Eicosapentaenoic acid reduces membrane fluidity, inhibits cholesterol domain formation, and normalizes bilayer width in atherosclerotic-like model membranes
Open accessAbstract
Cholesterol crystalline domains characterize atherosclerotic membranes, altering vascular signaling and function. Omega-3 fatty acids reduce membrane lipid peroxidation and subsequent cholesterol domain formation. We evaluated non-peroxidation-mediated effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), other TG-lowering agents, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and other long-chain fatty acids on membrane fluidity, bilayer width, and cholesterol domain formation in model membranes. In membranes prepared at 1.5:1 cholesterol-to-phospholipid (C/P) mole ratio (creating pre-existing domains), EPA, glycyrrhizin, arachidonic acid, and alpha linolenic acid promoted the greatest reductions in cholesterol domains (by 65.5%, 54.9%, 46.8%, and 45.2%, respectively) compared to controls; other treatments had modest effects. EPA effects on cholesterol domain formation were dose-dependent. In membranes with 1:1 C/P (predisposing domain formation), DHA, but not EPA, dose-dependently increased membrane fluidity. DHA also induced cholesterol domain formation without affecting temperature-induced changes in-bilayer unit cell periodicity relative to controls (d-space; 57Å-55Å over 15-30°C). Together, these data suggest simultaneous formation of distinct cholesterol-rich ordered domains and cholesterol-poor disordered domains in the presence of DHA. By contrast, EPA had no effect on cholesterol domain formation and produced larger d-space values relative to controls (60Å-57Å; p<0.05) over the same temperature range, suggesting a more uniform maintenance of lipid dynamics despite the presence of cholesterol. These data indicate that EPA and DHA had different effects on membrane bilayer width, membrane fluidity, and cholesterol crystalline domain formation; suggesting omega-3 fatty acids with differing chain length or unsaturation may differentially influence membrane lipid dynamics and structural organization as a result of distinct phospholipid/sterol interactions.
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A broad literature examining effects of EPA vs EPA/DHA at molecular, cellular, imaging, and clinical endpoint levels suggests more robust benefit with purified EPA rather than mixed EPA/DHA.
“a broad literature examining effects of EPA vs EPA/DHA at the molecular and cellular levels,39, 40, 41, 42 their effects at the level of atherosclerotic plaque quantifiable with clinical imaging,8 and their effects at the clinical endpoint level evidenced in the RCT literature reviewed here, all suggest more robust benefit with purified EPA rather than mixed EPA/DHA.”
From Effects of Eicosapentaenoic Acid vs Eicosapentaenoic/Docosahexaenoic Acids on Cardiovascular Mortality (2025) · cites this paper as [42]
Multiple epidemiological and genetic analyses have demonstrated an independent association between elevated triglycerides and increased cardiovascular risk.
“Multiple epidemiological and genetic analyses have demonstrated an independent association with increased cardiovascular risk (14)”
From Effects of Icosapent Ethyl on Total Ischemic Events (2019) · cites this paper as [18]
EPA and DHA interact with cellular membranes in different ways.
“EPA and DHA interact differently with cellular membranes”
From Cardiovascular Impact of Nutritional Supplementation With Omega-3 Fatty Acids (2021) · cites this paper as [27]
EPA prevents lipid oxidation.
“prevents lipid oxidation”
From Cardiovascular Impact of Nutritional Supplementation With Omega-3 Fatty Acids (2021) · cites this paper as [27]
Compared with DHA, EPA has a more stable and extended structure.
“compared with DHA, EPA has a more stable, extended structure”
From Cardiovascular Impact of Nutritional Supplementation With Omega-3 Fatty Acids (2021) · cites this paper as [27]
EPA promotes membrane stability.
“promotes membrane stability”
From Cardiovascular Impact of Nutritional Supplementation With Omega-3 Fatty Acids (2021) · cites this paper as [27]
EPA inhibits inflammation.
