Developing Computational Thinking with Educational Technologies for Young Learners

Computational thinking

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Scratch: programming for all

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Computational Thinking in K–12

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Computational thinking and tinkering: Exploration of an early childhood robotics curriculum

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Visual programming languages integrated across the curriculum in elementary school: A two year case study using "Scratch" in five schools

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Problem solving by 5–6 years old kindergarten children in a computer programming environment: A case study

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Robotics in the early childhood classroom: learning outcomes from an 8-week robotics curriculum in pre-kindergarten through second grade

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A new way of teaching programming skills to K-12 students: Code.org

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The Effect of a Classroom-Based Intensive Robotics and Programming Workshop on Sequencing Ability in Early Childhood

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Constructionist Gaming: Understanding the Benefits of Making Games for Learning

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Supporting all learners in school-wide computational thinking: A cross-case qualitative analysis

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Report of a Workshop on The Scope and Nature of Computational Thinking

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Rethinking Learning in the Digital Age

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Connected Code

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Tangible interaction and learning: the case for a hybrid approach

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Thinking about computational thinking

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Youth, Technology, and DIY: Developing Participatory Competencies in Creative Media Production

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Thinking about computational thinking

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Teachers as Designers: Integrating Robotics in Early Childhood Education.

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Global Information Technology Report 2002-2003: Readiness for the Networked World

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Computer as Paintbrush: Technology, Play, and the Creative Society

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Connected code: why children need to learn programming

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Women and minorities in science, technology, engineering and mathematics: upping the numbers

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Using Robotics to Motivate ‘Back Door’ Learning

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An analysis of young students' thinking when completing basic coding tasks using Scratch Jnr. On the iPad

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Making Computer Games and Design Thinking

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KIBO robot demo

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How Young Children Learn to Program With Sensor, Action, and Logic Blocks

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What's the difference? Learning collaboratively using iPads in conventional classrooms

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Implementing a Robotics Curriculum in an Early Childhood Montessori Classroom

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A Comparison of Preschool and Elementary School Children Learning Computer Science Concepts through a Multilanguage Robot Programming Platform

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Let’s Dance the “Robot Hokey-Pokey!”

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Understanding the Power of New Literacies through Video Game Play and Design

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Electronic blocks: Tangible programming elements for preschoolers

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Translating Roberto to Omar

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Computational thinking for all

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Gender Related to Success in Science and Technology

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Decade of Game Making for Learning: From Tools to Communities

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Growing Up Digital: Media Research Symposium

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Developing Career Commitment in STEM-related Fields: Myths versus Reality

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Principles of Computational Thinking Tools

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TORTIS: Toddler's Own Recursive Turgle Interpreter System

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Preschool cookbook of computer programming topics

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Social Robot Toolkit

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TORTIS: Toddler's Own Recursive Turtle Interpreter System

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THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS

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Coding as a playground: Promoting positive learning experiences in childhood classrooms

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Mapping computational thinking through programming in K-12 education: A conceptual model based on a systematic literature Review

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Educational Robotics: Platforms, Competitions and Expected Learning Outcomes

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The Impact of Coding Apps to Support Young Children in Computational Thinking and Computational Fluency. A Literature Review

Papadakis, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2021.657895 · Cited by 146 · see citing works

Elementary School Student Development of STEM Attitudes and Perceived Learning in a STEM Integrated Robotics Curriculum

Ching, Y.-H., Yang, D., Wang, S.-S., Baek, Y., Swanson, S., & Chittoori, B. (2019) · TechTrends · doi:10.1007/s11528-019-00388-0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Advances in Educational Technologies and Instructional Design

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Programming in early childhood education: A systematic review

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Educational Robotics for Developing Computational Thinking in Young Learners: A Systematic Review

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Enhancing Computational Thinking Capability of Preschool Children by Game-based Smart Toys

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Unplugged Coding Using Flowblocks for Promoting Computational Thinking and Programming among Secondary School Students

