Indoor allergens in school and day care environments
Open accessAbstract
Most studies that have examined exposure to indoor allergens have focused on home environments. However, allergen exposures can be encountered in environments other than the home. For example, many children spend a large part of their time in schools and day care facilities. Over the past 2 decades, a large number of studies have been conducted in school and day care environments. However, the role of indoor exposures in allergy and asthma development or morbidity in these settings is not well characterized. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the importance of indoor allergen exposures in school and day care settings. We summarize the key findings from recent scientific literature, describe exposure characteristics, discuss the role of these exposures in relation to asthma and allergy symptoms, and provide information on the effectiveness of published interventions.
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Can f 1 is the main dog allergen and is present in dog hair, dander, and saliva.
“Can f 1 is the primary allergen associated with dogs and is found in dog hair, dander, and saliva.”
From Indoor Allergen Interventions in Homes and Schools for Managing Asthma (2025) · cites this paper as [27]
The Study designs and exposure assessment section identifies Can f 1 as a dog allergen, and a title listed in the References calls it a major dog allergen. The copy does not state that Can f 1 is found in dog hair, dander, or saliva; its discussion of hair concerns the transfer of pet allergens on human hair. Page numbers are unavailable in the indexed copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDog allergens are associated with small particles (2-15 μm) that can stay airborne for long periods.
“Like cat allergens, dog allergens are linked to small particles (2–15 μm) that can remain airborne for long periods (19,26,27,28,29).”
From Indoor Allergen Interventions in Homes and Schools for Managing Asthma (2025) · cites this paper as [27]
The “Study designs and exposure assessment” section says pet allergens are carried on smaller particles and remain airborne for longer periods; its example is cat allergen. This supports the general point about dog allergens as pet allergens, but the paper does not give the claimed 2–15 μm particle-size range. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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Ramratnam, S. K., Bacharier, L. B., & Guilbert, T. W. (2017) · The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology In Practice · doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2017.04.031 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Sensitization and Exposure to Pets: The Effect on Asthma Morbidity in the US Population
Gergen, P. J., Mitchell, H. E., Calatroni, A., Sever, M. L., Cohn, R. D., Salo, P. M., Thorne, P. S., & Zeldin, D. C. (2018) · The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice · doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2017.05.019 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citationvan Hage, M., Käck, U., Asarnoj, A., & Konradsen, J. R. (2023) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2023.03.003 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Characteristics of patients with allergic rhinitis in an outpatient clinic: A retrospective study
Alexandropoulos, T., Haidich, A.-B., Pilalas, D., Dardavessis, T., Daniilidis, M., & Arvanitidou, M. (2013) · Allergologia et Immunopathologia · doi:10.1016/j.aller.2011.12.008 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Sampling devices for indoor allergen exposure: pros and cons
Grant, T., Rule, A. M., Koehler, K., Wood, R. A., & Matsui, E. C. (2019) · Current Allergy and Asthma Reports · doi:10.1007/s11882-019-0833-y · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Indoor Allergen Interventions in Homes and Schools for Managing Asthma
Beheshti, R., Phipatanakul, W., DiMango, E., & Grant, T. L. (2025) · The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice · doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2025.04.027 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- Salo, P. M., Sever, M. L., & Zeldin, D. C.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zeldin, Darryl C.
- Venue
- Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-08
- Volume
- 124
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 185-192.e9
- ISSN
- 0091-6749 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2749571
- OpenAlex
- W1991451888
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 1.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Z01ES025041)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Asthma and respiratory diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Immunology and Allergy › Allergic Rhinitis and Sensitization
- Keywords
- indoor allergens, school environment, daycare centers, allergen exposure, childhood asthma, allergy, asthma morbidity, children's environmental exposure
- MeSH terms
- Allergens, Animals, Cats, Child, Child Day Care Centers, Dogs, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Monitoring, Humans, Hypersensitivity, Schools, Air Pollution, Indoor, Inhalation Exposure, Epidemiological Monitoring
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