“inhibits inflammation”
From Cardiovascular Impact of Nutritional Supplementation With Omega-3 Fatty Acids (2021) · cites this paper as [27]
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“As EPA incorporates into the mitochondrial membranes [32], it is easy to infer that EPA supplementation also enables the damaged mitochondria to be easily degraded and/or reduces the demand for mitophagy.”
BackgroundResultBehavior of the DPH fluorescence probe in membranes perturbed by drugs
Poojari, C., Wilkosz, N., Lira, R. B., Dimova, R., Jurkiewicz, P., Petka, R., Kępczyński, M., & Róg, T. (2019) · Chemistry and Physics of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2019.104784 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“Other examples include the reorganization of cholesterolrich bilayers due to the addition of polyunsaturated fatty acids (Mason et al., 2016), α-synuclein peptides (Pirc and Ulrih, 2015), and interactions of amyloid β-peptide with lipid bilayers (Suzuki and Miura, 2015), interactions of dendrimers with artificial bila…”
BackgroundSherratt, S. C. R., & Mason, R. P. (2018) · Chemistry and Physics of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2018.01.002 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationEPA and DHA containing phospholipids have contrasting effects on membrane structure
Sherratt, S. C. R., Juliano, R. A., Copland, C., Bhatt, D. L., Libby, P., & Mason, R. P. (2021) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100106 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“Previous studies also show that adding even unesterified DHA to membranes increased membrane fluidity in a dose-dependent manner in contrast to EPA (3).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationMiyauchi, K., Iwata, H., Nishizaki, Y., Inoue, T., Hirayama, A., Kimura, K., Ozaki, Y., Murohara, T., Ueshima, K., Kuwabara, Y., et al. (2024) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.123.065520 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Dahik, V. D., Frisdal, É., & Goff, W. L. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21155505 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“EPA notably did so despite temperature and Chol content changes, revealing more consistent effects [135].”
BackgroundMason, R. P., Dawoud, H., Jacob, R. F., Sherratt, S. C. R., & Maliñski, T. (2018) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.118 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationPrescription omega-3 fatty acid products containing highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
Brinton, E. A., & Mason, R. P. (2017) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-017-0415-8 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
“These differences suggest that EPA may have net atheroprotective effects on cell membranes under diseaselike conditions not available with DHA [97].”
BackgroundSelf-citationPotential benefits of eicosapentaenoic acid on atherosclerotic plaques
Nelson, J. R., Wani, O. R., May, H. T., & Budoff, M. J. (2017) · Vascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.vph.2017.02.004 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
EPA and DHA differentially modulate membrane elasticity in the presence of cholesterol
Jacobs, M. L., Faizi, H. A., Peruzzi, J. A., Vlahovska, P. M., & Kamat, N. P. (2021) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2021.04.009 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“We chose to incorporate FFAs into vesicles by premixing themwith phospholipids in a chloroform solution before vesicle assembly (45) instead of adding them to preformed vesicles, as has typically been done (18).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialTriglyceride and Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins in Atherosclerosis
Zhang, B., Yin, F., Qiao, Y.-N., & Guo, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences · doi:10.3389/fmolb.2022.909151 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Sherratt, S. C. R., Juliano, R. A., & Mason, R. P. (2020) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183254 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationMéndez, L., & Medina, I. (2021) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules26092438 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“EPA and DHA are incorporated in many parts of the body, including cell membranes, altering their fluidity and viscosity [26].”
BackgroundDo patients benefit from omega-3 fatty acids?
Sherratt, S. C. R., Mason, R. P., Libby, P., Steg, P. G., & Bhatt, D. L. (2023) · Cardiovascular Research · doi:10.1093/cvr/cvad188 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“141 Membranes in this study were prepared at 50 mol% cholesterol to reproduce physiologic conditions of the plasma membrane.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationCardiovascular Impact of Nutritional Supplementation With Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Weinberg, R. L., Brook, R. D., Rubenfire, M., & Eagle, K. A. (2021) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.060 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
New Therapies for Lowering Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins
Rosenson, R. S., Shaik, A., & Song, W. (2021) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.08.051 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Do Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoic Acid Have the Potential to Compete against Each Other?