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Estado del arte en la enseñanza del pensamiento computacional y la programación en la etapa infantil

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Investigating Preschool Educators’ Implementation of Computer Programming in Their Teaching Practice

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Apps to Promote Computational Thinking Concepts and Coding Skills in Children of Preschool and Pre-Primary School Age

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Review on the teaching of programming and computational thinking in the world

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Computer Science Education in Early Childhood: The Case of ScratchJr

Sullivan, A., & Bers, M. U. (2019) · Journal of Information Technology Education Innovations in Practice · doi:10.28945/4437 · Cited by 64 · see citing works

Advancing young students’ computational thinking: An investigation of structured curriculum in early years primary schooling

Falloon, G. (2024) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2024.105045 · Cited by 63 · see citing works

Enhancing Confidence in Using Computational Thinking Skills via Playing a Serious Game: A Case Study to Increase Motivation in Learning Computer Programming

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The effects of scaffolded programming scripts on pre-service teachers’ computational thinking: Developing algorithmic thinking through programming robots

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Pencil Code improves learners' computational thinking and computer learning attitude

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ChatScratch: An AI-Augmented System Toward Autonomous Visual Programming Learning for Children Aged 6-12

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Using Robots with Storytelling and Drama Activities in Science Education

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A Multiyear Investigation of Student Computational Thinking Concepts, Practices, and Perspectives in an After-School Computing Program

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Toward a 5E-Based Flipped Classroom Model for Teaching Computational Thinking in Elementary School: Effects on Student Computational Thinking and Problem-Solving Performance

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First experiences of integrating computational thinking into a blended learning in‐service training program for STEM teachers

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Focus-Fight-Finalize (3F): Problem-Solving Steps Extracted From Behavioral Patterns in Block Based Programming

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The effect of an unplugged coding course on primary school students' improvement in their computational thinking skills

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Computational thinking in primary education: a systematic literature review

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Investigating the effect of the use of code.org on younger elementary school students’ attitudes towards programming

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Apps to Promote Computational Thinking Concepts and Coding Skills in Children of Preschool and Pre-Primary School Age

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Investigating the effects of gender and scaffolding in developing preschool children’s computational thinking during problem-solving with Bee-Bots

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Monitoring cognitive development through the assessment of computational thinking practices: A longitudinal intervention on primary school students

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ARtonomous: Introducing Middle School Students to Reinforcement Learning Through Virtual Robotics

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A Systematic Literature Review in Robotics Experiential Learning With Computational and Adversarial Thinking

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Development of Computational Thinking through STEM Activities for the Promotion of Gender Equality

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Young children’s computational thinking: educator pedagogy fostering children’s play and learning with a tangible coding device

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Draw2Code: Low-Cost Tangible Programming for Creating AR Animations

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Factors influencing younger adolescents’ intention to use game-based programming learning: A multigroup analysis

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“My Cars don’t Drive Themselves”: Preschoolers’ Guided Play Experiences with Button-Operated Robots

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A mixed-method cluster analysis of physical computing and robotics integration in middle-grade math lesson plans

Zha, S., Jin, Y., Wheeler, R., & Bosarge, E. (2022) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104623 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

A large-scale study based on topic modeling to determine the research interests and trends on computational thinking

Özyurt, Ö., & Özyurt, H. (2022) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-022-11325-9 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Effects of Block-Based Visual Programming on K-12 Students’ Learning Outcomes

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Robotics in Early Childhood Education

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Does text-based programming improve K-12 students’ CT skills? Evidence from a meta-analysis and synthesis of qualitative data in educational contexts

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Embracing Culturally Relevant Computational Thinking in the Preschool Classroom: Leveraging Familiar Contexts for New Learning

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Social Robots in Education: Conceptual Overview and Case Study of Use

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Making Space for Visual Literacy in Literacy Teacher Preparation: Preservice Teachers Coding to Design Digital Books

