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Cited by 95Lipid Membrane Structure and BehaviorFatty Acid Research and HealthLipid metabolism and biosynthesis

Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid have distinct membrane locations and lipid interactions as determined by X-ray diffraction

Open access
Sherratt, Samuel C.R., Mason, R. Preston·2018·Chemistry and Physics of Lipids
DOI 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2018.01.002
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Abstract

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) differentially influence lipid oxidation, signal transduction, fluidity, and cholesterol domain formation, potentially due in part to distinct membrane interactions. We used small angle X-ray diffraction to evaluate the EPA and DHA effects on membrane structure. Membrane vesicles composed of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) and cholesterol (C) (0.3C:POPC mole ratio) were prepared and treated with vehicle, EPA, or DHA (1:10 mol ratio to POPC). Electron density profiles generated from the diffraction data showed that EPA increased membrane hydrocarbon core electron density over a broad area, up to ± 20 Å from the membrane center, indicating an energetically favorable extended orientation for EPA likely stabilized by van der Waals interactions. By contrast, DHA increased electron density in the phospholipid head group region starting at ± 12 Å from the membrane center, presumably due to DHA-surface interactions, with coincident reduction in electron density in the membrane hydrocarbon core centered ± 7-9 Å from the membrane center. The membrane width (d-space) decreased by 5 Å in the presence of vehicle as the temperature increased from 10 °C to 30 °C due to increased acyl chain trans-gauche isomerizations, which was unaffected by addition of EPA or DHA. The influence of DHA on membrane structure was modulated by temperature changes while the interactions of EPA were unaffected. The contrasting EPA and DHA effects on membrane structure indicate distinct molecular locations and orientations that may contribute to observed differences in biological activity.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

Small-angle X-ray diffraction of POPC/cholesterol model membranes shows that EPA and DHA have distinct membrane locations and lipid interactions. EPA increases hydrocarbon-core electron density, whereas DHA increases headgroup-region electron density with a coincident reduction in the hydrocarbon core.

Key findings

  • EPA increased membrane hydrocarbon-core electron density over a broad area: ±15 Å from the membrane center at 20 °C and 30 °C, and ±20 Å at 10 °C; these changes were consistent across all temperatures tested.
  • DHA increased electron density starting at ±12 Å from the membrane center and extending to the surface, with a coincident reduction in hydrocarbon-core electron density centered at ±7–9 Å from the center. DHA effects were more temperature-dependent, decreasing at higher temperature.
  • Membrane d-space decreased by 5 Å in vehicle-treated membranes as temperature increased from 10 °C to 30 °C, from 59 Å to 55 Å, due to increased acyl-chain trans-gauche isomerizations; this was unaffected by EPA or DHA. Table 1 reports control d-space (intrabilayer width) values of 59 (44) Å at 10 °C, 57 (42) Å at 20 °C, and 55 (41) Å at 30 °C; EPA values were 60 (44), 56 (42), and 55 (41) Å; DHA values were 59 (44), 56 (42), and 54 (41) Å.
  • The authors propose EPA adopts an extended orientation in the hydrocarbon core parallel to surrounding acyl chains, while DHA interacts more with the phospholipid headgroup region, likely due to rapid conformational changes.

Methods

  • Model membranes were composed of POPC and cholesterol at a 0.3:1 cholesterol-to-phospholipid mole ratio and treated with vehicle, EPA, or DHA at a 1:10 omega-3 fatty acid-to-phospholipid mole ratio. Multilamellar vesicles were prepared in diffraction buffer (0.5 mM HEPES, 154 mM NaCl, pH 7.3) at 2.5 mg/mL phospholipid, oriented by centrifugation, and incubated at 74% relative humidity.
  • Small-angle X-ray diffraction was performed at 10 °C, 20 °C, and 30 °C using a CuKα X-ray beam and a one-dimensional position-sensitive detector located 150 mm from the sample. Membrane d-space was calculated by Bragg’s Law, and Fourier transformation generated time-averaged electron density profiles; phasing used a hydration/swelling analysis, with crystalline cholesterol monohydrate for detector calibration.