Pal, A., Metherel, A. H., Fiabane, L., Buddenbaum, N., Bazinet, R. P., & Shaikh, S. R. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12123718 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“DHA, unlike EPA, appears to modify the size of cholesterol-rich domains in biomimetic membranes and cells [66,67].”
BackgroundGaba, P., Bhatt, D. L., Steg, P. G., Miller, M., Brinton, E. A., Jacobson, T. A., Ketchum, S. B., Juliano, R. A., Jiao, L., Doyle, R. T., et al. (2022) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2022.02.035 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Dietary and Pharmacological Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular Health
Wu, H., Xu, L., & Ballantyne, C. M. (2020) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgz174 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Sherratt, S. C. R., & Mason, R. P. (2018) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.01.062 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationSherratt, S. C. R., Dawoud, H., Bhatt, D. L., Maliñski, T., & Mason, R. P. (2021) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2021.102337 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationZanetti, M., Cappellari, G. G., Barbetta, D., Semolic, A., & Barazzoni, R. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9080895 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Human studies have shown that n-3 PUFA status in body tissues reflects oral intake [19] and that following incorporation in biological membranes, n-3 PUFA specifically activate cardiovascular protective signaling pathways [20], resulting in increased NO production [21], reduced oxidative stress [18,22] and blunted inf…”
BackgroundO’Connell, T. D., Mason, R. P., Budoff, M. J., Návar, A. M., & Shearer, G. C. (2020) · European Heart Journal Supplements · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/suaa115 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“These differences in membrane interactions with DHA are consistent with the rapid isomerization or conformational changes over a nanoscale time frame.(18,19,21,24,26) In a more recent study, the antioxidant effects of EPA in small dense low density lipoprotein (sdLDL) and membranes were compared to other long-chain fa…”
BackgroundSelf-citationEPA’s pleiotropic mechanisms of action: a narrative review
Nelson, J. R., Budoff, M. J., Wani, O. R., Le, V. T., Patel, D. K., Nelson, A., & Nemiroff, R. L. (2021) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.1080/00325481.2021.1921491 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“elevated cholesterol, indicating that it has a direct effect on membrane lipid structure under disease-like conditions [102].”
BackgroundLiu, R., Qiao, S., Shen, W., Liu, Y., Lu, Y., Huang, L., Guo, Z., Gong, J., Shui, G., Li, Y., et al. (2020) · Journal of Crohn s and Colitis · doi:10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa086 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Yang, T., Yi, J., He, Y., Zhang, J., Li, X., Ke, S., Xia, L., & Liu, L. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14173608 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Chapman, M. J., & Mason, R. P. (2022) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108237 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationSherratt, S. C. R., Libby, P., Bhatt, D. L., & Mason, R. P. (2022) · Prostaglandins Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids · doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102450 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationOmega-3 fatty acid and cardiovascular outcomes: insights from recent clinical trials
Jia, X., Kohli, P., & Virani, S. S. (2019) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-019-0763-0 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Yasuzawa, T., Nakamura, T., Ueshima, S., & Mima, A. (2021) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2021/2182225 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Drenjančević, I., & Pitha, J. V. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23042104 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Glycyrrhizic Acid: A Natural Plant Ingredient as a Drug Candidate to Treat COVID-19
Sun, Z., He, G., Huang, N., Thilakavathy, K., Lim, J. C. W., Kumar, S. S., & Xiong, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.707205 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“There is evidence that GA can reduce the vascular endothelial cell membrane’s cholesterol domain while inhibiting platelet aggregation and thrombus formation (Francischetti et al., 1997; Mendes-Silva et al., 2003; Mason et al., 2016).”
