Sampling devices for indoor allergen exposure: pros and cons
Open accessAbstract
Purpose of review To review current indoor allergen sampling devices, including devices to measure allergen in reservoir and airborne dust, and personal sampling devices, with attention to sampling rationale and major indoor allergen size and characteristics.Recent findings While reservoir dust vacuuming samples and airborne dust volumetric air sampling remain popular techniques, recent literature describes sampling using furnace filters and ion-charging devices, both which help to eliminate the need for trained staff; however, variable correlation with reservoir dust and volumetric air sampling has been described. Personal sampling devices include intra-nasal samples and personal volumetric air samples. While these devices may offer better estimates of breathable allergens, they are worn for short periods of time and can be cumbersome. Reservoir dust sampling is inexpensive and is possible for families to perform. Airborne dust sampling can be more expensive and may better quantify cat, dog, and mouse allergen exposure. Personal sampling devices may offer a better representation of breathable air.
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Cat allergens are 2-10 microns in size, attach to small particles, and are easily airborne.
“Cat allergens are 2–10 microns in size, associate with small particles, and are readily airborne (18, 19).”
From Indoor Allergen Interventions in Homes and Schools for Managing Asthma (2025) · cites this paper as [19]
The Introduction’s “Particle Size and Characteristics of Major Indoor Allergens” section says the major cat allergen, Fel d 1, tends to associate with small particles and can remain airborne for extended periods. It defines small particles as ≤10 μm, but does not give a 2–10 μm range for cat allergens. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEven very low exposure to cat dander, saliva, or urine can trigger asthma symptoms in cat-sensitive individuals.
“Even minimal exposure with cat dander, saliva, or urine—whether at home, schools, or workplaces—can provoke asthma symptoms in individuals sensitive to cats (19, 20, 21).”
From Indoor Allergen Interventions in Homes and Schools for Managing Asthma (2025) · cites this paper as [19]
The Introduction links indoor allergen exposure to asthma symptoms, and its Cat subsection says cat allergen occurs in skin and salivary glands and is found in homes, schools, and workplaces. It does not establish that minimal exposure provokes symptoms in cat-sensitive people or identify cat urine as a source. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDog allergens are associated with small particles (2-15 μm) that can stay airborne for long periods.
“Like cat allergens, dog allergens are linked to small particles (2–15 μm) that can remain airborne for long periods (19,26,27,28,29).”
From Indoor Allergen Interventions in Homes and Schools for Managing Asthma (2025) · cites this paper as [19]
The Introduction’s “Dog” subsection says the major dog allergen Can f 1 tends to be carried on small particles and remains airborne for long periods. It does not give the claimed 2–15 μm range; the preceding particle-size discussion defines small particles as ≤10 μm. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCan f 1 is the main dog allergen and is present in dog hair, dander, and saliva.
“Can f 1 is the primary allergen associated with dogs and is found in dog hair, dander, and saliva.”
From Indoor Allergen Interventions in Homes and Schools for Managing Asthma (2025) · cites this paper as [19]
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Paracha, A., Magzamen, S., & Hamlington, K. L. (2026) · Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.iac.2026.08.009
- Authors
- Grant, T., Rule, A. M., Koehler, K., Wood, R. A., & Matsui, E. C.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Corresponding author
- Matsui, Elizabeth C.
- Venue
- Current Allergy and Asthma Reports
- Published
- 2019-01
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 9-9
- ISSN
- 1529-7322 (ISSN-L)
- 1534-6315
- PMC
- PMC10371220
- OpenAlex
- W2913763684
- Cited by
- 17
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 0.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Current Allergy and Asthma Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Sanofi
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals
- Aimmune Therapeutics
- Astellas Pharma
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P2CHD042849)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Immunology and Allergy › Allergic Rhinitis and Sensitization
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Asthma and respiratory diseases
- Keywords
- indoor allergens, indoor air quality, airborne dust, house dust mite allergens, cat allergen, dog allergen, mouse allergen, inhalation exposure
- MeSH terms
- Allergens, Animals, Humans, Air Pollution, Indoor
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