Limitations

  • The paper states that these experiments were conducted using a model membrane study, and further study is needed to elucidate how these distinct lipid interactions influence function in biological membranes from different tissues.
  • The paper states that POPC lipids with relatively short fatty acid chain lengths were used, and membranes containing longer acyl chains may produce differential effects on the location of EPA and DHA.
  • Evident from the text: only one lipid composition and cholesterol ratio, three temperatures, and relatively low PUFA concentrations (<3% by mass) were tested; no direct biological or functional outcomes were measured. The paper also notes that EPA conformational changes have not been well studied.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2018.01.002

Cites

34 of 34 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 41 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    In the presence of EPA, the increase in hydrocarbon core electron density extended to ±15 Å from the membrane center at 20 °C and 30 °C.

    “In the presence of EPA, the electron density associated with the membrane hydrocarbon core increased ± 15 Å from the center of the membrane at both 20° and 30° C, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: At the levels of PUFAs used, changes in electron density can be attributed to the additive electron density of the PUFAs and simultaneous effects on neighboring lipid molecules.
    • Rests on an assumption: The two peaks of electron density on either side of the centrosymmetric profile correspond to phospholipid head groups, while the minimum at the center is associated with terminal methylene segments of the phospholipid acyl chains.
  • Findingown data

    DHA caused a coincident reduction in electron density in the membrane hydrocarbon core centered at ±7-9 Å from the membrane center.

    “with coincident reduction in electron density in the membrane hydrocarbon core centered ± 7-9 Å from the membrane center”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: At the levels of PUFAs used, changes in electron density can be attributed to the additive electron density of the PUFAs and simultaneous effects on neighboring lipid molecules.
    • Rests on an assumption: The two peaks of electron density on either side of the centrosymmetric profile correspond to phospholipid head groups, while the minimum at the center is associated with terminal methylene segments of the phospholipid acyl chains.
  • Findingown data

    DHA increased electron density in the phospholipid head group region starting at ±12 Å from the membrane center.

    “DHA increased electron density in the phospholipid head group region starting at ± 12 Å from the membrane center”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: At the levels of PUFAs used, changes in electron density can be attributed to the additive electron density of the PUFAs and simultaneous effects on neighboring lipid molecules.
    • Rests on an assumption: The two peaks of electron density on either side of the centrosymmetric profile correspond to phospholipid head groups, while the minimum at the center is associated with terminal methylene segments of the phospholipid acyl chains.
  • Findingown data

    The temperature-induced decrease in membrane width was unaffected by addition of EPA or DHA.

    “which was unaffected by addition of EPA or DHA”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The temperature-induced decrease in membrane width is due to increased acyl chain trans-gauche isomerizations.
  • Findingreasoning

    Membrane width (d-space) decreased by 5 Å in vehicle-treated membranes as temperature increased from 10 °C to 30 °C.

    “The membrane width (d-space) decreased by 5 Å in the presence of vehicle as the temperature increased from 10 °C to 30 °C”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The temperature-induced decrease in membrane width is due to increased acyl chain trans-gauche isomerizations.
  • May combine two claims. 14
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 16

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The influence of DHA on membrane structure was modulated by temperature changes, while the interactions of EPA were unaffected by temperature.

    “The influence of DHA on membrane structure was modulated by temperature changes while the interactions of EPA were unaffected.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    At 10 °C, the EPA-induced increase in hydrocarbon core electron density extended to ±20 Å from the membrane center.

    “At 10° C, the electron density associated with the membrane hydrocarbon core was ± 20 Å from the center of the membrane”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: At the levels of PUFAs used, changes in electron density can be attributed to the additive electron density of the PUFAs and simultaneous effects on neighboring lipid molecules.
    • Rests on an assumption: The two peaks of electron density on either side of the centrosymmetric profile correspond to phospholipid head groups, while the minimum at the center is associated with terminal methylene segments of the phospholipid acyl chains.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    In all samples, we observed a large first order and smaller subsequent orders (maximum of four orders).

    “In all the samples, we observed a large first order and smaller subsequent orders (maximum of four orders).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    EPA allows cholesterol to remain evenly distributed within the membrane, a property essential for neuronal cell function, while DHA promotes formation of cholesterol-rich microdomains.