BackgroundImpact of dietary n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio of atherosclerosis risk: A review
Cao, M., Yang, F., McClements, D. J., Guo, Y., Liu, R., Chang, M., Wei, W., Jin, J., & Wang, X. (2024) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2024.101289 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Omega-3 fatty acids for cardiovascular event lowering
Kaur, G., Mason, R. P., Steg, P. G., & Bhatt, D. L. (2024) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwae003 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationTong, H., Zhang, S., Shen, W., Chen, H., Salazar, C., Schneider, A. E., Rappold, A. G., Díaz-Sánchez, D., Devlin, R. B., & Samet, J. M. (2021) · Annals of the American Thoracic Society · doi:10.1513/annalsats.202107-767oc · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Omega-3-fatty acids: Do they prevent cardiovascular disease?
Mason, R. P., Sherratt, S. C. R., & Eckel, R. H. (2022) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2022.101681 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationOmega-3 Fatty Acids in Arterial Hypertension: Is There Any Good News?
Brosolo, G., Porto, A. D., Marcante, S., Picci, A., Capilupi, F., Capilupi, P., Bertin, N., Vivarelli, C., Bulfone, L., Vacca, A., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24119520 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Sublette, M. E., Daray, F. M., Ganança, L., & Shaikh, S. R. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02322-6 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“In particular, EPA, due to its chain length and unsaturation, exists in an extended conformation such that it resides more in the core of the membrane bilayer, which may render it as a prime scavenger of reactive oxygen species [178 – 181].”
Sherratt, S. C. R., Libby, P., Dawoud, H., Bhatt, D. L., & Mason, R. P. (2024) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.123.034076 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“19,23–30 In particular, EPA improved pulmonary endothelial function and eNOS coupling efficiency under conditions of inflammation caused by air pollution particulate matter.”
BackgroundSelf-citationDiversity of Lipid Function in Atherogenesis: A Focus on Endothelial Mechanobiology
Kotlyarov, S. N. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222111545 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Cardiovascular effects of omega-3 fatty acids: Hope or hype?
Jo, S., Han, S. H., Kim, S., Eckel, R. H., & Koh, K. K. (2021) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.02.014 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Xin, G., & Eshaghi, H. (2021) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.2598 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“…sk o f b ia s. and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) are incorporated into phospholipids of cell membrane, omega 3 inhibit CK leakage and other muscle damage indicators from cell membranes in peak hours after exercise with effects on fluidity of membrane (Hishikawa et al., 2017; Mason et al., 2016).”
BackgroundPolyunsaturated fatty acids and sepsis
Das, U. N. (2019) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2019.02.016 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Can pleiotropic effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) impact residual cardiovascular risk?
Nelson, J. R., True, W. S., Le, V., & Mason, R. P. (2017) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.1080/00325481.2017.1385365 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationOmega-3 and cardiovascular prevention – Is this still a choice?
Ruscica, M., Sirtori, C. R., Carugo, S., Calder, P. C., & Corsini, A. (2022) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106342 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Emerging Targets for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Diabetes
Stitziel, N. O., Kanter, J. E., & Bornfeldt, K. (2020) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2020.03.011 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The effects of molecular and nanoscopic additives on phospholipid membranes
Kumarage, T., Morris, N. B., & Ashkar, R. (2023) · Frontiers in Physics · doi:10.3389/fphy.2023.1251146 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Zinöcker, M., Svendsen, K., & Dankel, S. (2021) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa322 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The Road to Approval: a Perspective on the Role of Icosapent Ethyl in Cardiovascular Risk Reduction
Wang, X., Verma, S., Mason, R. P., & Bhatt, D. L. (2020) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-020-01343-7 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationMiller, M. J., Tokgözoğlu, L. S., Parhofer, K. G., Handelsman, Y., Leiter, L. A., Landmesser, U., Brinton, E. A., & Catapano, A. L. (2022) · Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy · doi:10.1080/14779072.2022.2103541 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Proposed pro-endothelial effects of EPA include increased NO production, improved FMD, and improved vascular function [75,76,78,80]; proposed anti-oxidant effects of EPA include inhibition of oxidation of apoB-containing lipoproteins such as sdLDL and reduced cholesterol-rich domain formation in atherosclerotic membra…”
BackgroundKapoor, K., Alfaddagh, A., Rifai, M. A., Bhatt, D. L., Budoff, M. J., Nasir, K., Miller, M. J., Welty, F. K., McEvoy, J. W., Dardari, Z., et al. (2021) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.121.021431 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Bhatt, R. D., Libby, P., Verma, S., Mason, R. P., & Bhatt, D. L. (2021) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2021.08.003 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationRecommendations for nutritional supplements for dry eye disease: current advances
Cong, Y., Zhang, Y., Han, Y., Wu, Y., Wang, D., & Zhang, B. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1388787 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Clinical significance of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases
Kotlyarov, S. N., & Котлярова, А. А. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.998291 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“to decrease membrane fluidity, inhibit cholesterol domain formation, and normalize bilayer width in atherosclerotic-like model membranes (116).”