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Teaching Algorithms to Develop the Algorithmic Thinking of Informatics Students

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Programming environments for the development of CT in preschool education: A systematic literature review

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Beyond teaching computational thinking: Exploring kindergarten teachers’ computational thinking and computer science curriculum design considerations

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A Study on the Effects of Using the 6E Model and a Robot Teaching Assistant on Junior High School Students’ STEM Knowledge, Learning Motivation, and Hands-on Performance

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Estrategias para la enseñanza del pensamiento computacional y uso efectivo de tecnologías en educación infantil: una propuesta inclusiva

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Effects of the Application of STEM Curriculum Integration Model to Living Technology Teaching on Business School Students’ Learning Effectiveness

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Integrating computational thinking into K-12 education: Bridging the gap between theories and practices

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Collaborative Learning in K-12 Computational Thinking Education: A Systematic Review

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DEVELOPING PRESCHOOL CHILDREN'S COMPUTATIONAL THINKING WITH EDUCATIONAL ROBOTICS: THE ROLE OF COGNITIVE DIFFERENCES AND SCAFFOLDING

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Design Factors Affecting the Social Use of Programmable Robots to Learn Computational Thinking in Kindergarten

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Toward improving student motivation and performance in introductory programming learning by Scratch: The role of achievement emotions

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Meta-thematic synthesis of research on early childhood coding education: A comprehensive review

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Research Trends on the Use of Technology in Early Childhood Science Education: Bibliometric Mapping and Content Analysis

Aktaş, İ. (2022) · Shanlax International Journal of Education · doi:10.34293/education.v10is1-aug.4454 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

The Influence of CodeCombat on Computational Thinking in Python Programming Learning at Primary School

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Bring the Artificial Intelligence to Tutoring Robots in Education: A Systematic Literature Review

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Think together, design together, code together: the effect of augmented reality activity designed by children on the computational thinking skills

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The effects of programming interventions in early childhood: A meta-analysis

Simonsmeier, B. A., Kampmann, K., Staub, J., & Scherer, R. (2025) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2025.102699 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Coding in early years education: which factors influence the skills of sequencing and plotting a route, and to what extent?

Pérez-Marín, D., Hijón‐Neira, R., & Pizarro, C. (2022) · International Journal of Early Years Education · doi:10.1080/09669760.2022.2037076 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Instructional practices promoting computational thinking in STEAM elementary classrooms

Herro, D. C., Quigley, C. F., Plank, H. M., Abimbade, O., & Owens, A. M. (2022) · Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education · doi:10.1080/21532974.2022.2087125 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Scaffolding young children's computational thinking with teacher talk in a technology-mediated classroom

Hu, X., Chiu, M. M., Yelland, N., & Liang, Y. (2023) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2023.05.011 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Making Spaces for STEM in the School Library

Woods, S., & Hsu, Y. (2019) · TechTrends · doi:10.1007/s11528-019-00460-9 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Research trends in K-5 computational thinking education: a bibliometric analysis and ideas to move forward

Adanır, G. A., Delen, İ., & Gülbahar, Y. (2023) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-023-11974-4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Teaching computational thinking with a tangible development platform: An exploratory field study at school with Kniwwelino

Schwartz, L., Maquil, V., Johannsen, L., Moll, C., & Hermen, J. (2023) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-023-11983-3 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Towards high-quality informatics K-12 education in Europe: key insights from the literature

Sampson, D. G., Kampylis, P., Moreno-León, J., & Bocconi, S. (2025) · Smart Learning Environments · doi:10.1186/s40561-025-00366-5 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Primary School Students Programming with Real-Time Environmental Sensor Data

Suriyaarachchi, H., Denny, P. C., Cortés, J. P. F., Weerasinghe, C., & Nanayakkara, S. C. (2022) · Australasian Computing Education Conference · doi:10.1145/3511861.3511871 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