    “These findings suggest that EPA allows cholesterol to remain evenly distributed within the membrane, a property that is essential for neuronal cell function (Brzustowicz et al., 2002), while DHA promotes the formation of cholesterol-rich microdomains (Mason et al., 2016a).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Brzustowicz et al., 2002 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Mason et al., 2016a

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    EPA did not alter fluidity in membranes enriched with cholesterol and maintained cholesterol in its fluid (non-domain) state.

    “In contrast, EPA did not alter fluidity in membranes enriched with cholesterol and maintained cholesterol in its fluid (non-domain) state.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mason et al., 2016a

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Changes in membrane cholesterol content influence the conformation and packing constraints of adjacent phospholipid acyl chains, leading to increased membrane width.

    “changes in membrane cholesterol content influence the conformation and packing constraints of adjacent phospholipid acyl chains, leading to increased membrane width (Tulenko et al., 1998).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Tulenko et al., 1998 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The distinct interactions of DHA are likely due to rapid conformational changes associated with its chemical structure, compared to EPA which appears to have a more stable extended structure in the phospholipid bilayer.

    “The distinct interactions of DHA as measured in this study are likely due to rapid conformational changes associated with its chemical structure as compared to EPA which appears to have a more stable extended structure in the phospholipid bilayer environment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: At the levels of PUFAs used, changes in electron density can be attributed to the additive electron density of the PUFAs and simultaneous effects on neighboring lipid molecules.
    • Rests on an assumption: Conformational changes for EPA and DHA are facilitated by multiple double bonds with orientations influenced by their biological environment.
    • Rests on an assumption: Following insertion into the membrane, the rotational dynamics of omega-3 fatty acids are modulated by surrounding lipids, including phospholipid and cholesterol molecules.
    • Rests on an assumption: EPA conformational changes have not been well studied.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The contrasting EPA and DHA effects on membrane structure indicate distinct molecular locations and orientations that may contribute to observed differences in biological activity.

    “The contrasting EPA and DHA effects on membrane structure indicate distinct molecular locations and orientations that may contribute to observed differences in biological activity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    EPA and DHA interact with distinct regions of the membrane lipid bilayer: EPA associated with the hydrocarbon core while DHA interacted with the headgroup region.

    “EPA and DHA interact with distinct regions of the membrane lipid bilayer.EPA was associated with the hydrocarbon core while DHA interacted with the headgroup region.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: At the levels of PUFAs used, changes in electron density can be attributed to the additive electron density of the PUFAs and simultaneous effects on neighboring lipid molecules.
    • Rests on an assumption: The two peaks of electron density on either side of the centrosymmetric profile correspond to phospholipid head groups, while the minimum at the center is associated with terminal methylene segments of the phospholipid acyl chains.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The more rapid conformational changes for DHA may contribute to formation of cholesterol microdomains and to its preferential association with cholesterol-poor regions of the membrane, as compared to a more even lipid distribution with EPA.

    “Thus, the more rapid conformational changes for DHA may contribute to formation of cholesterol microdomains and to its preferential association with cholesterol poor regions of the membrane, as compared to an apparently more even lipid distribution with EPA (Soni et al., 2008;Wassall and Stillwell, 2008).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Soni et al., 2008 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Wassall and Stillwell, 2008

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: Following insertion into the membrane, the rotational dynamics of omega-3 fatty acids are modulated by surrounding lipids, including phospholipid and cholesterol molecules.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Cholesterol molecules have a rigid steroid ring structure with a long axis parallel to surrounding phospholipid acyl chains.

    “Such rapid conformational changes may reduce DHA interactions with cholesterol molecules, which have a rigid steroid ring structure with a long axis parallel to surrounding phospholipid acyl chains (Soni et al., 2008;Wassall and Stillwell, 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Soni et al., 2008 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Wassall and Stillwell, 2008

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    DHA-treated membranes increased membrane fluidity in a dose-dependent manner while simultaneously inducing formation of distinct cholesterol microdomains at various temperatures.

    “We previously demonstrated that DHA-treated membranes increased membrane fluidity in a dose-dependent manner (Mason et al., 2016a) while simultaneously inducing the formation of distinct cholesterol microdomains at various temperatures.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mason et al., 2016a

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    DHA is able to change conformations quickly (nanosecond time scale) in a membrane environment.

    “Previous studies have demonstrated that DHA is able to change conformations quickly (nanosecond time scale) in a membrane environment (Soubias and Gawrisch, 2007)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Soubias and Gawrisch, 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The presence of four diffraction orders was preserved at all temperatures and treatments.