BackgroundReview of recent clinical trials and their impact on the treatment of hypercholesterolemia
Parham, J. S., & Goldberg, A. C. (2022) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2022.11.011 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Özdemir, N. Ş., Parrish, C. C., Parzanini, C., & Mercier, A. (2019) · ICES Journal of Marine Science · doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsz054 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Peña-de-la-Sancha, P., Muñoz-García, A., Espinola-Zavaleta, N. G., Bautista‐Pérez, R., Mejía, A. M., Luna‐Luna, M., López‐Olmos, V., Rodrı́guez-Pérez, J. M., Fragoso, J. M., Carreón‐Torres, E., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24065390 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Polyunsaturated fatty acids are more fluid than monounsaturated or saturated fatty acids; consequently, the increase in n-3 content in HDLs may compromise the stability of the particle via the modification of its surface tension, which is fundamental for the metabolism and function of these lipoproteins [28,29].”
BackgroundTrivedi, K., Le, V. T., & Nelson, J. R. (2020) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.1080/00325481.2020.1783937 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“and lipid dynamics, rates of lipid oxidation, and cholesterol domains [32,40,112,113].”
BackgroundDjuricic, I. D., & Calder, P. C. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16070962 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“EPA may maintain intermolecular phospholipid packing constraints and preserve the even distribution of cholesterol in membranes, while DHA induces membrane phospholipid disorder, which causes cholesterol to self-aggregate [45,46].”
BackgroundControversies in the Use of Omega-3 Fatty Acids to Prevent Atherosclerosis
Quispe, R., Alfaddagh, A., Kazzi, B., Zghyer, F., Marvel, F. A., Blumenthal, R. S., Sharma, G., & Martin, S. S. (2022) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-022-01031-9 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Kalo, D., Reches, D., Neta, N., Komsky‐Elbaz, A., Zeron, Y., Moallem, U., & Roth, Z. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0265650 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“In-vitro culturing with docosahexaenoic acid was found to increase membrane fluidity in endothelial cells [71] and atherosclerotic-like model membranes [72].”
BackgroundDinu, M., Sofi, F., Lotti, S., Colombini, B., Mattioli, A. V., Catapano, A. L., Casula, M., Baragetti, A., Wong, N. D., Steg, P. G., et al. (2024) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwae184 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Le, V. T., Knight, S., Watrous, J. D., Najhawan, M., Dao, K., McCubrey, R. O., Bair, T. L., Horne, B. D., May, H. T., Muhlestein, J. B., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2023.1229130 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Beyond the differences between EPA and DHA in the membrane lipid layer (50), EPA and DHA molecules directly compete for incorporation into the cell membrane by differentially displacing omega-6 PUFAs, affecting downstream metabolites involved in the initiation and resolution of inflammation (46).”