An Integrated Design-Based Learning Management Model to Promote Thai Undergraduate Computational Thinking Skills and Programming Proficiency

Prommun, P., Kantathanawat, T., Pimdee, P., & Sukkamart, T. (2022) · International Journal of Engineering Pedagogy (iJEP) · doi:10.3991/ijep.v12i1.27603 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Programming Environments for the Development of Computational Thinking in Preschool Education: A Systematic Literature Review

Louka, K., & Papadakis, S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-21970-2_4 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

The Effect of Time Management and Help-Seeking in Self-Regulation-Based Computational Thinking Learning in Taiwanese Primary School Students

Chen, C., Su, S., Lin, Y.-Z., & Sun, C. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su151612494 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

An unplugged remix of culturally responsive computing for early childhood education

Harper, F. K., Larsen, J. A., Quinn, M. F., Caudle, L. A., Parker, B., Sadovnik, A., & Partnership, T. C. (2024) · Future in Educational Research · doi:10.1002/fer3.41 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Beyond computational thinking: Investigating CT roles in the 21st century skill efficacy

Amri, S., Budiyanto, C. W., & Yuana, R. A. (2019) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/1.5139735 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

A Systematic Review of Technologies to Teach Control Structures in Preschool Education

Bakała, E., Gerosa, A., Hourcade, J. P., Tejera, G., Peterman, K., & Barnech, G. T. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.911057 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Foundation Phase teachers’ experiences of teaching the subject, coding, in selected Western Cape schools

Geldenhuys, C. J., & Fataar, A. (2021) · South African Journal of Education · doi:10.15700/saje.v41n4a1959 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

The Influence of Code.org on Computational Thinking and Learning Attitude in Block-Based Programming Education

Choi, W. C. (2022) · International Conference on Education and E-Learning (ICEEL) · doi:10.1145/3578837.3578871 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Teaching Motivation of In‐Service Teachers, Professional Identity, and Self‐Efficacy for Teaching Computational Thinking

Polat, E., Kadırhan, Z., Hopcan, S., Durak, H. Y., & Bilici, S. C. (2025) · European Journal of Education · doi:10.1111/ejed.12928 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Using peer code review to improve computational thinking in a blended learning environment: A randomized control trial

Lin, X., Ma, Y., Ma, W., Liu, Y., & Tang, W. (2021) · Computer Applications in Engineering Education · doi:10.1002/cae.22425 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

The effect of the use of computer-aided design (CAD) and a 3D printer on the child’s competence in mathematics

O'Reilly, J., & Barry, B. (2021) · Irish Educational Studies · doi:10.1080/03323315.2021.1964561 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Developing rural Chinese children’s computational thinking through game-based learning and parental involvement

Zhang, X., Tlili, A., Guo, J., Griffiths, D., Huang, R., Looi, C., & Burgos, D. (2023) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220671.2023.2167798 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Computational Thinking Skill For Mathematics and Attitudes Based on Gender: Comparative and Relationship Analysis

Richardo, R. R., Dwiningrum, S. I. A., & Wijaya, A. (2023) · Pegem Journal of Education and Instruction · doi:10.47750/pegegog.13.02.38 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Bibliometric Visualization of Literature on Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in Education

Idris, U. P. S., Loh, Y. L., Tahir, M. H. M., Idris, U. P. S., LIM, C. C., & Idris, U. P. S. (2023) · Jurnal Komunikasi Malaysian Journal of Communication · doi:10.17576/jkmjc-2023-3901-28 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Validating a measure of computational thinking skills in Chinese kindergartners

Geng, Z., Zeng, B., Islam, A. Y. M. A., Zhang, X., & Huang, J. (2024) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-13100-4 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Unleashing the potential: illuminating pedagogical strategies employed by early childhood educators in stem education for cultivating algorithmic thinking skills in young learners