    “The presence of the four diffraction orders was preserved at all temperatures and treatments.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In JELIS, purified EPA (1.8 g/day) was effective in preventing coronary artery disease in hypercholesterolemic patients also receiving statin treatment.

    “In the Japan EPA Lipid Intervention Study (JELIS), purified EPA (1.8 g/day) was effective in preventing coronary artery disease (CAD) in hypercholesterolemic patients also receiving statin treatment (Yokoyama et al., 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Yokoyama et al., 2007 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The distinct interactions of DHA are likely attributed to its rapid conformational changes.

    “likely attributed to its rapid conformational changes”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Conformational changes for EPA and DHA are facilitated by multiple double bonds with orientations influenced by their biological environment.
    • Rests on an assumption: Following insertion into the membrane, the rotational dynamics of omega-3 fatty acids are modulated by surrounding lipids, including phospholipid and cholesterol molecules.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Similar associations with cholesterol have been observed in membranes enriched with other PUFAs, including important changes in the orientation and location of the sterol molecule as determined by neutron diffraction.

    “Similar associations with cholesterol have been observed in membranes enriched with other PUFAs, including important changes in the orientation and location of the sterol molecule as determined by neutron diffraction (Brzustowicz et al., 2002;Kucerka et al., 2010;Kucerka et al., 2009).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Brzustowicz et al., 2002 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Kucerka et al., 2010 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Kucerka et al., 2009 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Available clinical evidence indicates that dietary consumption of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids correlates with reduced risk for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity.

    “Available clinical evidence indicates that dietary consumption of long-chain, omega-3 fatty acids correlates with reduced risk for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity (Daviglus et al., 1997;Mozaffarian and Wu, 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Daviglus et al., 1997 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Mozaffarian and Wu, 2011 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    EPA has various biological effects, including anti-inflammatory, decreased platelet aggregation, and lipid-lowering actions.

    “Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5; n-3) is a long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) that has been shown to have various biological effects, including anti-inflammatory, decreased platelet aggregation, and lipidlowering actions (Borow et al., 2015).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Borow et al., 2015 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Fourier transformation of collected X-ray diffraction data provides the time-averaged electron density distribution associated with the membrane lipid bilayer.

    “Fourier transformation of the collected X-ray diffraction data provides the time-averaged electron density distribution (distance, Å, versus electrons/Å 3 ) associated with the membrane lipid bilayer, as previously described (Mason et al., 1989).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mason et al., 1989 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    A measurement of crystalline cholesterol monohydrate was used to verify the detector calibration.

    “A measurement of crystalline cholesterol monohydrate was used to verify the detector calibration.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Omega-3 fatty acids are integrated into biological membranes including those in atherosclerotic plaque where they influence signal transduction pathways involved in atherogenesis.

    “Omega-3 fatty acids are integrated into biological membranes including those in the atherosclerotic plaque where they influence signal transduction pathways involved in atherogenesis (Calder, 2012;Mozaffarian and Wu, 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Calder, 2012 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Mozaffarian and Wu, 2011 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Intensity data at different relative humidities each with unique unit cell distances are used to assign an unambiguous phase combination to experimentally obtained structure factors.

    “Intensity data at different relative humidities each with unique unit cell distances are used to assign an unambiguous phase combination to the experimentally obtained structure factors.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Moody, 1963 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Mason et al., 1989 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    In the presence of cholesterol, EPA intercalates into the membrane with its long axis parallel to the phospholipid acyl chains, potentially allowing EPA to concentrate in endothelial and other membranes associated with atherosclerotic plaque.

    “The current experiments suggest that in the presence of cholesterol EPA intercalates into the membrane with its long axis parallel to the phospholipid acyl chains, potentially allowing EPA to concentrate in endothelial and other membranes associated with atherosclerotic plaque.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Conformational changes for EPA and DHA are facilitated by multiple double bonds with orientations influenced by their biological environment.
    • Rests on an assumption: Following insertion into the membrane, the rotational dynamics of omega-3 fatty acids are modulated by surrounding lipids, including phospholipid and cholesterol molecules.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    DHA influences membrane structure and has essential functions in nervous tissues where it is abundant.