BackgroundNath, L. R., Gowda, S. G. B., Roberts, T. H., Gowda, D., Khoddami, A., & Hui, S. (2024) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.4c05919 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Sherratt, S. C. R., Libby, P., Dawoud, H., Bhatt, D. L., Maliñski, T., & Mason, R. P. (2023) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114629 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationExploring the role and therapeutic potential of lipid metabolism in acute kidney injury
Zhang, X., Wu, W., Li, Y., & Peng, Z. (2024) · Renal Failure · doi:10.1080/0886022x.2024.2403652 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“…acid (ePA), a 20-carbon omega-3 fatty acid, has the potential to influence lipid metabolism, cell signal transduction, and gene expression [60]. ePA has been found to mitigate iR-induced renal fatty acid toxicity by relieving lysosomal dysfunction and promoting the transfer of fatty acids…”
BackgroundOmega-3 Eicosapentaenoic Acid Reduces Prostate Tumor Vascularity
Gevariya, N., Lachance, G., Robitaille, K., Beauparlant, C. J., Beaudoin, L., Fournier, É., Fradet, Y., Droit, A., Julien, P., Marette, A., et al. (2020) · Molecular Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0316 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Both EPA and DHA can be incorporated into cell membranes, modulating fluidity, hampering cell signaling pathways and thus inhibiting prostate cancer cell proliferation (8, 17, 18).”
BackgroundPedroni, V. I., Sierra, M. B., Alarcón, L. M., Verde, A. R., Appignanesi, G. A., & Morini, M. A. (2021) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183584 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Eicosapentaenoic acid vs. docosahexaenoic acid for the prevention of cardiovascular disease
Sweeney, T. E., Gaine, S. P., & Michos, E. D. (2023) · Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes & Obesity · doi:10.1097/med.0000000000000796 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Although it has been shown to lower circulating TG levels, studies in vitro suggest DHA promotes cholesterol crystal formation and destabilizes lipid membranes – both important steps in atherogenesis [12].”
BackgroundBrosolo, G., Porto, A. D., Marcante, S., Capilupi, F., Bertin, N., Vivarelli, C., Bulfone, L., Vacca, A., Catena, C., & Sechi, L. A. (2024) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.177107 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Is hypertriglyceridemia atherogenic?
Huet, F., Roubille, C., & Roubille, F. (2019) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0000000000000622 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“At the early stage of the plaque formation, OM3FA reduces endothelial dysfunction, increases nitric oxide availability, reduces the oxidized form of LDLc, and interferes with the migration of cells, such as monocytes, macrophages, and the formation of foam cells [34].”
Background<p>Spotlight on Icosapent Ethyl for Cardiovascular Risk Reduction: Evidence to Date</p>
Jia, X., Koh, S., Al Rifai, M., Blumenthal, R. S., & Virani, S. S. (2020) · Vascular Health and Risk Management · doi:10.2147/vhrm.s210149 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“which in turn imparts a protective effect against endothelial dysfunction.(31) Moreover, higher concentration of EPA”
BackgroundBridging ADHD and Metabolic Disorders: Insights into Shared Mechanisms and Clinical Implications
Marcelli, I., Capece, U., & Caturano, A. (2025) · Diabetology · doi:10.3390/diabetology6050040 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“An omega-3 enriched diet should be encouraged, as these nutrients not only confer cardiovascular benefits [153] but may also reduce impulsive behavior in ADHD patients [154] (Table 1).”
Strategies for chronic coronary disease: A brief guide for clinicians
Krittanawong, C., Khawaja, M., Virk, H. U. H., Escobar, J., Khalid, U., Birnbaum, Y., Lavie, C. J., Sharma, S. K., Jneid, H. M., Rao, S. V., et al. (2024) · npj Cardiovascular Health · doi:10.1038/s44325-024-00006-w · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Mason, R. P., Sherratt, S. C. R., & Eckel, R. H. (2022) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155161 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationPotential Mechanisms by Which Hydroxyeicosapentaenoic Acids Regulate Glucose Homeostasis in Obesity
Shaikh, S. R., Virk, R., & Dyke, T. E. V. (2022) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmac073 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Genetic- and diet-induced ω-3 fatty acid enrichment enhances TRPV4-mediated vasodilation in mice
Caires, R., Garrud, T. A. C., Romero, L. O., Fernández‐Peña, C., Vásquez, V., Jaggar, J. H., & Cordero-Morales, J. F. (2022) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111306 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Lipid membranes highly enriched in ω -3 PUFAs have distinct mechanical properties, such as increased disorder and low bending stiffness (Caires et al., 2017; Mason et al., 2016; Romero et al., 2019).”
