages
a018127
ISSN
1943-0264 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2264374768
Cited by
129
References
194
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 1 · 2012: 1
Type
posted content
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Origins and Evolution of Life
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protist diversity and phylogeny
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
Keywords
anaerobic bacteria, origin of life, archaea, methanogenic archaea, acetogenic bacteria, eukaryotic origin, cytosolic ribosomes, molecular phylogeny, hydrothermal vents, tree of life
MeSH terms
Anaerobiosis, Archaea, Bacteria, Anaerobic, Biological Evolution, Hot Temperature, Prokaryotic Cells, Autotrophic Processes, Heterotrophic Processes

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