    “Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6; n-3) is also a long-chain omega-3 fatty PUFA that influences membrane structure and has essential functions in nervous tissues where it is abundant (Innis, 2007;Uauy and Dangour, 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Innis, 2007 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Uauy and Dangour, 2006

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    EPA appears to maintain a primarily extended orientation in the hydrocarbon core surrounded by phospholipid acyl chains, while DHA had decreased presence within the hydrocarbon core and more interactions with the phospholipid head group structure.

    “EPA appears to maintain a primarily extended orientation in the hydrocarbon core surrounded by phospholipid acyl chains, while DHA had decreased presence within the hydrocarbon core and more interactions with the phospholipid head group structure”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: At the levels of PUFAs used, changes in electron density can be attributed to the additive electron density of the PUFAs and simultaneous effects on neighboring lipid molecules.
    • Rests on an assumption: The two peaks of electron density on either side of the centrosymmetric profile correspond to phospholipid head groups, while the minimum at the center is associated with terminal methylene segments of the phospholipid acyl chains.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    DHA effects have been well studied in neurological-related experiments, while EPA has direct vascular effects characterized in cellular and animal models of atherosclerosis leading to reduced inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, as well as improved plaque stabilization.

    “It is interesting that DHA effects have been well studied in neurological-related experiments, while EPA has direct vascular effects that have been well characterized in cellular and animal models of atherosclerosis that lead to reduced inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, as well as improved plaque stabilization (Borow et al., 2015).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Borow et al., 2015 source

      Not checked in the free run.

27 of 27

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    At the levels of PUFAs used, changes in electron density can be attributed to the additive electron density of the PUFAs and simultaneous effects on neighboring lipid molecules.

    “At the levels of PUFAs used in these experiments, changes in electron density can be attributed to the additive electron density of the PUFAs and simultaneous effects on neighboring lipid molecules.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The two peaks of electron density on either side of the centrosymmetric profile correspond to phospholipid head groups, while the minimum at the center is associated with terminal methylene segments of the phospholipid acyl chains.

    “The two peaks of electron density on either side of the centrosymmetric profile correspond to phospholipid head groups, while the minimum of electron density at the center of the membrane is associated with terminal methylene segments of the phospholipid acyl chains.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The temperature-induced decrease in membrane width is due to increased acyl chain trans-gauche isomerizations.

    “With increasing temperature, the vehicle treated membranes had a decrease in width by 5 Å due to increased acyl chain trans-gauche isomerizations, which was unaffected by treatment.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Conformational changes for EPA and DHA are facilitated by multiple double bonds with orientations influenced by their biological environment.

    “Conformational changes for EPA and DHA are facilitated by multiple double bonds with orientations that are influenced by their biological environment.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Following insertion into the membrane, the rotational dynamics of omega-3 fatty acids are modulated by surrounding lipids, including phospholipid and cholesterol molecules.

    “Following insertion into the membrane, the rotational dynamics of omega-3 fatty acids are modulated by surrounding lipids, including phospholipid and cholesterol molecules.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    EPA conformational changes have not been well studied.

    “but EPA conformational changes have not been well studied.”
6 of 6

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Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

3 of the 37 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Mason, 1991, Use of X-ray and neutron diffraction to study small molecule interactions with model and native membranes, Comments Mol. Cell. Biophys., 7, 209

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Related

Authors
Sherratt, S. C. R., & Mason, R. P.
Affiliations
Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
Corresponding author
Mason, R. Preston
ORCID
Venue
Chemistry and Physics of Lipids
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2018-05
Volume
212
Pages
73-79
ISSN
0009-3084 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2018.01.002
OpenAlex
W2790714701
Cited by
95
References
37
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 5
FWCI
4.71
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Chemistry and Physics of Lipids (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Lipid Membrane Structure and Behavior
  • Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Lipid metabolism and biosynthesis
Keywords
eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, omega-3 fatty acids, membrane structure, lipid orientation, electron density profile, trans-gauche isomerization, membrane fluidity, lipid oxidation, signal transduction
MeSH terms
Cholesterol, Docosahexaenoic Acids, Isomerism, Membrane Fluidity, Phosphatidylcholines, Temperature, X-Ray Diffraction, Eicosapentaenoic Acid, Unilamellar Liposomes, Scattering, Small Angle

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