Gonzalez, D. E., Dickerson, B. L., Roberts, B. M., Kurtz, J. A., Waldman, H. S., Gonzalez, A. M., McAllister, M. J., Heileson, J. L., Bloomer, R. J., Arent, S. M., et al. (2026) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2026.2629828 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Mohajeri, M., & Cicero, A. F. G. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15030738 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Several studies reported that omega-3 fatty acids could reduce cardiovascular disease risk via several mechanisms, including improving vascular function [52].”
BackgroundNatural Products as a Potential Source of Promising Therapeutics for COVID‐19 and Viral Diseases
Bafandeh, S., Khodadadi, E., Ganbarov, K., Asgharzadeh, M., Köse, Ş., & Kafil, H. S. (2023) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2023/5525165 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Capece, U., Gugliandolo, S., Morciano, C., Avolio, A., Splendore, A., Giuseppe, G. D., Ciccarelli, G., Soldovieri, L., Brunetti, M., Mezza, T., et al. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16244318 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Moreover, their interaction with membrane cholesterol presents disparities in an experimental model: under low-cholesterol conditions, both EPA and DHA reduce the energy associated with membrane stretching; when cholesterol increases, EPA increases this parameter, while DHA does not [15].”
Vieira, H. C., Ramirez, M. M. B., Bordalo, M. D., Rodrigues, A. C. M., Soares, A. M. V. M., de Abreu, S. N., Morgado, F. M. R., & Osten, J. R. (2021) · Exposure and Health · doi:10.1007/s12403-021-00388-7 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Kapoor, K., Alfaddagh, A., Stone, N. J., & Blumenthal, R. S. (2021) · Journal of clinical lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2021.06.004 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Mechanism of action of glycyrrhizin against Plasmodium falciparum
Soeiro, M. D. N. C., Vergoten, G., & Bailly, C. (2021) · Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz · doi:10.1590/0074-02760210084 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Meta-analysis Comparing Combined Use of Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Statin to Statin Alone
Doshi, R. P., Kumar, A., Thakkar, S. J., Shariff, M., Adalja, D., Doshi, A., Taha, M., Gupta, R., Desai, R., Shah, J., et al. (2019) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.10.009 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Sherratt, S. C. R., Villeneuve, P., Durand, E., & Mason, R. P. (2018) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes · doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.12.016 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociation of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid intake with leukocyte telomere length in US males
Seo, B., Yang, K., He, K., Qureshi, A. A., Chan, A. T., Vivo, I. D., Cho, E., Giovannucci, E. L., & Nan, H. (2022) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqac263 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mason, R. P., Jacob, R. F., Shrivastava, S., Sherratt, S. C. R., & Chattopadhyay, A.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Mason, R. Preston
- Venue
- Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-12
- Volume
- 1858
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 3131-3140
- ISSN
- 0005-2736 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2527894800
- Cited by
- 179
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8
- FWCI
- 5.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Amarin Pharma
- Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Lipid Membrane Structure and Behavior
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
- Keywords
- eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, omega-3 fatty acids, membrane fluidity, atherosclerosis, model membranes, cholesterol/phospholipid ratio, lipid peroxidation, long-chain fatty acids, glycyrrhizin, arachidonic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, lipid dynamics
- MeSH terms
- Cholesterol, Docosahexaenoic Acids, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Humans, Lipid Bilayers, Membrane Fluidity, Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Atherosclerosis
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