Abanoz, T., & Kalelıoğlu, F. (2024) · European Early Childhood Education Research Journal · doi:10.1080/1350293x.2024.2339274 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Patterns and Loops: Early Computational Thinking

Léonard, M., Peter, Y., & Secq, Y. (2019) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-29736-7_21 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Should We Use Educational Robots to Introduce Students to Computational Thinking? Insights From Two Experimental Studies

Sigayret, K., Blanc, N., & Tricot, A. (2025) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.70074 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Emerging Trends in and Strategies for Industry 4.0 During and Beyond Covid-19

Akkaya, B., Jermsittiparsert, K., Malik, M. A., & Koçyiğit, Y. (2021) · Sciendo eBooks · doi:10.2478/9788366675391 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Embodied design: A framework for teaching practices focused on the early development of computational thinking

Deng, W., Guo, X., Cheng, W., & Zhang, W. (2022) · Computer Applications in Engineering Education · doi:10.1002/cae.22588 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Development and Application of Programming Education Model Based on Visual Thinking Strategy for Pre-service Teachers

Sung, Y.-H., & Jeong, Y. (2019) · Universal Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.13189/ujer.2019.071507 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Imagineering Learning With Logical Problem Solving

Kanoknitanunt, P., Nilsook, P., & Wannapiroon, P. (2021) · Journal of Education and Learning · doi:10.5539/jel.v10n3p112 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Fostering Computational Thinking and Social-emotional Skills in Children with ADHD and/or ASD: a Scoping Review

Oswald, C., Paleczek, L., Maitz, K., Husny, M., & Gasteiger‐Klicpera, B. (2023) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-023-00369-3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Cartoonimator: A Low-cost, Paper-based Animation Kit for Computational Thinking

Ranjan, K., Gyory, P., Rivera, M. L., & Do, E. Y.-L. (2023) · ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC) · doi:10.1145/3585088.3593886 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

STEAM Integration and Engineering

Alkhatib, O. J. (2025) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-7408-5.ch015 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

A Framework for Educational Robotics in Kindergarten

Mich, O., Ghislandi, P., Massa, P., Mardare, V., Bisutti, T., & Giacomozzi, D. (2021) · International Journal of Digital Literacy and Digital Competence · doi:10.4018/ijdldc.287624 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Exploring Interactions Between Computational and Critical Thinking in Model-Eliciting Activities Through Epistemic Network Analysis

Carmona, G., Tohen, B. G., & Medina, G. M. (2022) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-93859-8_23 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Exploring students’ mathematical computational thinking ability in solving pythagorean theorem problems

Nurwita, F., Kusumah, Y. S., & Priatna, N. (2022) · Al-Jabar Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika · doi:10.24042/ajpm.v13i2.12496 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

College of education students’ perceptions of their computational thinking proficiency

Gasaymeh, A.-M. M., & Almohtadi, R. (2024) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2024.1478666 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Creating Computational Thinkers for the Artificial Intelligence Era—Catalyzing the Process through Educational Technology

Tlili, A., Burgos, D., & Looi, C. ‐. (2023) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.30191/ets.202304_26(2).0007 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Developing Computational Thinking in Early Ages: A Review of the code.org Platform

Barradas, R., Lencastre, J. A., Soares, S., & Valente, A. L. G. (2020) · International Conference on Computer Supported Education · doi:10.5220/0009576801570168 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

A systematic review of integrating computational thinking in early childhood education

Su, J., & Yang, W. (2023) · Computers and Education Open · doi:10.1016/j.caeo.2023.100122 · Cited by 174 · see citing works

Beyond the Lab

Lin, V. J., & Shaer, O. (2016) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/2851581.2851589 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

Developing Computational Thinking: Approaches and Orientations in K-12 Education

Bocconi, S., Chioccariello, A., Dettori, G., Ferrari, A., Engelhardt, K., Kampylis, P., & Punie, Y. (2016) · EdMedia: World Conference on Educational Media and Technology · Cited by 36 · see citing works