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Cited by 129Fatty Acid Research and HealthLipoproteins and Cardiovascular HealthParaoxonase enzyme and polymorphisms

New Insights into Mechanisms of Action for Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Atherothrombotic Cardiovascular Disease

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Preston Mason, R.·2019·Current Atherosclerosis Reports
DOI 10.1007/s11883-019-0762-1PMC PMC6330561
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Abstract

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Treatment of hypercholesterolemia with statins results in significant reductions in cardiovascular risk; however, individuals with well-controlled low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, but persistent high triglycerides (TG), remain at increased risk. Genetic and epidemiologic studies have shown that elevated fasting TG levels are associated with incident cardiovascular events. At effective doses, omega-3 fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), lower TG levels but may have additional atheroprotective properties compared to other TG-lowering therapies such as niacin and fibrates. The purpose of this review is to evaluate mechanisms related to the potential benefits of omega-3 fatty acids in atherothrombotic disease. RECENT FINDINGS: Large randomized clinical trials are currently under way to test the cardiovascular benefits of omega-3 fatty acids at a pharmacologic dosage (4 g/day). A large randomized trial with a prescription EPA-only formulation was shown to reduce a composite of cardiovascular events by 25% in statin-treated patients with established cardiovascular disease or diabetes and other CV risk factors. EPA and DHA have distinct tissue distributions as well as disparate effects on membrane structure and lipid dynamics, rates of lipid oxidation, and signal transduction pathways. Compared to other TG-lowering therapies, EPA has been found to inhibit cholesterol crystal formation, inflammation, and oxidative modification of atherogenic lipoprotein particles. The anti-inflammatory and endothelial benefits of EPA are enhanced in combination with a statin. Omega-3 fatty acids like EPA only at a pharmacologic dose reduce fasting TG and interfere with mechanisms of atherosclerosis that results in reduced cardiovascular events. Additional mechanistic trials will provide further insights into their role in reducing cardiovascular risk in subjects with well-managed LDL-C but elevated TG levels.

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  • Proposed non-lipid lowering mechanisms for icosapent ethyl include anti-inflammatory, anti-arrhythmic, and anti-platelet properties.

    “Proposed non-lipid lowering mechanisms for icosapent ethyl include anti-inflammatory, anti-arrhythmic, and anti-platelet properties.49”

    From Association Between Triglyceride Lowering and Reduction of Cardiovascular Risk Across Multiple Lipid-Lowering Therapeutic Classes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2019) · cites this paper as [49]

    The paper identifies icosapent ethyl as a purified EPA preparation. In “Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Atherothrombotic Disease” (page unavailable), it reports reduced inflammatory markers with prescription EPA; Table 2 in “Distinct Roles of EPA and DHA in Cellular Function and Atherosclerosis” (page unavailable) lists reduced platelet activation. It does not propose an anti-arrhythmic mechanism: its REDUCE-IT discussion instead reports a higher rate of hospitalization for atrial fibrillation or flutter with EPA. (LLM, conf=0.87)

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Authors
Preston Mason, R.
Venue
Current Atherosclerosis Reports
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2019-01
Volume
21
Issue
1
Pages
2-2
ISSN
  • 1523-3804 (ISSN-L)
  • 1534-6242
DOI
10.1007/s11883-019-0762-1
PMC
PMC6330561
OpenAlex
W2909635584
Cited by
129
References
15
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 13 · 2015: 2
FWCI
3.06
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Current Atherosclerosis Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Paraoxonase enzyme and polymorphisms
Keywords
omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, hypertriglyceridemia, atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease, triglyceride-lowering therapy, statin combination therapy, lipoprotein oxidation, inflammation, endothelial function, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular risk reduction
MeSH terms
Cell Membrane, Coronary Thrombosis, Docosahexaenoic Acids, Humans, Hypercholesterolemia, Cholesterol, LDL, Niacin, Fenofibrate, Risk Factors, Triglycerides, Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Hypertriglyceridemia, Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors, Endothelial Cells, Atherosclerosis

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